Thakur College of Engineering & Technology (TCET) was established in
academic year 2001-02 with a clear objective of providing quality technical
education in tune with international standards and contemporary global
requirements. The College is recognized by All India Council for Technical
Education (AICTE) & Govt. of Maharashtra and is affiliated to the University of
Mumbai (UOM). All the courses at the U.G. level, eligible for accreditation in 2011
i.e. Electronics & Telecommunication (EXTC), Information Technology, IT and
Computer Engineering (CMPN) were accredited by NBA for three years w.e.f.
16.9.2011. Moreover, these programs are also given permanent affiliation w.e.f.
A.Y. 2015-16 onwards. The management’s commitment to excellence and
relevance in technical education is reflected in the marvelous infrastructure
that is comparable to the finest institution of its type in the country. The
imposing five-storied building, housing state-of-the-art computer laboratories,
spacious classrooms, well equipped laboratories, workshops, computer centre
with server room, a well-stocked library , wide and well lit clean corridors and a
large canteen, conference hall, seminar halls has set new standards in providing
facilities of international level.
www . t ce tmumba i . i n
THAKUR COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENTAL
VISION“To become a department of national relevance in the field of Civil
Engineering.”
DEPARTMENTAL
MISSIONThe department of Civil Engineering is committed to provide undergraduate
students with sound knowledge in the field of civil engineering, and build in
them leadership and managerial skills along with inculcating the culture of
lifelong learning and social sensitivity.
www . t ce tmumba i . i n
Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life – think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success. The students of Civil department undoubtedly have done their level best in achieving the virtue of standing out differently amongst all departments with their inquisite ideas and intriguing researches. It's been an immense pleasure for me to be a mentor for the department and I am proud of their setup of thought process and mind evoking articles. Within a short of span of time there is been a lot of development in their way of presentation and it is highly appreciable. I heartly congratulate all faculties,students and staff associated with this departmental magazine,E-MARAAT.
DR . SANJAY KUMARPhD (Mechanical Engg.)
M.Tech (Industrial Engg. &Management) B.E (Production Engg.)
DEPARTMENTAL
MENTOR
Building something is not as easier as breaking it. We at TCET feel pleasure that our students get a golden opportunity to bless themselves by knowledge and team work by integrating everything in this magazine, Emaarat. I feel honor to be a part or this as our students have given their level best and have emerged as a sustainably developed future. Our theme this year, “Sustainable Construction” , describes how concerned our students are towards a well-sustained future of innovative minds. Inspite of taking up a technical theme, bringing up different ways to live desirably, we have come a long way. And I would like to thank the mentors and editors for this brainstorming transition. The activities conducted by ASCE is remarkable. The overall development of our students assures me for a bright and constructive future ahead of these budding minds. I wish them luck and also bless them for their good work and capabilities to come up with the magazine this year
DR. SEEMA JAGTAPPh.D. Technology
(Civil Engineering) M.Tech Civil
(Hydraulics Engineering) B. E.(Civil Engineering)
HEAD OF
DEPARTMENT
When sustainability flourishes the light of development shines brighter than the sun. We believe that this year's magazine will do wonder in the era of civil engineering as it focuses on sustainable construction. I feel proud to introduce you with our wonderful magazine, our 3rd edition of Emarat. Our students have driven themselves out of their comfort zone of construction yo attain sustainability in the very same domain. They have given their very best and have shown that what could intellectual and young minds do in this century of advanced technology. To live up on our legacy since last year from Environmental importance to sustainble construction we have achieved a quantum leap. I am obliged to encourage my students and to motivate them to always live in their zeal and enthusiasm. I wish them good luck and hope that their hardwork and passion for building this startling magazine flourishes with flying colors.
MRS. RUTUJA SHINDEM.E
(Water Resources & Environmental Engineering)
B.Tech (Civil)
FACULTY IN
CHARGE
Life is not all about opportunities, it's about how we take them and use it to the fullest. I feel highly obliged and intense pleasure to bring into limelight our 3rd edition of Emaarat. Our theme this year 'Sustainable Construction', reflects our mindset of bringing on a better and safe future ahead. To grab in this opportunity, I would like to give my utmost gratitude to our mentors and our team, for working hard and dedicatedly in the creation of our magazine. It's been years and we always strive to come up with something different and that always keeps us in bringing it something out of the league. This year we have brainstorming articles based on research, projects as well as information regarding the development in construction with respect to sustainability. We have brought up information interviews which match with our similar interests. I wish and hope that you all like our magazine this year too as always, and show your love to the hardwork and passion of civil engineers.
PARTH TAMBOLIEDITOR
EDITORIAL'S
DESK
It's our immense pleasure to put forward our third edition of 'Emaarat', Civil department magazine. In the world of technicality and progress in Science, We the students of Civil Engineering at a very primitive stage of exposure have given a diversified information about the "need of the hour" that is, sustainable construction. From learning simple and facile ways of construction to understanding the importance of sustainability in construction, we all have inculcated the insights of exploring ourselves and the minute detailing, giving an exclusive knowledge of, depth of research work. A heartfelt gratitude to our mentors who have guided us throughout the process of generating this masterpiece and exclusive blend of young and intellectual minds that has raised its bars this year by remarkably including a high range of articles relating to variety of concepts and project based research of our students. "We must learn to live together as brothers or we will perish to get her as fools", the consensus and cooperation of our team was prodigious in itself and we are obliged to everyone who have contributed in the making of this startling magazine.
KEERTHANA NAMBIARMAGAZINE HEAD
EDITORIAL'S
DESK
CONTENTS
E-MAARAT
INDUSTRIAL VENTURE
FACULTY'S WISDOM
STUDENT'S CONTRIBUTION CREDITS
INDUSTRIAL
VENTURE w i t h M r . S u n i l S h a h
EMAARAT
Bachelor in Civil Engineering from Birla VishwakarmaMahavidyalaya (Sardar Patel University) Vallabh Vidhyanagar
in 1993 Work: As DGM Project at Ajmera Realty and Infra India Limited
1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEER.In those days there was no concept of internship during study itself. We could get the first
hand experience only after completion of graduation. Also being coming from rural back
ground, I could not see any big construction going on nearby. Now I always keep in touch
with new invention and technology and adopt it. Even today gets me updated for any
change in industry. I started from execution of small building to 40 storied buildings. I
worked from small village and remote places to metro city. I changed from execution at site
to planning and liaisoning. So always be ready for change.
2. WHAT EFFORTS DO YOU RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING
HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIM/HER
INDUSTRY READY?Keep visiting nearby construction work going on, attend seminars presented by industry
people, and study various reference books in the subject of interest. Always try to correlate
your study with the practice.
3. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN
ENTREPRENEURSHIPS, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?I feel there always be opportunity for Civil Engineers as it is related to the basic need of
people, Home. Also to grow any industry or area, development of infrastructure is essential.
Civil work is the first requirement of establishing any new industrial plant.There are many different streams on opportunity. The Civil engineering is divided mainly
in to two sectors. Infrastructure and housing.In each sectors there are various streams like Designing, planning, estimating, tendering,
execution, liaisoning, material procurement, interior finish work etc. Most of the persons working in the field work as Manages instead of Civil Engineer. They
need only basic knowledge as civil engineer. Only Structural designer and consultants need
technical knowledge.
4. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?It is expected that more and more automation is coming up. Now days there are machines
available for even plastering, scaffolding is replaced by hanging mechanised platform,
modular formwork is now considered old one, design software's are becoming more
advanced, Precast elements are now available to reduce work at site, Revit and Achicad are
replacing Autocad but to run all this automation you always need to have basic knowledge
of civil engineering.
5. WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?Keep your eye, ear and mind open. Analyse every activity going on around you
commercially and technically. Do not go by the notions that if it is in practice since long
does not mean it cannot be done in more correct and better way. Always be quality
conscious.
6. DO YOU BELIEVE IN THIS AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IT IS POSSIBLE
TO STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDINGS?Yes, there are always better way to do any development more environmental friendly.
Development can be done environment friendly at all stage from Conceptualisation, design,
construction and operational phase. Development cannot be stopped but can be done in
most optimum way so as to balance between development and environment.
7. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARE
SEARCHED FOR, WHILE RECRUITING FRESHERS?From fresher interviewer always look to the attitude of a candidate, Reactions to odd
questions, approach to arrive at an answer and basic technical knowledge for working at
site.
8. WHAT ACCORDING TO YOU ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS
IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TILL NOW?Invention of Reinforced Cement Concrete is most important as it has changed the way
design of buildings and made it possible to construct high-rises.
