The Importance of Nutrition during Gilt DevelopmentJ.L. Vallet et al.

Results from the Sow Lifetime Productivity Initiative – National

Pork Board

Acknowledgements Iowa State University

Dr. Julia Calderon-DiazDr. Ken Stalder

Murphy Brown LLCDr. Gary BradleyDr. Christina PhillipsDr. Ashley DeDeckerDr. Bart BorgDr. Joe Hahn

UC DavisDr. Russ HoveyCaitlin Donovan

USMARCDr. Clay LentsDr. Lea RempelDr. Jeremy Miles

USMARC (cont.)Dr. Gary RohrerDr. Dan NonnemanDr. Brad FrekingDr. Bob Cushman

SLP research consortiumDr. Rob KnoxDr. Billy FlowersDr. Nathalie TrottierDr. Janeen Salak-JohnsonDr. Skip BartolDr. Ken StalderDr. George Foxcroft

Hanor FarmsDr. Dean Boyd

Objectives of a preliminary NPB funded gilt trial

Generate diets that will slow growth and/or alter body composition, specifically increase fat to lean ratio, for a larger trial on sow performance

Determine dietary effects on age at puberty and reproductive tract development

Investigate litter of origin effects on growth and reproduction

Litter of origin dataBlood samples for

immunocritParity of damNumber weanedDay 1 weight of each pigletWeaning weight of each

piglet and age at weaning

Assessment of colostrum

Calculation of preweaning growth rate

Gilt trial protocol

Six diets, 2 x 3 factorial, three energy, two lysine levels

Feed day 100 to day 260Monitor feed intake, growth, body

compositionEstrus detection day 160 to day 260Slaughter gilts and evaluate reproductive

tracts and mammary glands

Grower diets <200 lbsDiet1 Diet2 Diet3 Diet4 Diet5 Diet6

ME, % C 90 100 110 90 100 110

ME 1,335 1,477 1,620 1,335 1,477 1,620

SID Lys, % C

85 85 85 100 100 100

SID Lys 0.86 0.86 0.86 1.02 1.02 1.02

Finisher diets >200 lbsDiet1 Diet2 Diet3 Diet4 Diet5 Diet6

ME, % C 90 100 110 90 100 110

ME 1,335 1,483 1,630 1,335 1,483 1,630

SID Lys, % C

85 85 85 100 100 100

SID Lys 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.85 0.85 0.85

Slaughter protocol Reproductive tract collected for each carcass Ovary length and weight, uterine length, cycling or

noncycling for every uterus Number of CL every cycling tract on which they were

present Mammary gland collected from each carcass Proximate analysis for fat and protein each sample Every 10th sample, uterine, ovarian and mammary gland

histological evaluation

130 d 160 d 190 d 220 d 250 d0

50

100

150

200

250 Body weight

85% lys × 85% ME 85% lys × 100% ME 85% lys × 115% ME

100% lys × 85% ME 100% lys × 100% ME 100% lys × 115% ME

Age

Bod

y w

eigh

t, kg

No differences

130 d 160 d 190 d 220 d 250 d0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

Back Fat

85% lys × 85% ME 85% lys × 100% ME 85% lys × 115% ME100% lys × 85% ME 100% lys × 100% ME 100% lys × 115% ME

Age

Bac

kfat

thic

knes

s, cm

Effect of ME (P<0.05)~10% increase in backfat in High ME gilts

130 d 160 d 190 d 220 d 250 d0

1

2

3

4

5

Average daily feed intake

85% lys × 85% ME 85% lys × 100% ME85% lys × 115% ME 100% lys × 85% ME100% lys × 100% ME 100% lys × 115% ME

Age

AD

FI, k

g

Effect of ME P<0.01No effect of Lys

130 d 160 d 190 d0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14 Average daily ME intake

85% lys × 85% ME 85% lys × 100% ME85% lys × 115% ME 100% lys × 85% ME100% lys × 100% ME 100% lys × 115% ME

Age

AD

ME

I, M

cal

130 d 160 d 190 d 220 d 250 d0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40 Daily Lysine Intake

85% lys × 85% ME 85% lys × 100% ME85% lys × 115% ME 100% lys × 85% ME100% lys × 100% ME 100% lys × 115% ME

Age

AD

LI,

g

85% ly

sine ×

85% M

E

85% ly

sine ×

100%

ME

85% ly

sine ×

115%

ME

100%

lysin

e × 85

% ME

100%

lysin

e × 10

0% M

E

100% ly

sine ×

115%

ME

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Age at puberty

Treatment

Age

at p

uber

ty, d

ays

85% ly-sine ×

85% ME

85% lysine × 100% ME

85% lysine × 115% ME

100% lysine × 85% ME

100% lysine × 100% ME

100% lysine × 115% ME

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Puberty failure

TreatmentPu

bert

y fa

ilure

, %

Effect of Lys P=.0569

Mammary gland histology

Increasing development

TDLU1 TDLU2 TDLU3ME

High 26.5±6.6 71.2±6.5 2.8±.8

Medium 30.8±6.3 68.1±6.2 1.4±.9

Low 46.5±7.0* 53.2±6.8* .34±.9

LYS

High 33.4±5.4 64.8±5.3 2.2±.7

Low 35.8±5.4 63.5±5.3 .8±.7

* Different from High and Medium (P≤0.05). Possible reduction in mammary development in Low ME diet.

