dr. saka m.j mb;bs,mph,mba,fmcph, dip. health systems (israel) presented on 7th july 2011 by dr saka...

Dr. Saka M.J MB;BS,MPH,MBA,FMCPH, Dip. Health Systems (Israel) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Outline Brief overview of Disaster emergencies Situation a)Organization of Medical Services for Emergencies, (b)Legal Status;-NEMA, c) Health Bill C context of Emergency situation etc Resources, Funding for Emergency (PREPAREDNESS) Enhancing effective Management (a) Hospital preparedness and drills, (b)Social Services and Support, (c)General Public Health Effects of a Natural Disaster DISASTER Mass Casualty Situation (i) Evacuation Chain; The Event, Triage, Evacuation, Local Hospital, Trauma Center (ii) Medical Treatment on site AFTERMATH OF DISASTER Technology (GIS, GPS and Remote Sensing) and Disaster Media and Disaster Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Definations/ Terminology Hazard :- Is the potential for a natural or human-caused event to occur with negative consequences (key words), A hazard can become an emergency; when the emergency moves beyond the control of the population, it becomes a disaster. Emergency: Is a situation generated by the real or imminent occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention Disaster: Is a natural or human-caused event which causes intensive negative impacts on people, goods, services and/or the environment, exceeding the affected communitys capability to respond (key words) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Def. Contd A disaster is a situation in which the community is incapable of coping. It is a natural or human-caused event which causes intense negative impacts on people, goods, services and/or the environment, exceeding the affected communitys capability to respond; therefore the community seeks the assistance of government and international agencies. An emergency is a situation in which the community is capable of coping. It requires immediate attention Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Vulnerability Factor for Disaster Risk Is the probability that loss will occur as the result of an adverse event, given the hazard and the vulnerability Risk (R) can be determined as a product of hazard (H) and vulnerability (V). i.e. R = H x V Vulnerability: Is the extent to which a communitys structure, services or environment is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard (key words) Tangible/Material (easy to see; value easily determined) People - - Property Economy Environment water, soil, air, Intangible/Abstract (difficult to see; value difficult to determine) Social structures, Cultural practices, Cohesion, Motivation Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

VulnerabilityContributing Factors PovertyPeople who are already in a depressed state are less able to recover. Some people are even more vulnerable, pregnant women, children and the disabled Population growth Population has grown dramatically over the past Decade Rapid Urbanization Growing concentration around the capital. For example, two-thirds of the Abuja population lives in AMAC, Transition in cultural practices Increase in sub-standard housing in more heavily populated urban areas. Changes in traditional coping mechanisms declines in self-reliance, food conservation and preservation, warning systems etc. Environmental degradation As resources are consumed, vegetation cover removed, water polluted and air fouled, a country is more vulnerable to a disaster. Awareness & information When people and government officials are unaware or lack info.n about disaster management, they fail to take appropriate actions Civil Strife and unrest Resources are consumed, people are in a stressed situation, and transportation is restricted. Political uncertainties/i nstability Changing government policies, changing personnel in the national focal point, economic weakness all can contribute to an effective national disaster management programme. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS Disasters are often classified according to their: a causes natural vs. human NATURALMAN-MADE HUMAN-NAT * Avalanche * Aviation* Land Deg. * Arson* Desertification * Disease* Technology * Drought* Civil Disorder* Siltation * Earthquake* Power Outage * Famine* Public Relation * Fire* Radiation * Flood* Siltation * Hailstorm* Space Disasters * Windstorm* Telecom Outage * Hurricane* Terrorism * Impact Event* War * Limnic Eruption * Landslide * Mudslid * Thunderstorm * Tornado * Tsunami * Volcanic Eruption * Winterstorm Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