INDUSTRIAL
VENTURE w i t h M r . R o h a n B a n s o d e
EMAARAT
Bachelor In Civil Enginnering (Structures) Work :4 years of work experience
Runs his own firm
1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER
STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEERING My journey was as a driving force for me as it was all full of ups and downs. When we talk
about industries or working in a firm the reality is totally different from what we used to
think back then in college. Here we need more practical knowledge, whereas theoretical is
always a necessity.
2. WHAT EFFORT DO YOU RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING
HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIS/HER
INDUSTRY READY?When we talk about experience a student cannot fulfill the criteria until he/she doesn't steps
down the field. Hence field knowledge always turns out to be useful, because it's like an
icing on the cake of your resume.Try to focus on subjects, not just for the matter of fact that we are bound to study it rather
than that love them and try to expand your boundaries.
3. HOW IMPORTANT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS JOB EXPERIENCE IN THE
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING? As already mentioned, field experience is a plus point for any newbie in the industry. So try
and focus on opting internships in your 4-year course. It will be really helpful to understand
your strengths and weakness as well.
4. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?Technology undoubtedly is growing tremendously and civil engineers need to maintain
their pace along with it. Entrepreneurship is a virtue of different personalities. Well not
spilling the beans much, but yes civil engineers could be the best entrepreneurs as they
have all apt skills required for it due to their field work and knowledge.
5. WHAT QUALIFICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN A CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENT APART FROM HIS/HER BE DEGREE?AutoCAD and STAAD are the software which everybody recommends. But I would also
like to ask students to try Ms-Excel/Advanced Excel, as it will be ultimately important in
the near future.
6. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?I believe what is building us to grow more smarter and smarter day by day is technology.Focusing more on that IOT is the next doorstep for innovation and development in civil
engineering sector too.
7. WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEER THAT ARE TRENDING AT
PRESENT?As we know that construction are helping in rapid growth of economy of their country.
Building tall towers, sea links, underground sea tunnel & bridges.
8. THROUGHOUT YOUR JOURNEY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, WHAT
INVENTIONS & INNOVATION HAVE U WITNESSED THAT MAY BE
CONSIDERED REMARKABLY IMPORTANT TO THIS FIELD?Well there are many structures to note here, but one of my favorite is the Kohinoor
Square,Dadar.
9. CAN U SUGGEST SOME NEW PROJECTS FOR THE STUDENT? Sustainable construction and structures which could handle all sorts of natural calamities.
10. WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?Civil engineering field is a field which doesn't requires much adversity but still innovative
ideas and techniques must be appreciated. The young budding minds should come up with
various links with civil sector which could be beneficial to the country and humanity as
whole.
INDUSTRIAL
VENTURE w i t h M r . A b h i n a v K a s h y a p
EMAARAT
Master In Civil Enginnering (Structures) 2005 University of Sheffield (U.K.)
IPMA Level - D, PMA certified Bachelor in civil enginnering from Nagpur university 2003
Work : National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC),Abu Dhabi, UAE
Post: Project Engineer coordinator
1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER
STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEERING?My journey has been quite enjoyable, I passed out my masters in year 2005 from
University of Sheffield UK, I worked at Larsen & Toubro EPC Company as A Project
engineer in oil & gas structure. Applied in various Company.Then I Moved to Abu Dhabi & started working in NPCC as a Project engineer coordinator.
2. WHAT EFFORT DO U RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING
HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIS/HER
INDUSTRY READY? Civil engineering is divided into 2 parts i.e. design & structures, you should do internships
in design & start your job with structures that will give you core knowledge about on field
work of civil engineering. You should focus on your electives in 7th semester which will
train u for your main goal.
3. HOW IMPORTANT, ACCORDING TO YOU IS JOB EXPERIENCE IN THE
FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?Job Experience is highly important in civil engineering. We want engineers with some
experience of field work. You all should do internship in design & work in structures
around 3 years.You should have talent to implement your study on field Plan -> FEED -> Retail design-> construction
4. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN
ENTREPRENEURSHIP, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?It is difficult to become a entrepreneur in field of civil engineering but it is not impossible.
You should have attest 5 years of experience, should have good knowledge of design codes
specially UK & EURO design codes.
5. WHAT QUALIFICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN A CIVIL ENGINEERING
STUDENT APART FROM HIS/HER BE DEGREE?A Civil engineer should have knowledge about 2 main software i.e. AutoCAD & STAAD.
Participate in civil conferences
6. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND
DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?Ÿ Under river bed tunnel in India.Ÿ Construction of tallest tower in Saudi Arabia Ÿ Nanotechnology in civil engineering
7. WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEER THAT ARE TRENDING AT
PRESENT? We know that construction are helping in rapid growth of economy of their country.
Building tall towers, sea links, underground sea tunnel & bridges.
8. THROUGHOUT YOUR JOURNEY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, WHAT IS
INTENTLY IMPORTANT TO THIS FIELD?Millenium bridge in UK used tuned dampers to avoid swingForm workBiggest water cran used in construction of Palm island.
9. CAN U SUGGEST SOME NEW PROJECTS FOR THE STUDENT?Use FRP Polymer for construction of bridge
10: WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?They should know how to use their knowledge on the field work & have to study hard
while participating in different extracurricular activity. Learn something apart from Indian
civil industries. Try attending civil conference.
FACULTY'S
WISDOM
EMAARAT
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
F e a s i b i l i t y o f R e c y c l i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d D e m o l i t i o n
W a s t e
MS . PRIYANKA DESHMUKH
in f rast ructure . A pre l iminary assessment
suggests that investment in in f rast ructure
dur ing the Twel f th Plan (2012 - 17 ) would need to
be of the order of about Rs .40 ,99 ,240 mil l ion (US
$ 1025 bi l l ion ) to achieve a share of 9 .95 per
cent as a proport ion of GDP .
1 . 1 Construct ion and Demol i t ion Waste : (C & D
Waste )
Construct ion and demol i t ion waste i s generated
whenever any construct ion /demol i t ion act iv i ty
takes place , such as , bui ld ing roads , br idges , f l y
over , subway , remodel l ing etc . I t cons is ts most ly
of inert and non -biodegradable mater ia l . In
addit ion , i t inc ludes the mater ia l s generated as
a resu l t of natura l disasters .Centra l Pol lut ion
Contro l Board has est imated current quantum of
so l id waste generat ion in India to the tune of 48
mi l l ion tons per annum of which waste f rom
Construct ion Industry accounts for 25% . The
tota l quantum of waste f rom construct ion
industry i s est imated to be 12 to 14 .7 mil l ion
tons per annum .
Cons ider ing the thumb ru le stated by
Technology In format ion , Forecast ing and
Assessment Counci l (TIFAC ) , a new construct ion
generates 40 -60 kg of C&D waste per sq m . i f an
average of 50 kg per sq m i s assumed , the C& D
waste generated between 2005 and 2013 i s
approx imate ly 287 MT , 1 bi l l ion sq m in 2013
i tse l f .This est imate only accounts for new
construct ion . Demol i t ion of ex is t ing st ructures
generates 10 t imes more C& D waste than that
dur ing construct ion ( i .e . 300 -500 kg of waste
per sq m ) . Bui ld ing repai rs generate 40 -50 kg
1 . Introduct ion
India has emerged as one of the world 's second
fastest growing economies . As a resu l t of th is
rapid economic growth , a s igni f icant increase
has been observed in the construct ion act iv i t ies
over the recent years . According to a research
carr ied out by Centre for Science and
Envi ronment (CSE ) in 2014 , the construct ion
act iv i t ies in India are growing at an annual rate
of 10 per cent over the las t decade as against
the world average of 5 .5 per cent per annum .
According to eleventh year plan , construct ion
industry in India i s the second la rgest economic
act iv i ty after agr icu l ture . I t accounts for near ly
65% of the tota l investment in in f rast ructure .
Investment in construct ion accounts for near ly
1 1% of India ’s Gross Domest ic Product (GDP ) . A
tota l amount of Rs . 2 ,05 ,42 ,050 mil l ion i s
pro jected to be invested in in f rast ructure
according to 1 1 th f i ve year plan . Dur ing the
Tenth Plan , about 25 per cent of the tota l
investment in in f rast ructure came f rom the
pr ivate sector . This i s expected to r i se to about
36 per cent dur ing the Eleventh Plan . Whi le
there may be a short fa l l of about 8 .7 per cent
(Rs . 12 ,52 ,660 mil l ion ) in publ ic investment as
compared to the in i t ia l targets for the Eleventh
Plan , th is i s l ike ly to be made good by an
increase of about 20 per cent (Rs . 12 ,33 ,210
mi l l ion ) in pr ivate investment . The investment
in in f rast ructure i s l ike ly to r i se f rom 5 . 15 per
cent of GDP dur ing the Tenth Plan to about 7 .55
per cent dur ing the Eleventh Plan , as against a
target of 7 .60 per cent . This const i tutes a
s igni f icant sh i f t in favour of investment in .
