dynamic earth np1

Unit 5: Dynamic Earth Earth Science- Ms. Gill Note Packet #6

Vocabulary:

Asthenospherecontact MetamorphismContinental crustConvergentCrustDensityDivergent

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UNIT 5: DYNAMIC EARTH

PACKET 6: PLATE TECTONICS, EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES

HONORS EARTH SCIENCE

MS. GILL

NOTE PACKET #6

NAME:_______________________ PER:____ DATE:______ ________

“I feel the Earth move under my feet” p.s. I’m

Geno

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Down-warpingDynamic EquilibriumEarthquake epicentersEarthquake magnitudeEarthquakesEquilibriumFaultingFolding Heat enginesHeat flowHot spotsHydrosphereInner coreIsland arcsLithospheric platesMagmaMagnetic patternsMantleMid-ocean ridgeOceanic crustOuter corePlatePlate tectonicsRadioactive materialsRateRefractionResidual heatRock cycleseismic WavesStatic EquilibriumSubduction zoneTectonic forcesTransformTrenchesTsunamisVelocityVolcanoes

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I. Earth’s Interior:

Four Layers (see page 10 of Ref Tables)

-__________________: solid, dense, 6,000º C, Iron and Nickel

-__________________: Liquid, dense, 3,700º-5,500ºC (increases with depth), Iron and Nickel

-__________________: Solid, minerals rich in Fe, Si, Ma, 1,500º - 3,200º C

-__________________: upper layer, rigid, lighter rock, <1,000ºC

Some terms to know:- _______________________: Upper layer of the mantle, may act in a semi-fluid (plastic) manner

- _________________: (Mohorovicic Discontinuity): The boundary between the mantle and the crust

- _______________________: Consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle

Where is the crust thickest? ______________________________Where is the crust thinnest? _______________________________

Why is the core so hot?-Still retains heat from original formation.-Radioactive materials releasing energy as they decay.-Increased pressure from above

What happens to rock density, going from the crust to the core? ______________________What happens to temperature, going from the crust to the core? ______________________What happens to pressure, going from the crust to the core? ________________________


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II. The Theory of Plate Tectonics: The Earth’s lithosphere is made of a number of solid pieces , called ____________ which move in relation to each other. These plates are “riding” on a more “plastic molten” layer below. This layer is called the _____________________________.

Theory of Continental Drift:A. Proposed by ___________ ____________ in 1915. It stated that the Earth’s continents separated and

collided as they have moved over the surface of the Earth for millions of years. B. Wegener’s evidence for his theory:1. When you line up _____________________ and ________________________ they appear to fit like a

puzzle.

2. ___________ species have been found on widely separated parts of the Earth.

3. ___________________ and _______________________ have a good match of

ancient continental rocks and tectonic ____________ and ___________ structures.

4. Some mountain chains appear to be continuous from ___________________ to __________________Ex. _____________________________ and ______________________________

5. Evidence of _________________ climates

Ex. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

6. Rocks of the ocean basins are _________________________ then continental rocks.


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B. The two major Pieces of evidence are for seafloor spreading are:1. ________________________________________________________________2. ________________________________________________________________ When rock hardened it kept the alignment forming a permanent record of the

______________________ ______________________ of the Earth at that time.

Rocks found farther from the ridges have a __________________ magnetic polarity.

Parallel stripes of ___________________ on either side of these ridges preserve

the record of many _____________________ of the Earth’s magnetic field.

A. The _____________________, ___________________ (basaltic) igneous rocks of the crust near the ocean ridges are covered with a thin layer of _________________.

Due to seafloor spreading the Earth’s crust is very _________________ near the ridges. The oldest parts of the ocean crust are found far from the _______________ ridges and near the ____________________.

Lithospheric plates _________________ in size and are made up of a combination of _______________________ crust and _____________________________ crust.

1c. When two continental plates converge the edges of _____________ are crumpled up forming __________________ _____________________.


