Thakur College of Engineering & Technology (TCET) was established in

academic year 2001-02 with a clear objective of providing quality technical

education in tune with international standards and contemporary global

requirements. The College is recognized by All India Council for Technical

Education (AICTE) & Govt. of Maharashtra and is affiliated to the University of

Mumbai (UOM). All the courses at the U.G. level, eligible for accreditation in 2011

i.e. Electronics & Telecommunication (EXTC), Information Technology, IT and

Computer Engineering (CMPN) were accredited by NBA for three years w.e.f.

16.9.2011. Moreover, these programs are also given permanent affiliation w.e.f.

A.Y. 2015-16 onwards. The management’s commitment to excellence and

relevance in technical education is reflected in the marvelous infrastructure

that is comparable to the finest institution of its type in the country. The

imposing five-storied building, housing state-of-the-art computer laboratories,

spacious classrooms, well equipped laboratories, workshops, computer centre

with server room, a well-stocked library , wide and well lit clean corridors and a

large canteen, conference hall, seminar halls has set new standards in providing

facilities of international level.

www . t ce tmumba i . i n

THAKUR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENTAL

VISION“To become a department of national relevance in the field of Civil

Engineering.”

DEPARTMENTAL

MISSIONThe department of Civil Engineering is committed to provide undergraduate

students with sound knowledge in the field of civil engineering, and build in

them leadership and managerial skills along with inculcating the culture of

lifelong learning and social sensitivity.

www . t ce tmumba i . i n

Take up one idea. Make that one idea your life – think of it, dream of it, live on that idea. Let the brain, muscles, nerves, every part of your body, be full of that idea, and just leave every other idea alone. This is the way to success. The students of Civil department undoubtedly have done their level best in achieving the virtue of standing out differently amongst all departments with their inquisite ideas and intriguing researches. It's been an immense pleasure for me to be a mentor for the department and I am proud of their setup of thought process and mind evoking articles. Within a short of span of time there is been a lot of development in their way of presentation and it is highly appreciable. I heartly congratulate all faculties,students and staff associated with this departmental magazine,E-MARAAT.

DR . SANJAY KUMARPhD (Mechanical Engg.)

M.Tech (Industrial Engg. &Management) B.E (Production Engg.) 

DEPARTMENTAL

MENTOR

Building something is not as easier as breaking it. We at TCET feel pleasure that our students get a golden opportunity to bless themselves by knowledge and team work by integrating everything in this magazine, Emaarat. I feel honor to be a part or this as our students have given their level best and have emerged as a sustainably developed future. Our theme this year, “Sustainable Construction” , describes how concerned our students are towards a well-sustained future of innovative minds. Inspite of taking up a technical theme, bringing up different ways to live desirably, we have come a long way. And I would like to thank the mentors and editors for this brainstorming transition. The activities conducted by ASCE is remarkable. The overall development of our students assures me for a bright and constructive future ahead of these budding minds. I wish them luck and also bless them for their good work and capabilities to come up with the magazine this year 

DR. SEEMA JAGTAPPh.D. Technology

(Civil Engineering) M.Tech Civil

(Hydraulics Engineering) B. E.(Civil Engineering)

HEAD OF 

DEPARTMENT

When sustainability flourishes the light of development shines brighter than the sun. We believe that this year's magazine will do wonder in the era of civil engineering as it focuses on sustainable construction. I feel proud to introduce you with our wonderful magazine, our 3rd edition of Emarat. Our students have driven themselves out of their comfort zone of construction yo attain sustainability in the very same domain. They have given their very best and have shown that what could intellectual and young minds do in this century of advanced technology. To live up on our legacy since last year from Environmental importance to sustainble construction we have achieved a quantum leap. I am obliged to encourage my students and to motivate them to always live in their zeal and enthusiasm. I wish them good luck and hope that their hardwork and passion for building this startling magazine flourishes with flying colors.