B. SPEED OF ONSET Sudden onset: little or no warning, minimal time to prepare. For example, an earthquake, tsunami, cyclone, volcano, etc. Slow onset: adverse event slow to develop; first the situation develops; the second level is an emergency; the third level is a disaster. For example, drought, civil strife, epidemic, etc. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Prevalent Hazards In Nigeria The wide range of hazard in Nigeria includes: Frequent oil spills; pipe line vandalisation Increasing levels urban industrial pollution and waste Rise in the number and severity of floods, especially in Jigawa, Kano, Sokoto, Kebbi, Zamfara, Gombe and Southern States Threat of desertification & pest infestation as in quella birds and locusts in Sokoto and the Yobe - Borno axis The not too long reported outbreak of the dreaded avian influenza H5N1 (bird flu) loss of livelihoods Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Prevalent Hazards In Nigeria Droughts and general land use degradation Gully erosion traditionally in South Eastern states and becoming pronounced in Auchi and Bida. Wind storms in the northern parts of the country The rampant air crashes of 1992 to 2009 Fire disasters especially market infernos Sokoto, Jos etc Cases of collapsed buildings in Lagos, Abuja & PH Ethno-religious conflicts Threat to oil/gas explorations by militia Niger Delta. Bomb Blast (Abuja, Maiduguri) RTA Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA Institutional response to disaster in Nigeria can be traced back to 1906 when the Fire Brigade (now Federal Fire Services) was established, with its functions going beyond fire fighting to saving of lives and property and provision of humanitarian services during emergencies. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA Between 1972 and 1973 Nigeria was hit by a devastating drought with socio-economic consequences that caused the nation loss of lives and property worth millions of Naira. This made it important for the Government to consider a response body to take care of disaster issues. Thus, the establishment of National Emergency Relief Agency (NERA) by Decree 48 of 1976, charged with the task of collecting and distributing relief materials to disaster victims. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

National Disaster Contd NEMA was established in March 1999 via Act 12 of 1999 as amended by Act 50.The Agency was saddled with the responsibility of coordinating disaster management activities for the country. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

FUNCTIONS & RESPONSBILITIES OF NEMA Disaster preparedness and mitigation; Notifying, activating, mobilizing, deploying staff and setting up the necessary facilities for response; Evaluating and assessing disaster damage and requests; Managing Disaster Management funds; Public Information and Enlightment; Formulating policy/guidelines for Disaster Management in the country; Liaising with State Emergency Management Committees (SEMCs), Regional, International bodies and NGOs to assess and monitor, and where necessary, distribute Relief materials to disaster victims. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

NEMA achieves its Disaster Management NEMA achieves its Disaster Management objectives by collaborating with: State Governments. Local Governments. Voluntary Organizations and The international specialized and donor agencies. 57 Disaster Response Units Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Operational Procedures and Policy Guidelines of the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) The National Disaster Response Plan (NDRP) The NDRP was approved by the Federal Executive Council (FEC) of Nigeria to serve as a policy guideline for managing disasters in Nigeria. The Plan establishes a process and structure for the systematic, coordinated and effective delivery of Federal assistance, to address the consequences of any major disaster or emergency declared by the President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Now we also have Search and Rescue and Epidemic evacuation plan Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Center The Cospas-Sarsat is a satellite based distress alert system with locational facility that provides data to assist in aviation and maritime Search and Rescue operations. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Center Based on the Unique Advantage of Nigeria as central to Africa Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

OTHER FACILITIES ON GROUND FOR PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION The Geographic Information System (GIS) + Vulnerability study of Nigeria Emergency Lines Rescue Helicopter Contingency stockpiling 6 Zonal Offices in the 6 Geo-Political Zones of the Country. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Disaster Response Unit In Nigeria Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

The Physicians Role in Disaster Preparedness & Response Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

General Public Health Effect of Disaster Victims of a disaster often suffer great loss: Home Family Friends Pets, Animals Possessions etc An understanding of family dynamics by the physician is needed to deal appropriately with disaster situations. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

General Public Health Effect of Disaster Unexpected numbers of deaths, injuries, illnesses, exceeding local capacity Destruction of local health infrastructure Destruction of homes and public buildings Spontaneous displaced population movements Interruption of communication Water supply interruption / contamination Power outages Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