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
per sq m of waste . Thus , the tota l est imate of
C&D waste generated in 2013 i t se l f was 530 MT ,
44 t imes higher than the of f ic ia l est imate .
1 .2 Management of C&D Waste :
Due to i t s inert nature , C&D waste cannot be
subjected to compost ing or inc inerat ion as a
method of t reatment . Moreover , the wastes are
being disposed of f improper ly and i l lega l ly in
order to avoid t ransportat ion and t ipping costs .
Farm land , pr ime res ident ia l areas , pits and low
ly ing areas have become disposa l s i tes . These
landf i l l s have also become threats to ground
water contaminat ion . Moreover , the boom in
the construct ion industry has increased the
st ress on natura l resources .
According to a study commiss ioned by
Technology In format ion , Forecast ing and
Assessment Counci l (TIFAC ) , 70% of the
construct ion industry i s not aware of recyc l ing
techniques .
Benef i ts of Recyc l ing :
Fol lowing are the benef i t s of recyc l ing ;
• I t reduces the emiss ion of greenhouse gases .
• I t reduces the need to extract raw mater ia l s
and t ransport ing the mater ia l s long distances .
I t reduces the need for new landf i l l s and the
costs invo lved in i t .
• Recyc l ing saves energy and also reduces the
env i ronmenta l impact .
• I t creates employment opportuni t ies in
recyc l ing industr ies . Advantages are reduced
disposa l of waste to landf i l l s i tes and reduced
minera l extract ion .
1 .3 Examples of Recycl ing in India :
Even though lega l re form in th is area i s tak ing
a long t ime in India , severa l archi tects have
al ready taken steps to reuse waste in the i r
bui ld ings . There i s the example of a school
bui ld ing in Rajkot des igned by Ahmedabad
based archi tect Surya Kakani that has been
bui l t f rom the debr is of Bhuj earthquake . The
Inst i tute of Rura l Research and Development
( IRRAD ) bui ld ing in Gurgaon has innovat ive ly
recyc led and ut i l i sed i t s own construct ion
waste in the bui ld ing i t se l f . But these are
l imited steps and they wil l have to be
encouraged with pol icy and f i sca l support .
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
S u s t a i n a b i l i t y c o n c e p t
MR . ANUJ PAWAR
the water leve l . Buy th is concept of ra inwater
harvest ing we can save the water in ra iny
season . in ra iny season we can store th is ra in
water in the bore by increas ing the water leve l
or store th is ra in water by construct ing the
Ponds are tanks . This store water we can use for
bathing or other purposes throughout the year
and you can save the water by th is concept .
3 ) Solar system :
By the system we can make the water hot with
minimum cost . In the system only so lar system
assembly i s used . In the so lar system we can
make the hot water by minimiz ing the
electr ic i ty caused due to th is so lar system
concept i s economical . This above are the some
simple examples by adopt ing which we can save
the water electr ic i ty and mainta in our bui ld ing
pol lut ion f ree . adopt the susta inabi l i ty concept
in our l i fe th is i s the need of present world by
which we can make our l i fe s imple economical
and re l iable .
Susta inabi l i ty means use of natura l ly ava i lable
th ings which i s very usefu l in our present l i fe .
This i s also mean the reuse of di f ferent waste
mater ia l . Susta inabi l i ty i s the way by which we
have susta in our l i fe by natura l th ings . In th is
fasten th is concept i s very usefu l for l i v ing a
good l i fe . By adopt ing th is concept we can
enjoy the natura l th ings which minimum cost
and due to th is susta inabi l i ty concept we
mainta in the env i ronmenta l condit ions stable .
Fol lowing are the di f ferent and some important
susta inable ef fects as fo l lows .
1 ) Green bui ld ing
2 ) Rainwater harvest ing
3 ) Solar system
1 ) Green bui ld ing :
In the present world pol lut ion get increases
due to the increase in vehic le , Industr ies etc
which resu l ts in the carbon diox ide gases . I f use
the concept of green bui ld ing for our bui ld ing
we can get lot of advantages in th is system we
la id the plants on our bui ld ing wal ls and s labs
and the plants the t ree around your bui ld ing .
Buy th is plant ing plants absorb the carbon
diox ide gas and keep our bui ld ing pol lut ion
f ree and also due to the green bui ld ing our
houses i s always cool without apply ing any
energy l ike fan and ac so we can opt imize the
energy resources And we can save the other
overhead charges and the electr ic i ty .
2 ) Rainwater harvest ing -
Whenever we look there maybe shortage of
water in every place . To minimize the sa l t i s
there may be very s imple method of increase
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
I m p a c t o f S t r e n g t h P a r a m e t e r o fC o n c r e t e b y u s i n g G G B S , F L Y - A S H &
S I L I c A - F U M E
MR . GHANSHYAM PAL
creates lots of env i ronmenta l changes
whatsoever . Ground Granulated Blast furnace
s lag (GGBS ) i s a by -product for manufacture of
pig i ron and obta ined through rapid cool ing by
water or quenching molten s lag . Here the
molten s lag i s produced which i s
instantaneous ly tapped and quenched by water .
This rapid quenching of molten s lag fac i l i tates
format ion of “Granulated s lag ” . Ground
Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS ) i s
processed f rom Granulated s lag . Fly ash i s one
of the res idues created dur ing the combust ion
of coal in coal - f i red power plants . F ine part ic les
r i se with f lue gasses and are col lected with
f i l ter bags or electrostat ic prec ip i tators . Si l ica
Fume i s a f ine ly -div ided minera l admixture ,
ava i lable in both uncompact and compacted
forms . This ult ra - f ine mater ia l wil l better f i l l
vo ids between cement part ic les and resu l t in a
very dense concrete with higher compress ive
st rengths and extremely low permeabi l i ty .
RESULT
Compress ive st rength test on cube : cube
compress ion test was per formed on standard
cubes of pla in s ize 150mm x 150 mmx 150mm at
28 days of immers ion in water for cur ing .
CONTROL CONCRETE ( Normal Concrete Without
Replacement ) OF M30 ( 1 : 1 .47 : 1 .9 ) GRADE .
DAYS / 3DAS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS
STRENGTH (Mpa )
The Ordinary Port land Cement (OPC ) i s one of
the main ingredients used for the product ion of
concrete . Unfortunate ly , product ion of cement
involves emiss ion of la rge amounts of carbon -
diox ide gas into the atmosphere , a major
contr ibutor for green house ef fect and the
global warming , also construct ion industry , use
of concrete i s going on increas ing rapid ly .
Cement i s major const i tuent mater ia l of the
concrete , which produced by natura l raw
mater ia l l ike l ime and s i l ica . Once s i tuat ion
may occurs there wil l be no l ime on earth for
product ion of cement . This s i tuat ion leads to
th ink al l people working in construct ion
industry to do research work on cement
replac ing mater ia l and use of i t . hence i t i s
inev i table ei ther to search for another mater ia l
or part ia l ly replace i t by some other mater ia l .
The search for any such mater ia l , which can be
used as an al ternat ive or as a supplementary for
cement so we had taken a research for part ia l
replacement of cement by combinaly mixing
GGBS ,FLY -ASH & SIL IKA FUME in a vary ing
percentage and checking ef fect of spec ia l
mater ia l on concrete .
Concrete has bas ic natura l ly , cheaply and eas i ly
ava i lable ingredients as cement , sand ,
aggregate and water . After the water , cement i s
second most used mater ia l in the world . But
th is rapid product ion of cement creates two big
env i ronmenta l problems for which we have to
f ind out c iv i l engineer ing so lut ions . F i rs t
env i ronmenta l problem i s emiss ion of CO2 in
the product ion process of the cement . We know
that CO2 emiss ion i s very haarmful which
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
.
DAYS / 3DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS
STRENGTH
(Mpa )
NORMAL
CONCRETE
(CONTROL 26 .22 Mpa 32 . 148Mpa 36 .296Mpa
CONCRETE
( 1 : 1 .47 : 1 .9 )
GRAPH SHOWS THE COMBINED EFFECT ON THE
STRENGTH ( GGBS , FLY -ASH , SIL ICA -FUME )
X -AXIS =DAYS , Y AXIS= STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
DAYS (N / mm2 )
REPLACING 50 % OF CEMENT BY GGBS ,FLY -ASH
& SIL IKA FUME .
GGBS : FLY -ASH : SIL IKA -FUME ) (Table Below . )
DAYS / 3 DAYS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS
STRENGTH
(Mpa )
Cement
replacement 14 .22Mpa 24 .59Mpa 29 .8Mpa
(30 : 10 : 10 )
Cement
replacement 22 .88Mpa 29 .77Mpa 33 .31Mpa
(20 : 10 : 10 )
Cement
replacement 17 . 185Mpa 32 .07Mpa 36 . 18Mpa
( 10 : 10 : 10 )
X -AXIS =DAYS ,Y AXIS= STRENGTH OF DAYS
(N / MM2 )
CONCLUSION
Part ia l replacement of cement in presence of
s i l ika fume and f l y -ash , as quant i ty of GGBS
decreases st rength of concrete wil l increases .