MRS. RUTUJA SHINDEM.E

(Water Resources & Environmental Engineering)

B.Tech (Civil) 

FACULTY IN

CHARGE

Life is not all about opportunities, it's about how we take them and use it to the fullest. I feel highly obliged and intense pleasure to bring into limelight our 3rd edition of Emaarat. Our theme this year 'Sustainable Construction', reflects our mindset of bringing on a better and safe future ahead. To grab in this opportunity, I would like to give my utmost gratitude to our mentors and our team, for working hard and dedicatedly in the creation of our magazine. It's been years and we always strive to come up with something different and that always keeps us in bringing it something out of the league. This year we have brainstorming articles based on research, projects as well as information regarding the development in construction with respect to sustainability. We have brought up information interviews which match with our similar interests. I wish and hope that you all like our magazine this year too as always, and show your love to the hardwork and passion of civil engineers. 

PARTH TAMBOLIEDITOR

EDITORIAL'S

DESK

It's our immense pleasure to put forward our third edition of 'Emaarat', Civil department magazine. In the world of technicality and progress in Science, We the students of Civil Engineering at a very primitive stage of exposure have given a diversified information about the "need of the hour" that is, sustainable construction. From learning simple and facile ways of construction to understanding the importance of sustainability in construction, we all have inculcated the insights of exploring ourselves and the minute detailing, giving an exclusive knowledge of, depth of research work. A heartfelt gratitude to our mentors who have guided us throughout the process of generating this masterpiece and exclusive blend of young and intellectual minds that has raised its bars this year by remarkably including a high range of articles relating to variety of concepts and project based research of our students. "We must learn to live together as brothers or we will perish to get her as fools", the consensus and cooperation of our team was prodigious in itself and we are obliged to everyone who have contributed in the making of this startling magazine. 

KEERTHANA NAMBIARMAGAZINE HEAD

EDITORIAL'S

DESK

CONTENTS

E-MAARAT

INDUSTRIAL VENTURE

FACULTY'S WISDOM

STUDENT'S CONTRIBUTION CREDITS

INDUSTRIAL

VENTURE w i t h M r . S u n i l S h a h

EMAARAT

Bachelor in Civil Engineering from Birla VishwakarmaMahavidyalaya (Sardar Patel University) Vallabh Vidhyanagar

in 1993 Work: As DGM Project at Ajmera Realty and Infra India Limited

1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEER.In those days there was no concept of internship during study itself. We could get the first

hand experience only after completion of graduation. Also being coming from rural back

ground, I could not see any big construction going on nearby. Now I always keep in touch

with new invention and technology and adopt it. Even today gets me updated for any

change in industry. I started from execution of small building to 40 storied buildings. I

worked from small village and remote places to metro city. I changed from execution at site

to planning and liaisoning. So always be ready for change.

2. WHAT EFFORTS DO YOU RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING

HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIM/HER

INDUSTRY READY?Keep visiting nearby construction work going on, attend seminars presented by industry

people, and study various reference books in the subject of interest. Always try to correlate

your study with the practice.

3. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN

ENTREPRENEURSHIPS, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?I feel there always be opportunity for Civil Engineers as it is related to the basic need of

people, Home. Also to grow any industry or area, development of infrastructure is essential.

Civil work is the first requirement of establishing any new industrial plant.There are many different streams on opportunity. The Civil engineering is divided mainly

in to two sectors. Infrastructure and housing.In each sectors there are various streams like Designing, planning, estimating, tendering,

execution, liaisoning, material procurement, interior finish work etc. Most of the persons working in the field work as Manages instead of Civil Engineer. They

need only basic knowledge as civil engineer. Only Structural designer and consultants need

technical knowledge.

4. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND

DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?It is expected that more and more automation is coming up. Now days there are machines

available for even plastering, scaffolding is replaced by hanging mechanised platform,

modular formwork is now considered old one, design software's are becoming more

advanced, Precast elements are now available to reduce work at site, Revit and Achicad are

replacing Autocad but to run all this automation you always need to have basic knowledge

of civil engineering.

5. WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?Keep your eye, ear and mind open. Analyse every activity going on around you

commercially and technically. Do not go by the notions that if it is in practice since long

does not mean it cannot be done in more correct and better way. Always be quality

conscious.

6. DO YOU BELIEVE IN THIS AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IT IS POSSIBLE

TO STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT AND BUILDINGS?Yes, there are always better way to do any development more environmental friendly.

Development can be done environment friendly at all stage from Conceptualisation, design,

construction and operational phase. Development cannot be stopped but can be done in

most optimum way so as to balance between development and environment.

7. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT QUALITIES IN A STUDENT THAT ARE

SEARCHED FOR, WHILE RECRUITING FRESHERS?From fresher interviewer always look to the attitude of a candidate, Reactions to odd

questions, approach to arrive at an answer and basic technical knowledge for working at

site.

8. WHAT ACCORDING TO YOU ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT INVENTIONS

IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TILL NOW?Invention of Reinforced Cement Concrete is most important as it has changed the way

design of buildings and made it possible to construct high-rises.

INDUSTRIAL

VENTURE w i t h M r . R o h a n B a n s o d e

EMAARAT

Bachelor In Civil Enginnering (Structures) Work :4 years of work experience

Runs his own firm

1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER

STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEERING My journey was as a driving force for me as it was all full of ups and downs. When we talk

about industries or working in a firm the reality is totally different from what we used to

think back then in college. Here we need more practical knowledge, whereas theoretical is

always a necessity.

2. WHAT EFFORT DO YOU RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING

HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIS/HER

INDUSTRY READY?When we talk about experience a student cannot fulfill the criteria until he/she doesn't steps

down the field. Hence field knowledge always turns out to be useful, because it's like an

icing on the cake of your resume.Try to focus on subjects, not just for the matter of fact that we are bound to study it rather

than that love them and try to expand your boundaries.

3. HOW IMPORTANT, ACCORDING TO YOU, IS JOB EXPERIENCE IN THE

FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING? As already mentioned, field experience is a plus point for any newbie in the industry. So try

and focus on opting internships in your 4-year course. It will be really helpful to understand

your strengths and weakness as well.

4. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?Technology undoubtedly is growing tremendously and civil engineers need to maintain

their pace along with it. Entrepreneurship is a virtue of different personalities. Well not

spilling the beans much, but yes civil engineers could be the best entrepreneurs as they

have all apt skills required for it due to their field work and knowledge.

5. WHAT QUALIFICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN A CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENT APART FROM HIS/HER BE DEGREE?AutoCAD and STAAD are the software which everybody recommends. But I would also

like to ask students to try Ms-Excel/Advanced Excel, as it will be ultimately important in

the near future.

6. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND

DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?I believe what is building us to grow more smarter and smarter day by day is technology.Focusing more on that IOT is the next doorstep for innovation and development in civil

engineering sector too.

7. WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEER THAT ARE TRENDING AT

PRESENT?As we know that construction are helping in rapid growth of economy of their country.

Building tall towers, sea links, underground sea tunnel & bridges.

8. THROUGHOUT YOUR JOURNEY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, WHAT

INVENTIONS & INNOVATION HAVE U WITNESSED THAT MAY BE

CONSIDERED REMARKABLY IMPORTANT TO THIS FIELD?Well there are many structures to note here, but one of my favorite is the Kohinoor

Square,Dadar.

9. CAN U SUGGEST SOME NEW PROJECTS FOR THE STUDENT? Sustainable construction and structures which could handle all sorts of natural calamities.

10. WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?Civil engineering field is a field which doesn't requires much adversity but still innovative

ideas and techniques must be appreciated. The young budding minds should come up with

various links with civil sector which could be beneficial to the country and humanity as

whole.

INDUSTRIAL

VENTURE w i t h M r . A b h i n a v K a s h y a p

EMAARAT

Master In Civil Enginnering (Structures) 2005 University of Sheffield (U.K.)