Three kinds of plate motion occur at plate boundaries:1.____________________ 2. ____________________ 3. ______________________

There are three types of convergent boundaries:

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1a. When ocean collides with continent the ____________________ ocean plate dives

down under or ____________ into the mantle forming a ________________ ________

1b. When two ocean plates converge the ____________, _______________ ocean plate will _______________________ forming an ___________________ ____________.

II. Ocean Floor Spreading:Further evidence of horizontal movement of Earth’s crust. C. The ocean floor has a system of submerged mountain ranges

called _________________________________________________

Material from deep within the Earth comes to the surface at the ________________ where is spreads apart to make __________ _____________ ______________


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2. At _______________ plate boundaries, the plates move __________ and ___________

flows up forming parallel ridges made of ______ ______________ _____________

3. At transform plate boundaries, the plates move ________________ each other causing shallow ________________ ______________________.


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I. Mantle Convection Cells:The evidence shows that approximately _______ million years ago, the major continents were_______________, and since that time they have been _________________.

A convection cell is a stream of heated material that is moving because of ___________

_________________. These convection cells exist in the part of the mantle called the _______________________. The two sources of this heat are:1. ___________________________________________________________________2. ___________________________________________________________________

Hot Spots:Places on the Earth’s surface where plumes of ________________ are rising up from the

mantle not located along ________________ ______________ ________________.

As a plate passes over a hot spot, a __________ ___ ___________ _______________

Forms. The only mountain that _______________ ______________ is the mountain

located directly over the __________ _____________.


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II. LOCAL EVIDENCE OF CRUSTAL MOTIONS :

A. ________________________ & _________________________wears down the Earth’s crust.

_________________________ ____________________________ creates new mountains.

B. Sedimentary beds are deposited as _________________________ _______________ or

_______________________________

C. Evidence of motions within the Earth’s crust is indicated by: (label the diagrams)

1. ______________________

2. _____________________

3. _____________________

D. _______________________________________ provide direct evidence of crustal movement. ____________________ _________________ and ________________ __________________are two changes that can be observed after an earthquake.

E. ______________________ ____________________ are used in mapping surveys and indicate exact positions and elevations. Changes in ______________________ of benchmarks are evidence that the land is either _________________________ or _______________________.

F. Displaced fossils found in mountains have 2 interpretations:1. ________________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________________

G. _________________________________ is the RISING OF THE CRUST

_________________________________is the SINKING OF THE CRUST


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III. EARTHQUAKES :

A. Two processes that cause earthquakes:

1. The movement of _________________________ inside ___________________________.

2. _______________________ is the movement of rock along a surface where the rocks are broken.

B. ___________________ movement of the crust over long periods of time builds _______________

within the rocks. Increased pressure causes the ___________________ ______________________

to break creating a _________________________. When faulting occurs energy radiates through the

Earth as __________________ ________________ that cause the ground to ________________.

II. EARTHQUAKES :

A. Two processes that cause earthquakes:

1. The movement of _________________________ inside ___________________________.

2. _______________________ is the movement of rock along a surface where the rocks are broken.

B. ___________________ movement of the crust over long periods of time builds _______________

within the rocks. Increased pressure causes the ___________________ ______________________

to break creating a _________________________. When faulting occurs energy radiates through the

Earth as __________________ ________________ that cause the ground to ________________.

The distribution of earthquakes is primarily along _________________________________________

There are three types of faults: (label the diagrams below)

_____________________________

____________________________________ _________________________________

What Controls the Level of Shaking?

______________________________ : More energy released

_______________________________: Shaking decays with distance

_______________________________: Amplify the shaking

List the effect of earthquakes and give a brief description: 1. _________________________________________________2. _________________________________________________3. _________________________________________________4. _________________________________________________5. _________________________________________________6. _________________________________________________7.

Will California eventually fall into the ocean??? _______


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III. MEASURING THE EARTHQUAKES :

A. There are 2 scales to measure earthquakes

1. ________________________________ 2. ____________________________________

B. _________________________________ scale is based upon the observations of people and the

damage caused. It measures the ____________________ of the earthquake from ______ to ______

C. _________________________ uses the seismograph to determine the _____________________

Magnitude is the total _______________________ released by the earthquake.

