dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism an itinerary through texts

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Dublin: from ‘parlaysis’ to international tourism An itinerary through texts

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Page 1: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Dublin: from ‘parlaysis’

to international tourismAn itinerary through texts

Page 2: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Background

Joyce & Dublin

Reference to bio-bibliographical data yields evidence of the fact that

• he spent most of his life outside Dublin

• Dublin and Ireland were his deepest source of inspiration

Page 3: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Dubliners (1914)• 15 stories > delayed publication due to the

difficulty of finding a publisher who would accept the risk of a book containing reference which might be considered an offence by some people

Page 4: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The setting

Dublin represented in a way which is both realistic

and symbolic individual stories epitomize the death-in-life

condition of modern man

Page 5: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The theme

Paralysis

i.e. the protagonists’ incapability to find a way out from their condition of entrapment

Page 6: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The narrative technique

epiphanies the sudden revelation in and through the

temporal of some spiritual truth

point of view the stories are not told by an omniscient

narrator but in the words and/or from the point of view of the individual characters

Page 7: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Some quotes fromA Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

(1916)

1. There was a picture of the earth on the first page of his geography: a big ball in the middle of clouds. […]

He turned to the flyleaf of the geography and read what he had written there: himself, his name and where he was.

Page 8: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Stephen Dedalus Class of Elements

Clongowes Wood College Sallins

County Kildare Ireland Europe

The World The Universe

Page 9: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

2. The language in which we are speaking is his before it is mine. How different are the words home, Christ, ale, master, on his lips and on mine! I cannot speak or write these words without unrest of spirit. His language, so familiar and so foreign, will always be for me an acquired speech. I have not made or accepted its words. My voice holds them at bay. My soul frets in the shadow of his language.

Page 10: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

3. When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try to fly by those nets.

Page 11: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

4." Look here, Cranly, he said. You have asked me what I would do and what I would not do. I will tell you what I will do and what I will not do. I will not serve that in which I no longer believe whether it call itself my home, my fatherland or my church: and I will try to express myself in some mode of life or art as freely as I can, and as wholly as I can, using for my defence the only arms I allow myself to use.. silence, exile, and cunning."

Page 12: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

From Stephen Hero

By an epiphany he meant a sudden spiritual manifestation, whether in the vulgarity of speech or of gesture or in a memorable phase of the mind itself. He believed that it was for the man of letters to record these epiphanies with extreme care, seeing that they themselves are the most delicate and evanescent of moments...

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Page 14: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

…First we recognize that the object is one integral thing, then we recognize that it is an organized composite structure, a thing in fact: finally, when the relation of the parts is exquisite, when the parts are adjusted to the special point, we recognize that it is that thing which it is. Its soul, its whatness, leaps to us from the vestment of its appearance. The soul of the commonest object, the structure of which is so adjusted, seems to us radiant. The object achieves its epiphany.

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Page 16: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts
Page 17: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts
Page 18: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

It is an itinerary through texts aimed at improving your language competence by focusing

on one theme (Dublin’s growth into a major European capital city and its development as a tourist destination) from different perspectives:

• literature• tourism research and tourist guides• promotion• historical accounts• ... and much more

Page 19: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The context

• Why interest in urban tourism?

According to data by the EU nearly 80% of European citizens live in towns and cities thus making Europe the most build-up continent and the urban question one of the major issues for future years.

Page 20: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The city…

… a mirror up to the problems of European society as a whole…

• traffic

• Pollution

• Lawlessness

• Unemployement

Page 21: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

… but also the focus of

• economic development

• social development

• cultural development

Page 22: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Factors involved in the renaissance of urban since the ‘80s:

• interest in cultural heritage and desire to rehabilitate the historic centres of towns

• growing importance of tourism among political decision-makers

• shorter/more frequent holidays

• single market (Europe)

Page 23: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

EU, Towards quality urban tourism:

“Tourism is being seen as a cornerstone of a policy of urban development that combines a competitive supply able to meet the visitor’s expectations with a positive contribution to the development of towns and cities and the well being of their residents.”