IPMA Level - D, PMA certified Bachelor in civil enginnering from Nagpur university 2003

Work : National Petroleum Construction Company (NPCC),Abu Dhabi, UAE

Post: Project Engineer coordinator

1. TELL US ABOUT YOUR JOURNEY FROM BEING A CIVIL ENGINEER

STUDENT TO A SUCCESSFUL CIVIL ENGINEERING?My journey has been quite enjoyable, I passed out my masters in year 2005 from

University of Sheffield UK, I worked at Larsen & Toubro EPC Company as A Project

engineer in oil & gas structure. Applied in various Company.Then I Moved to Abu Dhabi & started working in NPCC as a Project engineer coordinator.

2. WHAT EFFORT DO U RECOMMEND A STUDENT TO PUT DURING

HIS/HER STUDY YEARS, WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO MAKE HIS/HER

INDUSTRY READY? Civil engineering is divided into 2 parts i.e. design & structures, you should do internships

in design & start your job with structures that will give you core knowledge about on field

work of civil engineering. You should focus on your electives in 7th semester which will

train u for your main goal.

3. HOW IMPORTANT, ACCORDING TO YOU IS JOB EXPERIENCE IN THE

FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?Job Experience is highly important in civil engineering. We want engineers with some

experience of field work. You all should do internship in design & work in structures

around 3 years.You should have talent to implement your study on field Plan -> FEED -> Retail design-> construction

4. IN THE CURRENT AGE OF GROWING OPPORTUNITIES IN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP, WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENTS IN THIS FIELD?It is difficult to become a entrepreneur in field of civil engineering but it is not impossible.

You should have attest 5 years of experience, should have good knowledge of design codes

specially UK & EURO design codes.

5. WHAT QUALIFICATIONS ARE CONSIDERED IN A CIVIL ENGINEERING

STUDENT APART FROM HIS/HER BE DEGREE?A Civil engineer should have knowledge about 2 main software i.e. AutoCAD & STAAD.

Participate in civil conferences

6. WHAT ARE YOUR PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE INNOVATIONS AND

DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELD OF CIVIL ENGINEERING?Ÿ Under river bed tunnel in India.Ÿ Construction of tallest tower in Saudi Arabia Ÿ Nanotechnology in civil engineering

7. WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS OF CIVIL ENGINEER THAT ARE TRENDING AT

PRESENT? We know that construction are helping in rapid growth of economy of their country.

Building tall towers, sea links, underground sea tunnel & bridges.

8. THROUGHOUT YOUR JOURNEY IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, WHAT IS

INTENTLY IMPORTANT TO THIS FIELD?Millenium bridge in UK used tuned dampers to avoid swingForm workBiggest water cran used in construction of Palm island.

9. CAN U SUGGEST SOME NEW PROJECTS FOR THE STUDENT?Use FRP Polymer for construction of bridge

10: WHAT IS YOUR ADVICE FOR ASPIRING CIVIL ENGINEERS?They should know how to use their knowledge on the field work & have to study hard

while participating in different extracurricular activity. Learn something apart from Indian

civil industries. Try attending civil conference.

FACULTY'S

WISDOM

EMAARAT

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

F e a s i b i l i t y o f R e c y c l i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d D e m o l i t i o n

W a s t e

MS . PRIYANKA DESHMUKH

in f rast ructure . A pre l iminary assessment

suggests that investment in in f rast ructure

dur ing the Twel f th Plan (2012 - 17 ) would need to

be of the order of about Rs .40 ,99 ,240 mil l ion (US

$ 1025 bi l l ion ) to achieve a share of 9 .95 per

cent as a proport ion of GDP .