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
I N T E R A C T I O N O F B U I L D I N G F R A M E W I T H P I L E F O U N D A T I O N
MS . VARNIKA SHRIVASTAV
approach where the st ructure and foundat ion
were cons idered to be a s ingle compat ib le unit .
However , the invest igat ions underscored that
the sub -st ructure approach i s prefer red in such
interact ion analys i s owing to s impl ic i ty in the
method , less memory requi rement on part of the
computat ional resources and not much var iat ion
in the resu l ts obta ined us ing sub -st ructure
method and coupled approach .
Recent ly along s imi lar l ines , Reddy and Rao
reported an exper imenta l work on a model
bui ld ing f rame supported by a pi le group and
compared the resu l ts analyt ica l ly us ing f in i te
e lement analys i s . Even numerous studies have
been reported most recent ly . However , these
studies were conf ined to the interact ion analys i s
of f rames or al l ied st ructure supported by
iso lated foot ings or ra f t foundat ion .
In the meant ime , much work i s ava i lable in the
l i terature on ax ia l ly loaded as wel l as la tera l ly
loaded s ingle pi le and pi le groups . The
approaches ava i lable for the analys i s of ax ia l ly
loaded pi le foundat ions inc lude the elast ic
cont inuum method and load t ransfer method ,
whi le those for analyz ing the la tera l ly loaded
pi le foundat ions inc lude the elast ic cont inuum
approach and modulus of subgrade react ion ap -
proach . With the advent of computers in the
ear ly sevent ies , more versat i le f in i te element
method has become popular for analyz ing the
problem of pi le foundat ions in the context of
l inear and non - l inear analys i s .
Introduct ion
The f ramed st ructures are normal ly analyzed
with the i r bases cons idered to be ei ther
complete ly r ig id or hinged . However , the
foundat ion rest ing on deformable so i l s also
undergoes deformat ion depending on the
re lat ive r ig id i t ies of the foundat ion ,
superst ructure and so i l . Interact ive analys i s i s ,
therefore , necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the
superst ructure . Numerous interact ive analyses
have been reported in many studies in the
1960 ’s and 1970 ’s and few in recent studies .
Whi le most of the above ment ioned studies
deal t with the quant i f icat ion of the ef fect of
interact ion of f rames with i so lated foot ings or
combined foot ings or ra f t foundat ion in the
context of support ing sub -so i l ei ther
analyt ica l ly or exper imenta l ly ; only the study
by Buragohain et al . was found to deal with the
interact ion analys i s of f rames on pi les unt i l
recent past .
The work presented by Buragohain et al . was
carr ied out us ing the st i f fness matr ix method
and moreover , i t was based on the s impl i f ied
assumpt ions and re lat ive ly less rea l i s t ic
approach . Point ing out the lacunae in the
interact ion analys i s of a f ramed st ructure
rest ing on pi le foundat ion reported the
methodology for the interact ion analys i s of a
s ingle storeyed bui ld ing f rame embedded in
c layey so i l on the rat ional approach
and rea l i s t ic assumpt ions . Although most of the
analyses used sub -st ructure method (uncoupled
approach ) , few of them used coupled
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
On the backdrop of the cons iderable work of
the interact ion analyses of space f rame - pi le
foundat ion -so i l sys - tem reported in the recent
past , the interact ion analys i s of a s ingle stor ied
f rame rest ing on pi le foundat ion i s re -ported in
th is invest igat ion . However , more re f ined 3 -D
F .E . mesh i s used for pi le foundat ion , where in
so i l elements are discredi ted us ing three
di f ferent elements—eight node , nine node and
twelve node cont inuum elements , as compared
to the mesh employed in the s imi lar study
where in the so i l mass was discredi ted us ing
twenty node cont inuum elements . Further , the
ef fect of spac ing between the pi les , pi le
diameter along with the arrangement of pi les
(such as ser ies and para l le l ) with respect to
latera l loads act ing on the f rame was
cons idered .
Further , the pi les that were modeled were
square for s impl ic i ty in model ing . However ,
whi le cons ider ing i t s ef fect , they were t reated
as the c i rcular pi les of the diameter equiva lent
to the s ize of the square pi les . The f lex ib le pi le
cap along with i t s st i f fness i s cons idered and
the st i f fness matr ix for the sub -st ructure i s
der ived by cons ider ing the ef fect of al l the
pi les in a group . The behav ior of elements of
the superst ructure and sub -st ructure inc luding
so i l i s cons idered to be l inear ly elast ic . The
tota l st ress analys i s i s carr ied out and
immediate behav ior of the so i l i s cons idered .
Hypothesis in Mathematical Model ing
The interact ion analys i s i s carr ied out us ing the
f in i te element method . A typ ica l f rame i s
analyzed separate ly cons ider ing the f ixed
column bases . Later , the pi le foundat ions are
worked out independent ly to get the equiva lent
st i f fness of the foundat ion head . Further , they
are used in the interact ion analys i s to evaluate
the ef fect of SSI on the response of the f rame .
A three dimens ional geometr ic model of the
superst ructure f rame -pi le foundat ion -so i l
system . The elements of the superst ructure
(beam , column and s lab ) and that of pi le
foundat ion (pi le and pi le cap ) are discret ized
into 20 node i so -parametr ic cont inuum
elements . On the other hand , so i l elements are
discret ized us ing eight node , nine node and
twelve node cont inuum elements . Further ,
three degrees of f reedom at each node , i .e . ,
displacement in three direct ions in X , Y and Z
of these di f ferent elements are employed in the
present invest igat ion . To ensure proper
mechanics of st ress t ransfer between so i l and
pi le under la tera l load , 16 node i so -parametr ic
sur face elements i s int roduced at the inter face .
The normal and tangent ia l st i f fness of these
elements are assumed in such a way that
shear ing at the so i l and pi le inter face i s
a l lowed but gapping wil l be rest r icted .
Since a 3 -D geometr ic model i s used to
represent the so i l -pi le system , se lect ion of the
correct f in i te element to represent the medium
is one of the very important aspects in f in i te
e lement analys i s . In the so i l - pi le system , two
mater ia l s , v iz . so i l and re inforced concrete are
to be modeled . The ei ther mater ia l show
di f ferent behav iors when subjected to loading .
The fa i lure of the so i l i s dominated by i t s shear
character i s t ics , whereas the f lexure dominated
fa i lure i s shown by the re inforced concrete .
Therefore , pi le and pi le cap along with the
superst ructure elements are modeled us ing
twenty node cont inuum elements . This element
has quadrat ic shape funct ion which i s wel l
su i ted to model the medium with bending
dominated deformat ion . Eight node cont inuum
elements are used to model the so i l which has
l inear shape funct ions . These elements are
su i table for the medium whose deformat ions
are dominated by shear st rength . To mainta in
the cont inui ty of displacements between these
two types of elements in the discret ized so i l -
pi le domain , two more elements were
formulated , v iz . twelve node and nine node
sol id elements .
The shape funct ions of these two elements
were formulated by us ing degrading technique
as employed by Kr ishnamurthy . The shape
funct ions are der ived for these elements by
degrading the twenty node so l id elements .
Twelve node elements are used at the junct ion
where eight node and twenty node element
meets . Further , nine node elements are used
where twelve node element and twenty node
element meets perpendicular ly .
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
Problem Descr ipt ion
A 3 -D s ingle storeyed bui ld ing f rame rest ing on
pi le foundat ion , as shown in the 1 , i s cons idered
for the study . The f rame , 3 m high i s 10 m × 10
m in plan with each bay being , 5 m × 5 m . The
s lab , 200 mm th ick , i s pro -v ided at top as wel l
as at the f loor leve l . Slab at top i s supported
over 300 mm wide and 400 mm deep beam . The
beams are rest ing on columns of s ize 300 mm ×
300 mm .
Two pi le groups compr is ing two and three pi les
are cons idered in the present study . Further ,
two arrangements of pi les with respect to the
di rect ion of load (ser ies and para l le l ) are
cons idered . Al l the pi les in a group are c i rcular
p i les , connected by 500 mm th ick f lex ib le pi le
cap . Whi le dead load i s cons idered according to
uni t weight of the mater ia l s of which the
st ructura l components of f rame are made up
for the purpose of the parametr ic study
presented here , la tera l load are also
cons idered . The propert ies of the mater ia l for
p i le and pi le cap .