Page 24: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

The city as incidental (NOT intentional)

tourism destination:• the place you stop off before you move to a

foreign country

• a place where business people or conference delegates spend some time as incidental holidaymakers

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Beyond ‘incidental’ tourism…

• Towns and cities are working on strategies to differentiate their image and gain a foothold in the market

> their communication policies are increasingly sophisticated and set out - as far as possible - a strong image of which residents can be proud

Page 26: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

• Behavioural changes are making towns and cities into centre of culture and places of relaxations where people (both residents and visitors) can shop, eat, pass their time in lively squares and public areas

• Local officials are becoming aware that it is important to manage the tourism resulting from upgraded local assets

Page 27: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

To sum up…

The approach taken by urban tourism destinations reflects the need for the overall rehabilitation of their environment and the need to find a balance within a framework of sustainable development

Page 28: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Urban tourism is largely advantageous for towns and cities but:

• Visitors add to the already day-to-day movements of the residents and have an impact on traffic congestion

• Visitors have different needs than residents (e.g. shop opening hours; souvenir shops…)

• Historic centres are fragile areas > overcrowding in these areas producea additional costs

• There is a limit on local resident’s willingness to accept the impact of development of tourism in their towns and cities

Page 29: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

II factors are involved in the rise (renaissance) of urban tourism in recent years (since the 80’s):

• -desire to rehabilitiate the historic centres of towns

• -interest in cultural heritage

• -growing importance of tourism among political decision-makers

• - shorter/more frewuent holidays

• - single market (Europe)

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The itinerary• Joyce & Dublin

• Paralysis & Tourism

• There & Away

• Accommodation

• Getting Around

• … upon the living and the dead.

• Appendix

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IN DUBLINfrom E. Mac Dowel Cosgrave – L. R. Strangways, A Dictionary of

Dublin, Sealy, Bryers & Walkers, Dublin 1908, pp. v - ix

• It is the custom of those who do not know Dublin, or who have only passed through it on a wet depressing day, to speak of it as “a decayed capital,” “a city living on the memory of its past,” or even to resuscitate the tempting alliteration – “Dear, dirty Dublin.”

Page 32: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

It, therefore, may come as a surprise to the visitor to find a bright cheerful city, with plenty going on, and with streets well filled with well dressed and busy people. When a prolonged stay but confirms this pleasant impression, the visitor on returning to his native land feels inclined to transfer the Irish Sketch Book and some much more recent works to the shelves set apart for Ancient History, and for Fiction.

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The pleasantest proof of this saner view is that the number of visitors to Dublin is yearly increasing, both of those who make a prolonged stay, and those who cross over from the Isle of Man, to spend a few hours in the city, and enjoy the excitement of a drive on an outside car.

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Dublin is divided into two parts ‑ the North side, and the South side ‑ by the River Liffey, numerous bridges connecting them. The central part of the South side, where it touches the river, is the kernel of the city, as on the hill crowned by Christ Church Cathedral stood the first group of houses, and there in the 5th century S. Patrick preached.

Round this hill walls were built…

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• A hint may here be given to the visitor who does not want to be too plainly labelled "tourist“…

• If the city is soon exhausted the suburbs are inexhaustible… Indeed, both motorists and cyclists must be hard to please if they cannot find enjoyment in the country round Dublin.

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DUBLINFrom the Lonely Planet Micro Guide, available at

www.lonelyplanet. com/destination/Dublin

In the wake of a remarkable economic boom, Dublin's landscape has changed immeasurably over the past decade. The Irish Republic's capital and its heart, Dublin now ranks among the top tourist destinations in Europe, and for the first time people are flocking to rather than away from it.

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The city's burst of prosperity gave it a new confident sheen, but what remains special is the spirit of the people, who ensure that despite whirlwind changes, Dublin remains one of Europe's most down-to-earth, friendly and accessible cities.

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Dubliners are intensely proud of their history and their town. At first glance, it may not seem much to brag about - mottled with dirt, dogged by social problems and bearing the inevitable scars of rapid gentrification - but a little exploration reveals pockets of Georgian grace, a series of priceless pubs, a proud cultural life and a plethora of open-armed, open-hearted people who will put serious dents in your cynicism.