   

1 . 1 Construct ion and Demol i t ion Waste : (C & D

Waste )

Construct ion and demol i t ion waste i s generated

whenever any construct ion /demol i t ion act iv i ty

takes place , such as , bui ld ing roads , br idges , f l y

over , subway , remodel l ing etc . I t cons is ts most ly

of inert and non -biodegradable mater ia l . In

addit ion , i t inc ludes the mater ia l s generated as

a resu l t of natura l disasters .Centra l Pol lut ion

Contro l Board has est imated current quantum of

so l id waste generat ion in India to the tune of 48

mi l l ion tons per annum of which waste f rom

Construct ion Industry accounts for 25% . The

tota l quantum of waste f rom construct ion

industry i s est imated to be 12 to 14 .7 mil l ion

tons per annum .

Cons ider ing the thumb ru le stated by

Technology In format ion , Forecast ing and

Assessment Counci l (TIFAC ) , a  new construct ion

generates 40 -60 kg of C&D waste per sq m . i f an

average of 50 kg per sq m i s assumed , the C& D

waste generated between 2005 and 2013 i s

approx imate ly 287 MT , 1 bi l l ion sq m in 2013

i tse l f .This est imate only accounts for new

construct ion . Demol i t ion of ex is t ing st ructures

generates 10 t imes more C& D waste than that

dur ing construct ion ( i .e . 300 -500 kg of waste

per sq m ) . Bui ld ing repai rs generate 40 -50 kg  

1 . Introduct ion

India has emerged as one of the world 's second

fastest growing economies . As a resu l t of th is

rapid economic growth , a s igni f icant increase

has been observed in the construct ion act iv i t ies

over the recent years .  According to a research

carr ied out by Centre for Science and

Envi ronment (CSE ) in 2014 , the construct ion

act iv i t ies in India are growing at an annual rate

of 10 per cent over   the las t decade as against

the world average of 5 .5 per cent per annum .

According to eleventh year plan , construct ion

industry in India i s the second la rgest economic

act iv i ty after agr icu l ture . I t accounts for near ly

65% of the tota l investment in in f rast ructure .

Investment in construct ion accounts for near ly

1 1% of India ’s Gross Domest ic Product (GDP ) . A

tota l amount of Rs . 2 ,05 ,42 ,050 mil l ion i s

pro jected to be invested in in f rast ructure

according to 1 1 th f i ve year plan . Dur ing the

Tenth Plan , about 25 per cent of the tota l

investment in in f rast ructure came f rom the

pr ivate sector . This i s expected to r i se to about

36 per cent dur ing the Eleventh Plan . Whi le

  there may be a short fa l l of about 8 .7 per cent

(Rs . 12 ,52 ,660 mil l ion ) in publ ic investment as

compared to the in i t ia l targets for the Eleventh

Plan , th is i s l ike ly to be made  good by an

increase of about 20 per cent (Rs . 12 ,33 ,210

mi l l ion ) in pr ivate investment . The investment

in in f rast ructure i s l ike ly to r i se f rom 5 . 15 per

cent of GDP dur ing the Tenth Plan to about 7 .55

per cent dur ing the Eleventh Plan , as against a

target of 7 .60 per cent . This const i tutes a

s igni f icant sh i f t in favour of investment in .

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

per sq m of waste . Thus , the tota l est imate of

C&D waste generated in 2013 i t se l f was 530 MT ,

44 t imes higher than the of f ic ia l est imate .

1 .2 Management of C&D Waste :

Due to i t s inert nature , C&D waste cannot be

subjected to compost ing or inc inerat ion as a

method of t reatment . Moreover , the wastes are

being disposed of f improper ly and i l lega l ly in

order to avoid t ransportat ion and t ipping costs .

Farm land , pr ime res ident ia l areas , pits and low

ly ing areas have become disposa l s i tes . These

landf i l l s have also become threats to ground

water contaminat ion . Moreover , the boom in

the construct ion industry has increased the

st ress on natura l resources .

According to a study commiss ioned by

Technology In format ion , Forecast ing and

Assessment Counci l (TIFAC ) , 70% of the

construct ion industry i s not aware of recyc l ing

techniques .