Preliminary histology results

Unaffected by litter of origin traits

Donovan et al., unpublished

Immunocrit growth effects

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200Immunocrit effects on weight

Average im-munocrit .144Zero immunocrit

Age, days

Wei

ght,

kg

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 2400

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5Back Fat

Average immunocrit .144

Zero immunocrit

Age, days

Bac

k fa

t, cm

0.05

0.15

0.25

0.35

175

185

195

205

215

225

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

Age at puberty surface

0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5

1.7 1.9 2.1

Preweaning Growth rate, kg/day

Age

at p

uber

ty, d

ays

Pigl

et b

irth

wei

ght,

kg

216(2)

227(4)

193(21) 206

(7)

227(3)

196(73) 186

(21)

186(10)

196(20)

191(13)

212(6)

198(20)

193(122)

193(32)

199(59)

193(157)

189(27)

196(51)

193(126)

203(10)193

(48)

187(38)

(0)

190(93)

195(2)

199(24)

194(51)

200(26)

What did we learn?To the extent that ME and lysine levels in

the diet are economically valuable, we are likely feeding gilts too high a concentration of both

Back fat can be manipulated using ME in the diet but the amount achievable is limited

What did we learn?Efforts to improve colostrum management

and preweaning growth of piglets will help improve puberty attainment

Low lysine levels increased puberty failureLow ME appeared to delay mammary gland

development

New gilt trial, reduced objectives

Still looking for diets that reduce growth and/or alter body composition

No litter of origin analysis

New diets differing in lysine

Lean Mcal/lb %SID

LYS/ % Min. % g Pav/ % Ratio Actual

% % % %

DietDiet

Type

Treatment, days of

ageEFF ME

SID LYS

EFF ME T NDF

Ess. 18:2

Mcal ME Pav

Ca : Pav  SBM

MIDDS

C. Germ Fat Cwg

Terminal 3 - 100 142 1.462 0.90 2.793 9.9 - 0.838 0.27 2.20  - 5.0 - -

GDU 3HI

Lean  1.462 0.90 2.793 9.9 0.0 1.117 0.36 1.98  16.2 5.0 - 1.00MED Lean 1.395 0.79 2.569 15.6 0.0 1.117 0.34 2.12  14.4 15.0 7.5 1.00

LO Lean 1.342 0.68 2.299 19.5 0.0 1.117 0.33 2.18  14.4 18.0 15.0 1.00

 

                             

Terminal 5 - 143 220 1.486 0.68 2.076 10.1 - 0.672 0.22 2.00  - 5.0 - -

GDU 5HI

Lean 1.486 0.68 2.076 10.1 1.5 0.977 0.32 2.00  10.3 5.0 - 1.0MED Lean 1.422 0.60 1.914 15.6 1.5 0.977 0.31   7.5 15.0 7.5 1.0

LO Lean 1.398 0.52 1.688 21.0 1.5 0.977 0.30   7.5 18.0 20.0 3.0

                               

New Protocol Gilts placed on diets on day 100 of age and fed until 220 days of

age Weights, back fat and loin depth measured at beginning and every

28 days to end of trial Boar stimulation/estrous detection beginning 160 days of age All gilts weighed and flank to flank measured at estrus Gilts removed from trial to breed line ~10 days before second

estrus Blood samples 210 and 220 days of age for progesterone to detect

cyclicity Gilts with no HNS by 220 days receive PG600 and were

monitored for estrous response

PEDV outbreakPED outbreak occurred at Utah farm on

September 6th, 2014, coincident with the beginning of boar exposure for the first group of gilts

Boar exposure delayed one week to allow gilts to recover. Remainder of the gilts stayed on schedule

Body weight

128 156 184 21240

60

80

100

120

140

160

LowMediumHigh

age, days

Bod

y w

eigh

t, kg

a

b

c

Fat to lean ratios

128 156 184 2120.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

LowMediumHigh

Age, days

Fat t

o le

an ra

tio

a, a, a

Puberty       Ls mean SEMLysine level    Low 208.99a 1.94Medium 202.29b 1.81High 198.41b 1.73     BW at puberty 0.45(0.05)*BF at puberty -0.45(0.22)*a,b Significant differences between lysine levels; P < 0.05* Results for continous variables presented as the regression coefficient  and their associate standard error; P < 0.05

       N Percent

Low 54a 27.70

Medium 62a 31.00

High 77a 37.70

Number injected Number responded

Percentage per treatment

High 118 108a 91.53

Medium 122 105 86.07

Low 130 112 86.15

Number of gilts injected with PG600, the number of gilts that responded by displaying standing estrus within one week, and percentage of the number injected are presented.

aNumber and percentage responders did not differ between lysine levels

Progesterone analysis confirms that most of the gilts with No HNS were in fact not cycling, versus behaviorally anestrus.

28 30 32 34 36 38 400

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

f(x) = 7.1950437829311 x − 101.390098703302R² = 0.589627289062925

AllLinear (All)HighMediumLow

current 36 inch threshold average 157 kg, all but one above the upper threshold

all gilts at least 115 kg

Average gilt 115 kg

Weight versus flank to flank

What did we learn?Lysine levels can be used to reduce growth in

ad libidum fed gilts if ME levels are held constant

The change in growth does not affect fat to lean ratio

Fat differences still not very great, difficult to alter fat with ad libidum diet modification?

Low lysine increased age at pubertyNo effect of diets on percent pubertal by 220

days of age

Summary of SLP effortSuitable diets are now developed for larger

trial to look at slower gilt growthConfirmed effects of colostrum and

preweaning growth rate on subsequent performance.

Mammary gland function is an objective of the upcoming trial so more will be learned regarding mammary gland function.