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Dublin lies on the east coast of Ireland, with Greater Dublin sprawling around the arc of Dublin Bay, bounded to the north by the Howth hills and to the south by the Dalkey headland. The city is split - physically and psychologically - by the river Liffey; the north has traditionally been poorer and the south wealthier. Two canals - the Grand Canal in the south and the Royal Canal in the north - form semi-circular arcs around the centre.

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North of the river, the most important streets for visitors are O'Connell St, the major shopping thoroughfare that leads to Parnell Square, and Gardiner St, a B&B and hostel hotspot. To the west, the Smithfield area is emerging as a tourist magnet. Busáras, the main bus station, and Connolly station, one of the two main train stations, are near the southern end of Gardiner St.

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Immediately south of the river is the hotspot of Dublin, Temple Bar, where you'll find a concentration of pubs, restaurants, shops and a number of art galleries. Nearby Trinity College is at the southern end of Grafton St, the city's most exclusive shopping street. On the south side you'll also find the best examples of Georgian Dublin, with stately houses and elegant parks.

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Page 43: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Dublin lies on the east coast of Ireland,

      The city is split - physically and psychologically - by the river Liffey:

       the north has traditionally been poorer

       the south wealthier

Page 44: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

• North of the river, the most important streets for visitors are

• -         O'Connell St, the major shopping thoroughfare that leads to Parnell Square

• -         Gardiner St, a B&B and hostel hotspot.

Page 45: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

Immediately south of the river there are: • -         Temple Bar, the hotspot of Dublin,

where you'll find a concentration of pubs, restaurants, shops and a number of art galleries.

• -         Grafton St, the city's most exclusive shopping street. On the south side you'll also find the best examples of Georgian Dublin, with stately houses and elegant parks.

• -         Trinity College is at the southern end of Grafton Street

Page 46: Dublin: from parlaysis to international tourism An itinerary through texts

• Bari si trova sulla costa orientale dell’Italia, sul mare Adriatico. La città è divisa fisicamente e psicologicamente in due dalla ferrovia. Ad est della ferrovia le strade più importanti per i visitatori sono via Sparano, la via più esclusiva della città per lo shopping, e Corso Cavour importante arteria commerciale che porta verso Corso Vittorio Emanuele e il centro storico.

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• All’estremità orientale di Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Piazza del Ferrarese – il cuore di Bari - sta emergendo come polo di attrazione per i turisti ed è qui che troverete una concentrazione di pub, ristoranti, negozi, e gallerie d’arte. Sul lungomare troverete inoltre i migliori esempi della Bari del primo Novecento, con case signorili ed importanti edifici pubblici.

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• Primo nucleo abitativo nei pressi del fiume Liffey

la città si chiamava Baile Atha Cliath (irl.) the Town of the Hurdle Ford > la città del guado di Hurdle (da un guado sul fiume ancora individuabile oggi) 

Alcuni momenti significativi: • 9° secolo > iniziano le invasioni vichinghe

> si formano i primi insediamenti danesi•  Nascita del porto commerciale alla

confluenza del fiume Poddle con il Liffey , in una sorta di pozza nera (black pool > da cui il nome irlandese dubh linn che diventerà Dublin)

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• 1014 > battaglia di Clontarf: gli irlandesi guidati da Brian Boru sconfiggono i vichinghi annientandone l'egemonia* molti altri danesi scelgono di rimanere, si sposano con la popolazione locale, abbracciano la fede cristiana

• 1066 > arrivo dei normanni, che si integrano con la popolazione locale Dublino = centro del potere anglo-normanno

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Fino all'ascesa al trono di Elisabetta I (1558-1603) il controllo inglese sull'Irlanda resta circoscritto solo alla stretta fascia costiera orientale:

il resto dell'Irlanda è ancora terra vergine > incursioni da parte di guerrieri irlandesi accampati sui monti Wicklow = minaccia costante alle roccaforti anglo-normanne di Dublino.