Benef i ts of Recyc l ing :

Fol lowing are the benef i t s of recyc l ing ;

• I t reduces the emiss ion of greenhouse gases .

• I t reduces the need to extract raw mater ia l s

and t ransport ing the mater ia l s long distances .

I t reduces the need for new landf i l l s and the

costs invo lved in i t .

• Recyc l ing saves energy and also reduces the

env i ronmenta l impact .

• I t creates employment opportuni t ies in

recyc l ing industr ies . Advantages are reduced

disposa l of waste to landf i l l s i tes and reduced

minera l extract ion .

1 .3 Examples of Recycl ing in India :

Even though lega l re form in th is area i s tak ing

a long t ime in India , severa l archi tects have

al ready taken steps to reuse waste in the i r

bui ld ings . There i s the example of a school

bui ld ing in Rajkot des igned by Ahmedabad

based archi tect Surya Kakani that has been

bui l t f rom the debr is of Bhuj earthquake . The

Inst i tute of Rura l Research and Development

( IRRAD ) bui ld ing in Gurgaon has innovat ive ly

recyc led and ut i l i sed i t s own construct ion

waste in the bui ld ing i t se l f . But these are

l imited steps and they wil l have to be

encouraged with pol icy and f i sca l support .

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

S u s t a i n a b i l i t y c o n c e p t

MR . ANUJ PAWAR

the water leve l . Buy th is concept of ra inwater

harvest ing we can save the water in ra iny

season . in ra iny season we can store th is ra in

water in the bore by increas ing the water leve l

or store th is ra in water by construct ing the

Ponds are tanks . This store water we can use for

bathing or other purposes throughout the year

and you can save the water by th is concept .

3 ) Solar system :

By the system we can make the water hot with

minimum cost . In the system only so lar system

assembly i s used . In the so lar system we can

make the hot water by minimiz ing the

electr ic i ty caused due to th is so lar system

concept i s economical . This above are the some

simple examples by adopt ing which we can save

the water electr ic i ty and mainta in our bui ld ing

pol lut ion f ree . adopt the susta inabi l i ty concept

in our l i fe th is i s the need of present world by

which we can make our l i fe s imple economical

and re l iable .

   

Susta inabi l i ty means use of natura l ly ava i lable

th ings which i s very usefu l in our present l i fe .

This i s also mean the reuse of di f ferent waste

mater ia l . Susta inabi l i ty i s the way by which we

have susta in our l i fe by natura l th ings . In th is

fasten th is concept i s very usefu l for l i v ing a

good l i fe . By adopt ing th is concept we can

enjoy the natura l th ings which minimum cost

and due to th is susta inabi l i ty concept we

mainta in the env i ronmenta l condit ions stable .

Fol lowing are the di f ferent and some important

susta inable ef fects as fo l lows .

   

1 ) Green bui ld ing

2 ) Rainwater harvest ing

3 ) Solar system

1 ) Green bui ld ing :  

In the present world pol lut ion get increases

due to the increase in vehic le , Industr ies etc

which resu l ts in the carbon diox ide gases . I f use

the concept of green bui ld ing for our bui ld ing

we can get lot of advantages in th is system we

la id the plants on our bui ld ing wal ls and s labs

and the plants the t ree around your bui ld ing .

Buy th is plant ing plants absorb the carbon

diox ide gas and keep our bui ld ing pol lut ion

f ree and also due to the green bui ld ing our

houses i s always cool without apply ing any

energy l ike fan and ac so we can opt imize the

energy resources And we can save the other

overhead charges and the electr ic i ty .

2 ) Rainwater harvest ing -

Whenever we look there maybe shortage of

water in every place . To minimize the sa l t i s

there may be very s imple method of increase  

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

I m p a c t o f S t r e n g t h P a r a m e t e r o fC o n c r e t e b y u s i n g G G B S , F L Y - A S H   &

S I L I c A - F U M E

MR . GHANSHYAM PAL

creates lots of env i ronmenta l changes

whatsoever . Ground Granulated Blast furnace

s lag (GGBS ) i s a by -product for manufacture of

pig i ron and obta ined through rapid cool ing by

water or quenching molten s lag . Here the

molten s lag i s produced which i s

instantaneous ly tapped and quenched by water .