General Public Health Effect of Disaster Contd Food/Water Shortage or Safety Inadequate / insufficient shelters Crowding of displaced populations Inadequate Sanitation Environmental Effects Identification and management of the dead (assistance to police) Psycho-Social Reactions Abandoned animals Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

What Physicians can Do Physicians can provide the expertise to address the needs and special problems of disaster victims in all three phases of a disaster: Before, During and immediately after (day 0-2) During aftermath and recovery (day 3 on) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

The diagram below shows the Disaster Management Cycle Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Disaster Mgt Circle Mitigation: Measures put in place to minimize the results from a disaster. Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. Preparedness: Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems. Response: Initial actions taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the hazards created by a disaster. Examples: evacuation; search and rescue; emergency relief. Recovery: Returning the community to normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a condition equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place. Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Mitigation Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a disaster to reduce its impacts, including preparedness and long-term risk reduction measures. Mitigation activities fall broadly into two categories: 1 Structural mitigation construction projects which reduce economic and social impacts 2 Non-structural activities policies and practices which raise awareness of hazards or encourage developments to reduce the impact of disasters. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Preplanning for a Disaster Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness Mitigation;- Reducing or minimizing an impact of a hazard or disaster. Basic considerations: treatment potential based on manpower, space and means medical care differs from regular procedures treatment priorities based on saving salvageable patients stabilization and inter- hospital transfer of patients as needed Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness main hospital deployment areas: triage - entrance to (ambulance bay) decontamination and triage area treatment area for non-urgent cases area for acute post traumatic stress cases treatment area for urgent cases: trauma room - resuscitation area treatment area for stretcher cases holding - treatment area for transfer cases Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness treatment areas (cont.): operation theatres ICUs hospitalization wards imaging facilities laboratory and blood bank services public information and social services command, control and communication center Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness activation of emergency hospital plan when: casualties appear without warning short warning before admission of patients immediate response: sounding internal alarm - call up staff discontinue regular operations (inc. in OTs) vacate beds in Emergency Dept. distribute equipment to treatment areas start emergency registration and recording Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness treatment level and surgery: temporary decline in treatment standards priority to life-saving surgical procedures about 2/3 of admissions will be discharged within hours about 1/10 will require immediate surgery ICU and hospitalization a senior surgeon will decide on priorities for surgery Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness registration and medical recording: shorten registration procedures prepare emergency patient charts, forms for imaging, laboratory and blood bank briefly record vital signs, findings, treatment procedures and disposition record surgical procedures record external findings and photos of dead Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Social Services and Support Establish information desk (near entrance to hospital) Provide social counseling to next of kin Update information on hospitalized patients Collect information on missing persons Present pictures or particulars of un-identified persons Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness medical and general equipment: prepare emergency equipment on trolleys prepare replenishment of disposables prepare drugs and i.v. fluids ensure medical gas supplies and uninterrupted power and water supply Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness command and control: activate emergency operational center request information and update staff aids delegate authority to medical directors and administrative managers activate emergency radio communication public information: activate information center and emergency telephone fax and computer inf. lines Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital Preparedness Volunteers Plan for call-up of local, regional and international volunteers Inform volunteers on requirements and specific and defined tasks Screen qualifications Educate and train volunteers in hospitals / possible work places Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital preparedness and drills Conduct periodic exercises in General Hospitals: Education and training of hospital personnel (doctors, nursing staff, administrators, technical and laboratory staff) Conduct internal drills in classrooms (table top) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Hospital preparedness and drills Once a year conduct a general drill of all sectors with simulated casualties Conduct debriefing sessions after all real emergencies and drills Conduct external auditing procedure by NEMA and MOH etc Disseminate lessons learned to all hospitals within the State or in the country Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Summary of Preparedness During the preparedness phase, governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response operations. Preparedness measures include: Preparedness plans Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource inventories Emergency personnel/contact lists Mutual aid agreements Public information/education Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