* Nei secoli successivi una serie di eventi negativi :-   XIV secolo > tentativo di invasione da parte degli

scozzesi • epidemia di peste• distruzione dei monasteri voluta da Enrico VIII

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• 1592 > fondazione del Trinity College da parte di Elisabetta I >> Dublino si guadagnò una tradizione culturale che tuttora mantiene.

• 1649 > Oliver Cromwell conquistò la città (che aveva appoggiato Carlo I) e occupò i migliori territori irlandesi distribuendoli ai suoi soldati.

• 1690 > battaglia di Boyne: Irlanda schierata dalla parte di James II che però vienne sconfitto da Guglielmo d'Orange > la fuga di James II costò ai suoi sostenitori l'esclusione dal Parlamento e la negazione di molti diritti fondamentali, sancita dalle vendicative leggi penali anticattoliche

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• Rinascita della città attorno al XVIII secolo > Dublino diviene la seconda città dell'impero britannico e la quinta d'Europa.

        I ricchi abbandonarono i confini della città medievale e si trasferirono più a nord, nella nuova Dublino, caratterizzata da maestose piazze circondate da pregevoli edifici in stile georgiano.

        Le masse meno abbienti, in gran parte di religione cattolica, si mossero verso nord, all'inseguimento dei cittadini più ricchi i quali, a loro volta, si spostarono di nuovo a sud, facendo erigere altre grandiose residenze a Merrion Square, St Stephen's Green e Fitzwilliam Square.

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• 1745 James Fitzgerald, conte di Kildare, ordinò la costruzione di Leinster House, a sud del Liffey.

     deriso a causa della sua scelta di abbandonare il centro per trasferirsi in un territorio desolato.

      "Dove vado io la società si sposterà " ! Oggi Leinster House è la sede del Parlamento irlandese.

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• Al boom georgiano del XVIII secolo seguirono più di cento anni di disordini e malcontento.

• Problemi sorti ancor prima della fine del XVIII secolo, con la fallita invasione da parte di Wolfe Tone, e con la ribellione, ugualmente disastrosa, di lord Edward Fitzgerald, membro degli United Irishmen, nel 1798.

• 1801 Act of Union > creazione del Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e Irlanda>> abolizione del parlamento irlandese e trasferimento dei deputati a Westminster

• L'imponente crescita che Dublino aveva registrato nel secolo precedente subì una brusca frenata e la città precipitò in un lento e inesorabile declino.

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• 1823 > Daniel O'Connell campagna per il recupero dei diritti fondamentali della popolazione cattolica irlandese.

     successo >> O'Connell fu soprannominato il "Liberatore".

• 1848 > Grande Carestia > il fabbisogno alimentare della popolazione dipendeva dalla coltivazione di patate; la malattia che rovinò completamente i raccolti del paese provocò un altissimo numero di vittime - esacerbato dal comportamento della Gran Bretagna che si rifiutò di prestare il suo aiuto.

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      Dublino fu risparmiata dalle conseguenze peggiori della carestia MA le strade e le piazze della città traboccavano di profughi in fuga dalle campagne >> Il declino di Dublino subì una forte accelerazione

• Richiesta di autogoverno (home rule) sempre più pressante.

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• > Charles Stewart Parnell (1846-1891), eletto a Westminster nel 1875, lancia una campagna per la creazione di un parlamento irlandese ma la legge viene più volte respinta.

      Parnell subisce una pesante caduta di popolarità quando viene alla luce la sua relazione con una donna sposata, Kitty O'Shea

• >> La chiesa cattolica ritenne Parnell moralmente inadatto a rivestire i panni di leader.

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• Nascita del movimento politico repubblicano Sinn Fein (1905) > crescente malcontento nei confronti della Gran Bretagna* Nelle contee settentrionali a maggioranza protestante

• > montano le proteste contro ogni forma di autogoverno

• > le autorità chiudono un occhio di fronte all'arrivo di forze protestanti irregolari.

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• 1914 > approvata la legge sull'autogoverno ma la sua applicazione si rende impossibile per lo scoppio della Prima Guerra Mondiale.

      Migliaia di volontari irlandesi partono per il fronte, inclusi i nazionalisti che si aspettano di vedere i propri premiati con il rispetto dei patti stabiliti con la Gran Bretagna.