 This rapid quenching of molten s lag fac i l i tates

format ion of “Granulated s lag ” . Ground

Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS ) i s

processed f rom Granulated s lag . Fly ash i s one

of the res idues created dur ing the combust ion

of coal in coal - f i red power plants . F ine part ic les

r i se with f lue gasses and are col lected with

f i l ter bags or electrostat ic prec ip i tators . Si l ica

Fume i s a f ine ly -div ided minera l admixture ,

ava i lable in both uncompact and compacted

forms . This ult ra - f ine mater ia l wil l better f i l l

vo ids between cement part ic les and resu l t in a

very dense concrete with higher compress ive

st rengths and extremely low permeabi l i ty .  

RESULT

Compress ive st rength test on cube :  cube

compress ion test was per formed on standard

cubes of pla in s ize 150mm x 150 mmx 150mm at

28 days of immers ion in water for cur ing .

CONTROL CONCRETE ( Normal Concrete Without

Replacement ) OF M30 ( 1 : 1 .47 : 1 .9 ) GRADE .

DAYS   / 3DAS 7 DAYS 28 DAYS

STRENGTH (Mpa )

The Ordinary Port land Cement (OPC ) i s one of

the main ingredients used for the product ion of

concrete . Unfortunate ly , product ion of cement

involves emiss ion of la rge amounts of carbon -

diox ide gas into the atmosphere , a major

contr ibutor for green house ef fect and the

global warming , also construct ion industry , use

of concrete i s going on increas ing rapid ly .

Cement i s major const i tuent mater ia l of the

concrete , which produced by natura l raw

mater ia l l ike l ime and s i l ica . Once s i tuat ion

may occurs there wil l be no l ime on earth for

product ion of cement . This s i tuat ion leads to

th ink al l people working in construct ion

industry to do research work on cement

replac ing mater ia l and use of i t . hence i t i s

inev i table ei ther to search for another mater ia l

or part ia l ly replace i t by some other mater ia l .

The search for any such mater ia l , which can be

used as an al ternat ive or as a supplementary for

cement so  we had taken a research for part ia l

replacement of cement by combinaly mixing

GGBS ,FLY -ASH & SIL IKA FUME in a vary ing

percentage and checking ef fect of spec ia l

mater ia l on concrete .

Concrete has bas ic natura l ly , cheaply and eas i ly

ava i lable ingredients as cement , sand ,

aggregate and water . After the water , cement i s

second most used mater ia l in the world . But

th is rapid product ion of cement creates two big

env i ronmenta l problems for which we have to

f ind out c iv i l engineer ing so lut ions . F i rs t

env i ronmenta l problem i s emiss ion of CO2 in

the  product ion process of the cement . We know

that CO2 emiss ion i s very haarmful which

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

.

DAYS   /            3DAYS         7 DAYS         28 DAYS

STRENGTH

(Mpa )

NORMAL

CONCRETE

(CONTROL     26 .22 Mpa    32 . 148Mpa    36 .296Mpa

CONCRETE

( 1 : 1 .47 : 1 .9 )

GRAPH SHOWS THE COMBINED EFFECT ON THE

STRENGTH ( GGBS , FLY -ASH , SIL ICA -FUME )

X -AXIS =DAYS , Y AXIS= STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

 DAYS (N / mm2 )

REPLACING 50 % OF CEMENT BY GGBS ,FLY -ASH

& SIL IKA FUME .