It’s numerical scale is _________ to _________. Each numeric step represents a _______ increase.




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PARTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE:

The place underground where the break or fault occurs is the

_____________ of the quake

The _________________________ is the location along the

surface of the earth just above the focus where the quake is felt most strongly

The two most important energy waves are:

____________________________________________

____________________________________________

Characteristics of P-waves (primary)

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

Characteristics of S-waves (secondary)

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________

Both S and P waves travel FASTER through ____________________ material.


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V. FINDING THE EPICENTER :

A. The seismograph records the _____________________________ and _____________________________________________________________________________

(Use the chart on page 11 of your reference table)

B. The steps for calculating your distance from the epicenter:

1. __________________________________________________________________________

2. __________________________________________________________________________

3. __________________________________________________________________________

4. __________________________________________________________________________

Mark off the difference in arrival time of S and P waves on a piece of paper

Find the best fiton the curveand read the distancebelow


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Practice Questions:

1. The arrival of the P-wave is 12:03:00 The arrival of an S-wave is 12:07:00 The difference is _____________________ How far is this earthquake from this seismic station? ____________________

2. The arrival time of the P-wave is 2:05:00 The arrival time of the S-wave is 2:08:00 The difference is: _____________________ How far is this earthquake from the seismic station? _______________________

3. If the difference in arrival time between P and S waves is 2min. 35 sec. What is the distance from the earthquake to the seismograph station? _________________________

4. How long does it take for a P-wave to travel from the focus of an earthquake to a seismograph station 2,000 km. away? _______________________________ How long will the S-wave take to travel to this same station? ______________________

5. What is the difference in arrival time between P and S waves for an earthquake that is5,000 kilometers away from the seismograph station? ______________________________VII. THE ORIGIN TIME OF AN EARTHQUAKE:

A. An earthquake wave detected at __________________________ times by observers at

____________________ distances from the epicenter.

B. To find the origin time seismologists need to know:1. _____________________________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________________________

Example: A seismograph recording station located 5,700 kilometers from an epicenter.

It receives a P-wave at 2:45 P.M. At what time did the earthquake actually occur at the epicenter? Travel time: ______________ Origin time___________________

VIII. THE LAYERS OF THE EARTH:A. The crusts thickness ______________________.

It is __________________ under the oceans and ____________________ under the continents.

Continental crust is mostly ____________, __________ density & _________________________The ocean basins are mostly ______________ and ________________ or __________________

B. Inferred characteristics of the Earth’s Interior:

1. Studying the ____________________________ of _____________________ _________________

allows us to make inferences about the structure and composition of the Earth’s interior.

2. The _______________________ of a seismic wave changes with the ________________ of the material it travels through. Waves are also ___________________________________ as they travel through materials with different densities. We know that P-waves can be transmitted through ___________ __________ & ___________

S-Waves can be transmitted through ONLY ________________

3. Earth Quake Shadow Zones: When an earthquake occurs both ____________ are received from most of the earth.

Opposite sides of the earth where the epicenter is, receives ____ but NO _______ because S-waves cannot penetrate the ________________ outer core.

______________________ (bending) occurs at the __________________ ( boundaries)


A Volcano is both the opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows, and the landform that develops around it.

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Draw a diagram of the earth’s interior and label and describe each layer or part:

A- Inner Core:

B- Outer Core:

C- Moho:

D- Mantle:

E- Crust:

IX. Volcanoes

A ______________________ is both the opening in the Earth’s crust through which molten rock flows, and the landform that develops around it.

Where volcanoes form:

1. At ____________________________________: Subducted plate material melts to form new magmaHot magma is less dense than surrounding rock, so it rises. Magma reaches the surface to form volcanoes

2. At _______________________________________________: Magma forms at mid-ocean ridges.Iceland formed as the result of volcanoes along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

3. At ___________________________: Caused by plumes of hot material from deep within the mantle.Hawaiian Islands were formed in this way.As plate moves over hot spot, new islands form.


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dynamic earth np1

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