The mathemat ica l model of the bui ld ing f rame
with the model ing idea l izat ions ment ioned in
the preceding sect ion . For group conf igurat ion
in ser ies and para l le l arrangements , fu l l 3 -D
geometr ic model i s used . One subrout ine i s
deve loped in the program to generate the
geometr ica l and mater ia l propert ies requi red
for f in i te element analys i s . The discret ized
soi l -pi le domain for the fu l l 3 -D geometr ica l
model which i s used for the analys i s of four
conf igurat ions of pi le group v iz . 2PP ( two pi les
in para l le l ) , 2PS ( two pi les in ser ies ) , 3PP ( three
pi les in para l le l ) , 3PS ( three pi les in ser ies ) .
For analyz ing the pi le foundat ion separate ly a
software program Pi le rout ine was used . The
analys i s of the pi le foundat ion i s carr ied out for
the la tera l or vert ica l force (FH or FV ) of
magnitude of 1000 kN appl ied on pi le cap . The
equiva lent st i f fness , kh and kv , are calculated
and are fur ther used in the interact ion analys i s
of the f rames st ructure . For the interact ion
analys i s , a sof tware program Bui ld_Frame i s
deve loped . The sof tware programs are
developed us ing FORTRAN 90 .
After assess ing the accuracy of the program in
the context of s imple problems of st ructura l
engineer ing and so i l -st ructura l engineer ing and
further , implement ing i t on the publ i shed work ,
the sa id program i s used in the present study .
In the parametr ic study conducted for the
spec i f ic f rame the response of the
superst ructure cons idered for the compar ison
inc lude the hor izonta l displacement of the
f rame at top of the f rame , for both f ixed base
and so i l -st ructure interact ion (SSI ) cases .
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
S t u d y o f D e l a y i n E x e c u t i o n o f I n f r a s t r u c t u r e P r o j e c t s –
H i g h w a y C o n s t r u c t i o n
MS .YOGITA HONRAO
highway construct ion has been a pr ior i ty i s sue
for years .
LITERATURE REVIEW
In analyz ing t ime and cost overruns of
construct ion projects in India , I yer and Jha
(2006 ) concluded that two success factors and
one fa i lure factor ; commitment of project
part ic ipants , owner ’s competence and conf l ic t
among project part ic ipants contr ibuted
s igni f icant ly in the enhancement of the
per formance of a project .
Root causes of delays in construct ion projects
were def ined as s i tuat ions and condit ions in
suf f ic ient deta i l that v io lated the fundamenta l
pr inc ip les to al low correct ive act ion to be taken
(El l i s and Randolph 2003 ) . A l i s t ing of most
common root causes categor ized under seven
major categor ies such as bus iness pract ices ,
procedures , ut i l i t ies , s i te condit ions , planning
and schedul ing , t ra f f ic management and des ign
errors has been prov ided . Although the survey
for root cause of delay f rom both state highway
agencies and constructors were l i s ted
separate ly , i t was found that most of them were
common for both s ides .
Arun and Rao (2007 ) deal t with an innovat ive
Decis ion Support Tool that could predict the
durat ion overrun , cost overrun and act iv i t ies
assoc iated with any spec i f ic delay in highway
construct ion projects . Simulat ion models for
durat ion and cost overrun of the project was
developed based on the nature of delay ,
INTRODUCTION
A commonal i ty among state departments of
t ransportat ion i s the inabi l i ty to complete
t ransportat ion projects on t ime and within
budget . T ime delay , cost overruns are genera l ly
due to factors such as des ign errors ,
unexpected s i te condit ions , increases in
pro ject scope , weather condit ions , and other
pro ject changes . A cost overrun may be
genera l ly expressed as a percent di f ference
between the f ina l cost of the project and the
contract award amount . When th is va lue i s
negat ive , i t i s cal led a cost under run . A t ime
delay i s s imply the di f ference between a
pro ject ’s or ig ina l contract per iod at the t ime of
bidding and i t s overa l l actual contract per iod
at the end of construct ion . Indian
inf rast ructure investment in genera l and
highway construct ion in part icu lar have seen
mani fo ld increase in the recent t imes . This has
brought about a paradigm sh i f t in the way in
which the highway construct ion industry has
been conduct ing i t s bus iness with increased
pressure on i t s stakeholders , namely the
employers , the contractors and the consul tants
for high qual i ty and t imely project del ivery . A
pr imary goal of highway agencies i s to serve
the publ ic by prov id ing t imely construct ion of
h ighways with the least disrupt ion to the
publ ic . A s igni f icant annoyance to the publ ic i s
when important projects are not completed in
a t imely manner and when the actual progress
of the construct ion work i s longer than
necessary , thereby prolonging the
inconvenience . The problem of delays in
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
act iv i t ies assoc iated with the delay and
class i f ied as contro l lable and uncontro l lable
factors . Based on the opin ion of senior project
implementers f rom s ixty four consul tants and
profess ionals in highway construct ion sector of
India , the main r i sk factors were categor ized in
th is work .
The actual problems connected with highway
pro jects of la rge s ize with i l lust rat ions f rom
one of the packages of the Golden Quadr i latera l
pro ject spanning between Delh i and Kolkata ,
India was reported (Sharma 2004 ) .
RESERACH METHODOLOGY
The research through l i te rature rev iews and
discuss ion with some part ies invo lved in the
construct ion industry ident i f ied a tota l of 53
causes and 1 1 ef fects which are mainly af fect ing
in the delay of Highway construct ion projects .
A quest ionnai re was developed in order to
eva luate the f requency of occurrence , sever i ty
and importance of the ident i f ied causes . Data
were gathered through a survey , analysed by
us ing f requency , sever i ty and importance
indices , tak ing in v iew owners , contractors and
consul tants . Agreement on the ranking of the
importance of the causes of delay between
each two groups of part ies was also tested .
Recommendat ions for minimiz ing delay in
construct ion projects were emphas ized in v iew
of the resu l ts of the study .
Quest ionnaire Design :
Data were gathered through a quest ionnai re .
The quest ionnai re i s div ided into two main
parts . Part 1 i s re lated to genera l in format ion
for both the company and respondent . Owners ,
contractors and consul tants were fur ther
requested to answer quest ions perta in ing to
the i r exper ience in the construct ion industry
and the i r opin ions about the percentage
average t ime delay in projects they
exper ienced . Part 2 inc ludes the l i s t of the
ident i f ied causes of delay in construct ion
pro ject . These causes are c lass i f ied into nine
groups according to the sources of delay :
factors re lated to owner , contractor ,
consul tant , serv ices and ut i l i t ies , government
regulat ions and external env i ronment .
For each factor or cause two quest ions were
asked : What i s the f requency of occurrence for
th is cause? & what i s the degree of sever i ty of
th is cause in project delay? Both Frequency of
occurrence and sever i ty were categor ized as
fo l lows : always , often , somet imes and rare ly (on
4 to 1 point sca le ) . Simi lar ly , degree of sever i ty
was categor ized as fo l lows : extreme , great ,
moderate , and l i t t le (on 4 to 1 point sca le ) .
Data Analys is Approach :
The col lected data were analyzed through the
fo l lowing stat i s t ica l techniques and ind ices :
1 . Frequency Index : A formula i s used to rank
causes of delay based on f requency of
occurrence as ident i f ied by the part ic ipants .
2 . Frequency Index = ( ∑ (a n ) ÷ N ) * ( 100 ÷ 4 )
Where a i s the constant express ing weight ing
given to each response ( ranges f rom 1 for rare ly
up to 4 for always ) , n i s the f requency of the
responses , and N i s the tota l number of
responses .
3 . Sever i ty Index : A formula i s used to rank
causes of delay
based on sever i ty of occurrence as ident i f ied by
the part ic ipants .
4 . Sever i ty Index = ( ∑ (a n ) ÷ N ) * ( 100 ÷ 4 )
Where a i s the constant express ing weight ing
given to each response ( ranges f rom 1 for l i t t le
up to 4 for severe ) , n i s the f requency of the
responses , and N i s the tota l number of
responses .
5 . Importance Index : The importance index of
cause i s calculated as a funct ion of both
frequency and sever i ty ind ices , as fo l lows :
6 . Importance Index ( I . I % ) = ( Frequency
Index% * Sever i ty Index % ) ÷ 100
DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS
This sect ion discusses the resu l ts obta ined in
the prev ious sect ion . F i rs t , we discuss the
severest and most f requent causes of delay
with in each group . Second , we discuss the most
f requent ef fects of delay
Causes re lated to owner
Causes re lated to contractor
Causes re lated to consultant
Causes re lated to serv ices and ut i l i t ies
EMAARAT
FACULTY 'S WISDOM
Causes re lated to Government regulat ions
Causes re lated to external environment
Delay effects
Resul ts ind icated that the four most f requent
ef fects of delay are :
• . Cost overrun
• T ime overrun
• Disrupt ion of t ra f f ic movement
• Dispute
When the project i s subjected to delay , i t wil l
exceed the spec i f ied per iod which means waste
of t ime that may be used in other prof i t making
pro jects . As wel l as that , delay causes cost
overrun because t ime i s money . The contractor
wi l l pay more for overhead , labours and
machinery . On the other hand , owner ’s money
wi l l be t ied up with th is delayed project .