SUMMARY OF PREPAREDNESS MEASURES INCLUDE: Preparedness plans Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource inventories Emergency personnel/contact lists Mutual aid agreements Public information/education Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Emergency Operations Plan Physicians should participate, individually or collectively as part of the community or hospital in the development of a community disaster response plan Emergency Operations Plan Communication Resources and Assets Safety and Security Staff Responsibilities Utilities Patient/Clinical Support Activities Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Governance for Disaster Mgt. NEMA Regional offices in Nigeria Terrorism Preparedness Committee Hospital Disaster Preparedness Committee Hospital Committee UITH Emergency Management Committee Contact Safety Officer Phone ------- Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Operation of pre-hospital medical services in mass casualty situations (terrorism) Volunteers Volunteers * by-standers, first-aiders (Red cross ), nurses, doctors, medics - army EMS EMS * standard (white) and MICU ambulance teams * MDA volunteers with mobile first aid station on motorbikes * MDA command post on site Home Front Command Home Front Command * army mobile medical posts, command and control Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Organization of incident Site Objectives * To organize the confusion on site, prevent un-authorized access and possible additional injuries by second bombing (body protection of medical teams) * Priority access for police bomb squads, fire fighters, EMS and rescue teams * Rescue and removal of victims from immediate danger (fire, HAZMAT), explosion) * Rescue and removal of victims from immediate danger (fire, Hazardous Materials Management (HAZMAT), explosion) * Primary survey and assessment of the scene (numbers and location of victims, types of injuries) * Initial report to EMS dispatch center and to hospitals * Organization of site (allocation of teams) and treatment of patients Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Medical Treatment on Site establish casualty collecting area transfer casualties to collecting area assign responsibilities to medical staff establish medical triage point(s) provide ATLS to casualties, according to priorities: Airway control & cervical spine splinting Breathing - ventilation - O 2 Circulation - bleeding control - i.v. fluids Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

First Aid Treatment Assume command-be visible! Assume command-be visible! Triage and Tagling Triage and Tagling * primary assessment and performing life- saving procedures * prioritization of victims for immediate evacuation in urban areas (scoop and run) * pronouncing of death Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

First Aid Treatment Contd establish casualty collecting area transfer casualties to collecting area assign responsibilities to medical staff establish medical triage point(s) provide ATLS to casualties, according to priorities: Airway control & cervical spine splinting Breathing - ventilation - O 2 Circulation - bleeding control - i.v. fluids Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Medical Evacuation Transport salvageable casualties first (airway!) Transport salvageable casualties first (airway!) Scoop and Run-and treat during transportation (airway, i.v. line) Scoop and Run-and treat during transportation (airway, i.v. line) Decide on hospital according to: Decide on hospital according to: type of injury type of injury level of trauma care level of trauma care distance to facility distance to facility Report to hospital through dispatch center Report to hospital through dispatch center Provide continuous care Provide continuous care Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Refugees Hospital wards in open tents working in shifts daily rounds (5-6 hrs) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Following a disaster, the hospital and the community will need to recover. The length of the recovery period depends on the nature of the disaster and the extent of the damage. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

The healthcare community, including physicians should be prepared to deal with continued disruption of services that will affect their ability to care for patients. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Develop plans to provide on-site emergency and primary health care at emergency shelters: In-Patient & Out-Patient treatment Infectious Disease Control Logistics and lost supplies Physical and Mental Rehabilitation Critical Incident Stress Debriefing for victims and Healthcare providers. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