• 1916 >> Easter Rising > l'ufficio postale in O'Connel St (General Post Office) funge da quartier generale della rivolta

      Le truppe inglesi di stanza a Dublino vengono prese di sorpresa, ma passano velocemente all'azione disarmando e scompaginando le forze irlandesi >> Dopo una settimana di scontri molte zone della città sono ridotte a cumuli di rovine.

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• I ribelli si arrendono e i capi della rivolta vengono imprigionati >> dura repressione del governo inglese >> furono decise 77 condanne a morte:

• > alla quindicesima e ultima esecuzione i capi della rivolta si erano già trasformati da agitatori a eroi nazionali.

•Per frenare l'ondata di violenza Londra costitusce un feroce corpo di volontari chiamati Black and Tans (dal colore delle divise) che con la loro aggressività non fanno che esacerbare i sentimenti antibritannici.

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• 11 novembre 1920 > primo "Bloody Sunday" dell'Irlanda: rivoluzionari, capeggiati da Michael Collins, organizzano l'uccisione di 14 ufficiali del servizio segreto britannico

     quello stesso pomeriggio, come rappresaglia, spettatori che assistono ad una partita di calcio vengono falciati a colpi di mitraglia. (dodici persone, compreso un giocatore, vengono uccise).

>>la stessa sera due esponenti dell'IRA e un sostenitore dello Sinn Fein vengono uccisi nei pressi del castello di Dublino.

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•11 luglio 1921 > tregua >> Anglo-Irish Treaty: sancisce la creazione dello Stato Libero d'Irlanda con legami di sudditanza nei confronti di Londra >>autoesclusione dal trattato delle sei contee dell'Ulster che compongono l'Irlanda del Nord > nascono le basi del conflitto nord-irlandese che continua a martoriare il paese.

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• * Nonostante la ratifica del trattato da parte del Dail e l'approvazione della popolazione, nel giugno del 1922 scoppia la guerra civile > il 22 agosto Michael Collins rimane ucciso in un'imboscata nei pressi di Cork.

• 1923 > il presidente dello Sinn Fein ordina all'IRA di cedere le armi.

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• La fine della guerra civile determina una netta divisione tra lo Sinn Fein, inteso come movimento politico, e l'IRA, divenuta ormai gruppo terroristico.

• Il Fianna Fail (Guerrieri d'Irlanda), guidato dell'ex leader dello Sinn Fein, de Valera, vince le elezioni del 1932 > le forze che avevano perso la guerra civile nel 1922 salgono al potere democraticamente 10 anni più tardi.

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• Il giuramento di fedeltà alla corona britannica viene rotto, il governatore generale inglese lascia il paese:

        allo scoppio della seconda guerra mondiale, l'Irlanda è già una repubblica a tutti gli effetti, cambiando nome (Irish Free State > Eire).

• Il governo dichiara il paese repubblica e l'Irlanda abbandona il Commonwealth britannico nel 1949. Nel 1955 diviene membro delle Nazioni Unite.

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• Ventata di prosperità seguita all'adesione alla Comunità Europea (CEE) nel 1973

• MA i primi anni '80 sono nuovamente caratterizzati da difficoltà economiche.

• anni '90 >> l'Irlanda registra una netta inversione di tendenza:

• -         i tassi d'interesse cominciano a scendere, incoraggiando così la nascita di nuove imprese

• l'economia nazionale si rafforza e gli investimenti esteri, stimolati e incoraggiati da generosi incentivi fiscali, cominciano a far sentire i loro benefici influssi: aumento dell'occupazione e del flusso di finanziamenti.

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• -          • La svolta delle sorti economiche è valsa al

paese il nomignolo di "Tigre Celtica" e, mentre l'Unione Europea prosegue il suo processo di integrazione economica, sociale e politica, la piccola Irlanda è stata più volte presa a modello economico per il resto dei paesi europei.

• Irlanda del Nord: • 1998 firma del Good Friday Agreement >>

approvazione dei referendum in favore dell'accordo

• Ottobre 1998 >> Nobel per la Pace al leader nazionalista John Hume e a quello unionista David Trimble.