Moreover , c los ing main roads for development
and construct ion wil l disrupt t ra f f ic movement .
Addit ional ly , roads prov ide l inks that connect
the road users to other areas that may inc lude
recreat ional and investment projects . So delay
in road projects may lead to delay in these
investment projects that depend on them .
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The f i r s t step in reducing the delays in highway
construct ion project i s to understand the root
causes of the delay . The resu l ts prov ide a l i s t ing
of root causes and i s sues that are direct ly
respons ib le for most in f rast ructure
construct ion project delays . Addit ional ly , i t i s
found that fundamenta l pr inc ip les must be
adopted before s igni f icant improvements can
be made . The data were col lected f rom the
fo l lowing respondents . . . .
Landmark Corporat ion Pvt Ltd Mumbai ,
Construct In fotech Mumbai , Pat i l s
Construct ions Sangl i , P .S .C In f racon Pvt Ltd
Dattawadi , M /S Anant Assoc iates Pune , Fabstruc
Signs Pvt Ltd Mumbai , Destech Pvt Ltd Mumbai ,
J Kumars Construct ion Pvt Ltd Mumbai Etc .
This work discussed the delay in road projects
in Bahra in . I t studied the f requency and
sever i ty of delay causes , as wel l as the
f requency of delay ef fects . The research i s a
f ie ld survey through a quest ionnai re directed to
contractors , consul tants , and owner who i s the
Minist ry of Works . I t was concluded that there
are many causes of delay re lated to contractors
such as Inef fect ive construct ion method
implementat ion ,Shortage of mater ia l s .
Payment problems between contractor and his
employees . The major causes re lated to the
owner , i .e . MOW , are Inter ference by the owner
dur ing execut ion operat ion ,Delay in decis ion
making by the owner ,Delay in progress
payments by owner . The main problems re lated
to consul tants are due to lack of exper ience .
Delay causes re lated to serv ices and ut i l i t ies
are the most cr i t ica l factors as ind icated by the
high va lues of the i r sever i ty means . Moreover ,
cost and t ime overruns and disrupt ion of t ra f f ic
movement were the most f requent ef fects of
delay .
Recommendat ions for future studies
I t i s recommended to fur ther th is research by
invest igat ing actual delay case studies in India .
Furthermore the assoc iated cost of delay in
h ighway projects should be studied and
analysed .
STUDENT'S
CONTRIBUTION
EMAARAT
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
P l a s t i c R o a d s
AJAY DHOBI
2015 , any Indian c i ty with a populat ion of at
least 500 ,000 i s requi red to construct the i r
roads us ing waste plast ic as a core mater ia l , in
ef for ts to promote greater pol lut ion contro l and
envi ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty for Indian
communit ies .
Although the concept of us ing waste plast ic in
roads i s st i l l in i t s ear ly stages , with very few
plast ic roads current ly ex is t ing in the Western
wor ld , c iv i l engineer ing researchers in countr ies
l ike the United Kingdom and the United States
are working to des ign new technologies to
support the safe implementat ion of waste
plast ic in road construct ion . One such
development invo lves convert ing waste plast ics
into smal l bal l s that , when combined with
asphal t or other common road components ,
create a st rong , permeable sur face that features
hol low spaces that al low stormwater to seep
through the road and more ef fect ive ly recharge
groundwater .
Trans i t ion ing to the use of plast ic roads wil l
lead to more manageable plast ic waste and
potent ia l ly , safer roads , but there are st i l l some
concerns regarding hazards that accompany
plast ic roads as they age . As these roads
gradual ly deter iorate due to heat and l ight , they
may disso lve into micro -plast ics that give of f
harmful pol lutants , af fect ing the funct ional i ty
and biodivers i ty of so i l and water resources .
Creat ive c iv i l engineers play a s igni f icant ro le in
ensur ing that the sc ience behind us ing waste
plast ic for roads i s accurate , and that future
i terat ions of th is concept are carr ied out with
cons iderat ion for env i ronmenta l heal th and
safety .
The world ’s product ion industr ies have
generated t remendous amounts of economic
growth s ince the 1800s , but the
industr ia l izat ion of c i t ies has also led to
s igni f icant chal lenges such as overcrowding
and extreme pol lut ion . Because urban
envi ronments are often home to many
industr ia l fac i l i t ies , people come to the c i ty
seek ing employment , but la rge metropol i tan
hubs are running out of space to house the i r
res idents . With overcrowding , resource
demands are increased , and as c i t ies grow ,
urban env i ronments may face more pressure in
the i r attempts to prov ide la rge urban
populat ions with susta inable support ive
inf rast ructures l ike food , water , and safe roads .
Advanced c iv i l engineers are needed now more
than ever to prov ide so lut ions to these cr i t ica l
i ssues ; below are severa l developing
innovat ions current ly being used around the
wor ld to improve soc io -env i ronmenta l
susta inabi l i ty .As a response to mass ive loca l
waste and plast ic pol lut ion within the i r
country , India ’s government began
exper iment ing with plast ic roads dur ing the
ear ly 2000s , with waste plast ic being used as a
construct ion mater ia l . An ear ly report by India ’s
Centra l Pol lut ion Contro l Board discovered that
even after four years of use , Jambul ingam
Street in Chennai—one of the f i r s t plast ic roads
—had not susta ined much damage . The board
c i ted that no potholes , rutt ing , rave l ing , or
edge f laws were discovered dur ing the
eva luat ion . This leve l of per formance att racted
the interests of loca l governments , who were
looking to r id the Tami l Nadu reg ion ’s
urban env i ronments of the discarded shopping
bags , foam packaging , and other unrecyc lable
plast ic products that l i t ter the st reets . As of
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
G r e e n R o o f S y s t e m s
ALISHA CHAUDHARY
bui ld ing . This means less energy must be
consumed to heat the bui ld ing , resu l t ing in
decreased energy costs and lower pol lutant
emiss ions .
Reduced Runoff Quant ity : On average , green
roofs reta in 40 -60% of tota l ra infa l l . Stor ing th is
ra inwater as i t fa l l s has been shown to resu l t in
runof f reduct ion of 34% between September and
February , and 67% between March and August .
By reducing runof f , c iv i l engineers that des ign
green roof systems can l imit st ra in on sewage
systems and mit igate the costs of roof damage .
Pol lut ion Control : Green roofs are composed of
plants that absorb nit rogen , lead , z inc , and
ai rborne pol lutants l ike carbon diox ide . This
absorpt ion also reduces the negat ive ef fects of
ac id ra in by ra i s ing the pH va lues of ac id
ra inwater before i t becomes runof f water .
The Envi ronmenta l Protect ion Agency def ines a
green roof as a “vegetat ive layer grown on a
rooftop . ” Today , green roof systems have
become popular al l over the world , not only for
the i r beauty , but also for the benef i t s they
prov ide toward env i ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty .
Germany i s current ly leading the world in green
roof technologies , and they have implemented
green roof ing systems on approx imate ly 10% of
German homes s ince the technology emerged
in the ear ly 1970s . Civ i l engineers are
respons ib le for ensur ing that the green roof ’s
support ive in f rast ructure— for instance , a
comprehens ive water ing system— i s engineered
to cons is tent ly del iver an appropr iate amount
of resources , and the roof i t se l f must be
des igned to ef fect ive ly prov ide working
improvements to env i ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty .
However , c iv i l engineers st i l l face some
obstac les when planning the insta l lat ion and
maintenance of green roof systems , l ike high
costs and harsh c l imates , but innovat ions in
modern engineer ing techniques for green
roof ing systems have al lowed the industry to
cons is tent ly of fer the fo l lowing env i ronmenta l
benef i t s to urban communit ies :
Enhanced Urban Biodivers i ty : Green roofs
accommodate new f lora , which may act as new
habitats for di f ferent spec ies of plants and
animals .
Cool ing of Bui ld ings : The vegetat ion on the
roof acts as thermal insu lat ion , stor ing excess
heat and decreas ing peak temperatures within
the
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
S T R U C T U R E M A D E B Y G E O P O L Y M E R C E M E N T A N D P L A S T I C B O T T L E S
DHRUV SHAH
env i ronment make i t imperat ive to invest igate
the poss ib le use of these mater ia l s carefu l ly .