The Role of Technology in Disaster Management Emergency management systems (EMS). EMS are merely technological tools that are expertly used to improve and enhance the Emergency Disaster management (EDM) process. We will examine specifically the role that Geographical Information Systems (GIS), GIS;- tool for display of geographically-referenced information. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and Remote Sensing Technologies play in disaster management. While these subjects are presented individually, it is important to note that in reality these technologies are usually deployed in an integrated manner. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Usefulness of GIS in Disaster Mgt. 1 To create hazard inventory maps: At this level GIS can be used for the pre-feasibility study of developmental projects, at all inter-municipal or district level. 2 Locate critical facilities: Proves information on the physical location of shelters, drains and other physical facilities. for planners in the early phase of regional development projects or large engineering projects. It is used to investigate where hazards can be a constraint on the development of rural, urban or infrastructural projects. 3 Create and manage associated database;- GIS is intended for planners to formulate projects at feasibility levels, but it is also used to generate hazard and risk maps for existing settlements and cities. 4 Vulnerability assessment: GIS can provide useful information to boost disaster awareness with government and the public, so that (on a national level) decisions can be taken to establish or expand disaster management organizations Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

GPS and Disaster Mgt The term global positioning system (GPS) is used to refer to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) developed by the US Dept. of Defence. GPS is particularly useful during disasters because it operates in any weather, anywhere and at all times. While it functions simply to give the location of the receiver, the level of precision of GPS makes it quite useful in disaster management. In many instances GPS data is integrated with GIS Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Remote Sensing and Disaster Mgt. Remote sensing is the use of electromagnetic (EM) wave radiation to acquire information about an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. As you read this material you are actually engaging in remote sensing; we do this so naturally that we seldom realize it. We could take this a step further - we use telescopes to view distant planets. We are definitely sensing objects remotely. In both cases the sensor is our eyes and the EM wave is light IS EM new to us (Yes/No) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Remote Sensing (EM) If the term EM waves seems new to you it shouldnt. Everyday light, radio waves and microwaves and x-rays are examples of EM waves. EM waves transport energy and information from one place to another. They are used in cellular networks, microwave ovens, portable radios, x-ray machines and satellites systems Remote sensing in the context of disaster management usually refers to the technology that includes man-made sensors that are attached to aircrafts, or satellites. Instead of viewing a far away planet from earth, the sensing equipment is usually high above looking down at our distant planet - earth. Distant in this context can mean just a few hundred feet overhead or miles above the earths surface (See Next Slide). Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Diagram showing how Remote Sensing is operated and utilized Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Comparison of Active and Passive Remote Sensing Remote Sensing Remote sensing can also be categorized into two broad categories: passive or active. Passive remote sensing makes use of sensors that detect the reflected or emitted EM radiation from natural sources (usually sunlight). Active remote sensing makes use of sensors that detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from artificially-generated energy sources, Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Comparison of Active and Passive Remote Sensing and Disaster Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Advantages of Remote Sensing Saves time Users of the technology do not have to be in direct contact with danger zones. Shows image of very large areas of land or space. Detect features at wavelengths not visible to the human eye. Data can be regularly and routinely acquired and archived. The most cost-effective dataset for monitoring change over large areas. Can assist with damage assessment monitoring. The imagery obtained, using remote sensing, can be useful for forward planning and reconstruction of an affected area. Helps to prevent the recurrence of the same disaster in the future. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Challenges faced using Remote Sensing It can be costly to build and operate a remote sensing system Small size activities cannot be delineated on remote sensing imagery or through aerial photography Data can be difficult to interpret and may require expert skills. Resolution is often coarse. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Disaster Epidemiology Activities Rapid Community Health and Needs Assessments Determine critical needs and health status Systematic sampling Strengthen response Improve prevention and mitigation strategies for future disasters Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Disaster Epidemiology Activities Surveillance Specific illnesses and injuries? Clusters and outbreaks? Geographic differences? Dispel rumors Systematic and factual information Reporting to local/ National health Authorities Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Recommendation Hospital Disaster Mgt. Committee/Unit Hospital Epidemic Committee/Unit Rapid response Unit Drilling Systems Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

Being Prepared to effectively respond to a disaster in our community involves a team effort. By working together, we can be ready. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

For you Attention Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]

dr. saka m.j mb;bs,mph,mba,fmcph, dip. health systems (israel) presented on 7th july 2011 by dr saka...

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