India has a la rge network of industr ies located
in di f ferent parts of the country and many more
are planned for the near future . Severa l mil l ion
metr ic tons industr ia l wastes are produced in
these establ i shments .
Industr ia l wastes such as f l y -ash , blast furnace
s lag and red mud are three major industr ia l
wastes in India . Present ly over 100 mil l ion
tonnes of f l y -ash , 12 mil l ion tonnes of blast
furnace s lag and near ly 4 mil l ion tonnes of red
mud are generated . I t i s est imated that
product ion of these waste wil l double in
foreseeable future due to rapid expans ion coal
based power generat ion , and increase in the
product ion of i ron and stee l and aluminium
through pr imary process ing .
PLASTIC WASTES
Plast ic i s one of the most disposable mater ia l s
in the modern world . plast ic bott les are
increas ingly becoming a menace to the
env i ronment due to the chemicals used in the
manufacture , improper use and disposa l . waste
plast ic bott les are used for f i l l ing up landf i l l s
which pol luted to so i l , choking water bodies
and caus ing ser ious env i ronmenta l
consequences . on the other hand , world human
populat ion cont inual ly increase so needed more
houses and land for construct ion . now a day , i t
i s di f f icu l t to make own house for poor people
of the world by us ing cost ly construct ion
mater ia l .
Wal l st ructure plays important ro les in
support ing the superst ructure . In wal l
s t ructure cement and br icks i s an important
mater ia l .However , cement and br icks
manufactur ing process wil l contr ibute to a high
emiss ion of carbon diox ide (CO2 ) which may
lead to global warming and due to
env i ronmenta l concerns of the cement industry
there i s need to develop al ternat ives mater ia l s
such as f l y ash , GGBS . Therefore , object ive of
th is paper i s to f ind an al ternat ive so lut ion to
reduce th is env i ronmenta l problem
.
The al ternat ive way that can so lve the problem
is by replac ing the use of br icks in bui ld ing
construct ion by plast ic bott les f i l led with sand
and instead of cement the f l y ash based
geopolymer cement i s used . Plast ic bott le
br icks are very cheaper in cost therefore the
dream of shel ter of the poor people can be
ful f i l led by us ing these br icks .
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Now -a -days disposa l of di f ferent wastes
produced f rom di f ferent Industr ies i s a great
problem . These mater ia l s pose env i ronmenta l
pol lut ion in the nearby loca l i ty because many
of them are non -biodegradable . In recent years ,
appl icat ions of industr ia l wastes have been
cons idered in road construct ion with great
interest in many industr ia l i sed and developing
countr ies . The use of these mater ia l s in road
making i s based on technica l , economic , and
ecologica l cr i ter ia . The lack of t radi t ional road
mater ia l s and the protect ion of the
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
Conclus ion :
1 ) Red mud and f l y ash based geopolymer can
act as a green al ternat ive to cement .
2 ) The product ion of versat i le , cost -ef fect ive
geopolymer cements that can be mixed and
hardened essent ia l ly l ike Port land cement
would represent a “game changing ”
advancement , revo lut ioniz ing the construct ion
of t ransportat ion in f rast ructure .
3 ) Much less energy consumpt ion .
4 ) Almost no CO2 emiss ions .
5 ) Raw mater ia l low in a pr ice and can be eas i ly
obta ined .
6 ) Strength can be atta ined in a short t ime .
7 ) The compress ive st rength of geopolymer
cement i s 1 .5 t imes more than that of ordinary
Port land cement .
8 ) Greenhouse gas reduct ion potent ia l as much
as 90% when compared With OPC .
9 ) These br icks are very cheaper in cost
therefore the dream of shel ter of the poor
people can be fu l f i l led by us ing these br icks .
10 ) These br icks prov ide good insu lat ion as wel l
as are bul let proof hence can be used in areas
which are prone to attacks .
1 1 ) Overa l l eco br ick i s a cost ef f ic ient and
resource ef f ic ient bui ld ing mater ia l which can
be used in order to deal with the var ious
env i ronmenta l problems as wel l for the
reduct ion in the cost of construct ion .
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
E c o F l o a t i n g H o m e s
ABHINAV VISHWAKARMA
Affordable hous ing and overcrowding in c i t ies are putt ing pressure on urban populat ions to
make changes . To combat these i s sues , c iv i l engineers are des igning f loat ing homes—pract ica l
l i v ing spaces that s i t upon the water . The homes are des igned to res i s t f loods by f loat ing on
top of water us ing a foundat ion of concrete and Styrofoam , which makes them v i r tua l ly
uns inkable . This approach means that homes can be bui l t in spaces that were prev ious ly of f -
l imits , l ike r i vers , lakes and other bodies of water . Civ i l engineers predict that modern
f loat ing home technology wil l lower the costs of f lood damage in urban c i t ies , whi le also
prov id ing compact inner -c i ty populat ions with more diverse hous ing opt ions .
The concept of f loat ing bui ld ings i s not new , as they can be found al l over the world ,
especia l ly in t radi t ional Asian v i l lages . Although with modern c iv i l engineer ing knowledge ,
these st ructures—and the in f rast ructure needed to make them susta inable—are gradual ly
becoming more re l iable and eas ier to mainta in . However , int roducing th is concept in urban
envi ronments with la rge populat ions wil l prove to be somewhat t r icky , as st ructures being
bui l t within or on above -ground water sources could impact env i ronments negat ive ly by
disturb ing the natura l state of the land beneath bodies of water (e .g . lake bottoms or the
ocean f loor ) . The ef fect of humans on the env i ronment should not be underest imated ei ther ,
so c iv i l engineers wil l need to remain focused on creat ing systems that inh ib i t f loat ing
houses and the i r res idents f rom disrupt ing loca l water ecosystems , whi le improv ing the
v iabi l i ty of th is technology for use in low - income areas .
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
C O B I A X T E C H N O L O G Y
AVANISH RAI
untracked moment of inert ia i s dependent on
the th ickness and width of the f la t plate s lab
and the contr ibut ion made by stee l can be
ignored s ince stee l i s not tak ing part pr ior to
crack ing in addit ion , the va lues in cobia
technology .
The object ive of project resu l t i s opt imizat ion of
concrete and up to 35% reduct ion in the s lab
se l f -weight whi le st i l l prov id ing a high
equiva lent st i f fness . This wil l enhance the
bear ing behav ior on the whole st ructura l
e lements by forming spher ica l or f la t tened
rotat ional symmetr ica l shape ins ide the s lab .
Cobiax deck enables the construct ion of l ight
weight , biax ia l f loor s labs with column gr ids
ranging f rom 6m up to 18m without beams .
I t doesn ’ t only contr ibute to the bui ld ing
st ructura l ly but also has a great ef fect on the
env i ronment as we are reducing the amount of
concrete used and replac ing i t with recyc led
products . Var ious attempts have been made in
the past to reduce the weight of concrete s labs ,
without reducing the f lexura l st rength of the
s lab . Reducing the own weight in th is way
would reduce def lect ions and make la rger span
lengths achievable . The economy of such a
product wil l depend on the cost of the mater ia l
that replaces the concrete with i t se l f and ai r .
Not al l the internal concrete can be replaced
though , s ince aggregate inter lock of the
concrete i s important for shear
res i s tance , concrete in the top reg ion of the s lab
is necessary to form the compress ion block for
f lexura l res i s tance , and concrete in the tens ion
General
Cobiax s lab i s a s imple and br i l l iant technology
invest igated due to the need for a l ighter and
envi ronmenta l ly susta inable s labs . I t wil l help
to overcome many problems such as high cost
bui ld ings , the v ibrat ions problems in so l id s labs
that happened for s imple reason l ike human
footbal l , and other re lated problems . The
technology based on creat ing hol lows in the
s lab by us ing a spher ica l vo id formers .
The s lab i s very important st ructure member in
bui ld ing and s lab i s one of the la rgest member
consuming concrete . When the load act ing on
the s lab i s la rge or c lear span between columns
is more , the s lab th ickness i s on increas ing . I t
leads to consume more mater ia l such as
concrete and stee l , due to that se l f -weight of
s lab i s increase . To avoid these disadvantages
var ies . A vo ided f la t plate s lab system i s known
as one of the ef fect ive s lab system , which can
reduce se l f -weight of s lab . A Cobiax s lab has
hol low vo id former made f rom recyc led plast ic
placed within s lab to reduce se l f -weight of
s lab . The Cobiax s lab and so l id s lab are
cons ider with inter ior span ranging f rom 6m ×
6m to 18m × 18m hav ing th ickness f rom 280mm
to 600mm hav ing spher ica l bal l s into the s labs
f rom 180mm to 450mm . Sel f -weight reduct ions ,
st i f fness reduct ion factor and so l id area for
punching shear i s der ived for di f ferent cases of
vo ided f la t plate s lab . St i f fness modi f icat ion
factor and weight reduct ion the second
moment of inert ia i s a key var iable when
per forming st ructura l analys i s of s lab . The
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
zone of the s lab needs to bond with
re inforcement to make the re inforcement
ef fect ive for f lexura l res i s tance . Also , the top
and bottom faces of the s lab need to be
connected to work as a unit and to insure the
transfer of st resses .
The cobia method i s the same as the concrete
method but the only di f ference i s that the dead
load decreases due to the Cobiax bal l s (made
from recyc led polyethy lene and i t f i l l s by ai r )
by th is method , the th ickness of the s labs wil l
be minimized s igni f icant ly ( in most cases ) . The
structures usual ly have s l im s labs and wide
spans . In the same way , by reducing cost and
mater ia l s , engineers can reach the i r goals much
eas ier compared to the prev ious methods . The
amount of footpr int (carbon diox ide emiss ion )
i s going to drop which means that th is method
is eco - f r iendl ier than the other methods as
wel l . The Length of the spans could reach up to
20m and the sof f i t i s f la t which can make a
huge range of choices by pipes .
History
Cobiax i s a vo ided s lab systems , the concept of
cobiax s lab i s based on non -working concrete
or unnecessary dead load with vo ids . Voided
s lab systems are not new , the invent ion of vo id
formers was in 1914 . Cobiax company star ted i t s
work i t 1997 in Switzer land and then spread
thei r project and companies to var ious
countr ies and the Middle East in Dubai as
regional of f ice , then through a loca l bus iness
partner to Palest ine . Cobiax vo id formers
system di f fers f rom other systems in the
geometry of the vo ided formers . I t has a
spher ica l shape so , there wil l be no st ress
concentrat ion on edges , and also cobiax i s
more env i ronmenta l ly f r iend .
Stephenson shows some of advantages of
Cobiax s labs and publ i shed a paper in London
concrete assoc iat ion about the construct ion of
a l ibrary leading to the pattern of semi -precast
Cobiax s labs . He says ( the construct ion t ime for
the decks was reduced by 40% , dead load was
reduced by 35% and carbon diox ide emiss ions
were also cut by 1 /3 ) . According to Wolsk i et al .
(2006 ) ” I t was found that Cobiax s labs show
rela1 t ive ly lower natura l f requencies re lat ive to
the other types ” that ’s means Cobiax s labis
better and more safe in se ismic act ion . And
according to (Marais (2009 ) ) ” I t was elaborated
that shear st rength of a two way hol low core
s lab i s s igni f icant ly smal ler than a so l id s lab ,
whi le the bending capaci ty i s gained by and
largeas the same as a so l id one ” and th is i s
cons idered as a weak point against Cobiax .
Engineer ing aspects of cobiax .
In genera l , in order to des ign and construct a
bui ld ing they should take care of severa l
features . These inc lude the load bear ing ; the
amount of deformat ion that may occur in the
span or the pi l la rs (columns ) ; the f loors being
acoust ic and the des ign should reach the
reasonable res i s tance to the f i re . The cobiax
method which i s one of the newest and the
ecologica l ways of construct ion , i t has become
popular in the recent years . In concrete s lab ,
the dens i ty of the concrete i s high and i t i s
weak in tens ion . To overcome th is i s sue ,
engineers add stee l bars ins ide the concrete . In
the major i ty of cases , there i s one matr ix of
stee l bars which i s usual ly placed in the lower
hal f of the s labs , in order to take tens ion
st rength . This acts on the concrete s labs . This
combinat ion makes the st ructure heavy at the
same t ime , making the st ructure expens ive . The
concept of the cobiax method i s to remove as
much non -working dead load as poss ib le by
integrat ing the vo ids ins ide the s labs . This fact
leads the cons iderable reduct ion in weight of
the st ructure . On the other hand , the
re inforcement requi red to support the loads on
the st ructure i s reduced . These aspects lead the
f ina l cost of the project to become more
f inancia l and the mater ia l usage gradual ly
comes down . In addit ion , t ime consumpt ion i s
cut s igni f icant ly .
Cobiax Technology Work
The proposed des igns wil l fo l low the same
concept which Cobiax method used . I t means
that , the amount of concrete and the weight of
s labs wil l be reduced by us ing bal l s . In other
words , the aim of the proposed des ign i s to
maximize the dead load reduct ion . However ,
the di f ference i s that the shape of the bal l s wil l
be changed to oval shape . The s izes of the bal l s
depend on each s i tuat ion ( loads ) and the
th ickness of the s labs . The formwork which
keeps the bal l in i t s place . the oval bal l s and
the bars ins ide the concrete . The oval shape
EMAARAT
STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION
increases the capabi l i ty of the des ign of the
bal l , which means that the length and height of
the bal l s can be var iable and customizable . The
advantage of th is des ign i s that the number of
bal l s wil l decrease because they are tandem
and also the length of them i s more than
cobiax method . By the fo l lowing reasons the
number of bal l s and t ime consumpt ion to
produce i s reducing . Another dispar i ty i s that
the di f ference between the depth of the s labs
and the height of the vo ids are in a range of 10
to 15 cm which means 100 - 150 mm concrete
should be la id on top .
The cobiax f la t s lab has the same mechanica l
load bear ing behav ior as a so l id f la t plate s lab .
Cobiax vo id former modules cons is t of f ixed
re inforcement stee l elements with integrated
void formers made f rom one hundred percent
recyc led plast ic mater ia l which i s Polyethy lene
or Polypropylene . The Cobiax cage modules are
pos i t ioned between the bottom and top
re inforcement layers in the s lab ’s cross sect ion
where they also serve as support ing cages .
Product Range mult ip le vo id s izes can be
prov ided for a wide range of s lab th icknesses
depending on span requi rements and load
appl ied . Depending of the s lab th ickness the
Cobiax cage modules are ava i lable in two types
Sl im -L ine and Eco l ine . Slab th ickness f rom 20
to 45 cm with one layer . The s labs up to 70 cm
with two layers Eco -L ine Cobiax f loor system
cons is ts of hol low plast ic spheres cage into the
concrete to create a gr id of vo id formers ins ide
the s lab . The resu l t i s a f la t s lab sof f i t with the
benef i t s of us ing f la t s lab formwork . With the
reduct ion in concrete se l f -weight , la rge spans
can be achieved without the use of rest ressed
cables , prov id ing the imposed loads are low .
The high -dens i ty Polyethy lene or
Polypropylene spheres are f ixed into 6mm
diameter stee l re inforcement cages . The rows
of cages are placed adjacent to each other to
form a gr id of evenly spaced vo id formers . The
cages with spheres are l ight -weight , al lowing
for quick placement and rapid construct ion .
Conclus ion :
Engineers are look ing to reduce the weight of
the st ructure (mainly in s labs ) . The fact br ings
about many advantages such as a decrease in
the project ’s t ime consumpt ion , mater ia l usage ,
pol lut ion and tota l cost .
The concrete f rame i s more common in these
days because of the cost and easy access to th is
mater ia l . The cobiax method i s the newest
method which changed the construct ion
industry .By us ing bal l ins ide the concrete s lab
the weight of the s lab wil l be minimize up to
35% . The fo l lowing reduct ion br ings many
advantages such the distance of columns
increase and there are no beams requi red .
The proposed des ign has the same idea and
concept of cobiax . There are a few di f ferences
in the proposed des ign . The shape of the bal l s
i s oval (3D -El ipse ) . By changing the shape of i t
can br ing many advantages . The main
di f ference i s by reducing the number of bal l s ,
the more reduct ion in weight of s lab occurs .
Another advantage of the des ign i s instead of
increas ing the amount of re inforcement which
makes the st ructure heavy . I t i s poss ib le to
reduce the re inforcement and make the
basement more stable .
CREDITS
EMAARAT
EMAARAT
credits
MAGAZINE HEAD - KEERTHANA NAMBIAR
EDITORIAL HEAD - PARTH TAMBOLI
CHIEF DESIGNER - DHRUV SHAH
DESIGNER - ALISHA CHAUDHARY
IN HOUSE - SHRUTI MISHRA
IN HOUSE - AVANISH RAI
EMAARAT
acknowledgements
Team E-MAARAT would like to extend our
deepest gratitude to the Chairman, Trustees
and CEOs of the Thakur Educational Group.
Also, we are deeply thankful to our Principal,
Dr. B.K. Mishra, vice principal Deven Shah and
Mentor Dr. Sanjay Kumar for their constant
support and valuable inputs.
We would like to thank our HOD Dr. Seema
Jagtap, Faculty in charge Ms. Rutuja Shinde,
helpful friendly seniors and all our fellow
colleagues for helping us in putting up this
2nd edition successfully
Thank You!
-
The Editorial Team
E-MAARAT