GGBS : FLY -ASH : SIL IKA -FUME )   (Table Below . )

DAYS /              3 DAYS       7 DAYS       28 DAYS

STRENGTH

(Mpa )

Cement

replacement     14 .22Mpa    24 .59Mpa    29 .8Mpa

(30 : 10 : 10 )

Cement

replacement    22 .88Mpa    29 .77Mpa    33 .31Mpa

(20 : 10 : 10 )

Cement

replacement     17 . 185Mpa    32 .07Mpa   36 . 18Mpa

( 10 : 10 : 10 )    

X -AXIS =DAYS ,Y AXIS= STRENGTH OF      DAYS

  (N / MM2 )

CONCLUSION

Part ia l replacement of cement in presence of

s i l ika fume and f l y -ash , as quant i ty of GGBS

decreases st rength of concrete wil l increases .

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

I N T E R A C T I O N O F B U I L D I N G F R A M E W I T H P I L E F O U N D A T I O N

MS . VARNIKA SHRIVASTAV

approach where the st ructure and foundat ion

were cons idered to be a s ingle compat ib le unit .

However , the invest igat ions underscored that

the sub -st ructure approach i s prefer red in such

interact ion analys i s owing to s impl ic i ty in the

method , less memory requi rement on part of the

computat ional resources and not much var iat ion

in the resu l ts obta ined us ing sub -st ructure

method and coupled approach .  

Recent ly along s imi lar l ines , Reddy and Rao

reported an exper imenta l work on a model

bui ld ing f rame supported by a pi le group and

compared the resu l ts analyt ica l ly us ing f in i te

e lement analys i s . Even numerous studies have

been reported most recent ly . However , these

studies were conf ined to the interact ion analys i s

of f rames or al l ied st ructure supported by

iso lated foot ings or ra f t foundat ion .

In the meant ime , much work i s ava i lable in the

l i terature on ax ia l ly loaded as wel l as la tera l ly

loaded s ingle pi le and pi le groups . The

approaches ava i lable for the analys i s of ax ia l ly

loaded pi le foundat ions inc lude the elast ic

cont inuum method and load t ransfer method ,

whi le those for analyz ing the la tera l ly loaded

pi le foundat ions inc lude the elast ic cont inuum

approach and modulus of subgrade react ion ap -

proach . With the advent of computers in the

ear ly sevent ies , more versat i le f in i te element

method has become popular for analyz ing the

problem of pi le foundat ions in the context of

l inear and non - l inear analys i s .

Introduct ion

The f ramed st ructures are normal ly analyzed

with the i r bases cons idered to be ei ther

complete ly r ig id or hinged . However , the

foundat ion rest ing on deformable so i l s also

undergoes deformat ion depending on the

re lat ive r ig id i t ies of the foundat ion ,

superst ructure and so i l . Interact ive analys i s i s ,

therefore , necessary for the accurate

assessment of the response of the

superst ructure . Numerous interact ive analyses

have been reported in many studies in the

1960 ’s and 1970 ’s and few in recent studies .

Whi le most of the above ment ioned studies

deal t with the quant i f icat ion of the ef fect of

interact ion of f rames with i so lated foot ings or

combined foot ings or ra f t foundat ion in the

context of support ing sub -so i l ei ther

analyt ica l ly or exper imenta l ly ; only the study

by Buragohain et al . was found to deal with the

interact ion analys i s of f rames on pi les unt i l

recent past .

The work presented by Buragohain et al . was

carr ied out us ing the st i f fness matr ix method

and moreover , i t was based on the s impl i f ied

assumpt ions and re lat ive ly less rea l i s t ic

approach . Point ing out the lacunae in the

interact ion analys i s of a f ramed st ructure

rest ing on pi le foundat ion reported the

methodology for the interact ion analys i s of a

s ingle storeyed bui ld ing f rame embedded in

c layey so i l on the rat ional approach

and   rea l i s t ic assumpt ions . Although most of the

analyses used sub -st ructure method (uncoupled

approach ) , few of them used coupled  

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

On the backdrop of the cons iderable work of

the interact ion analyses of space f rame - pi le

foundat ion -so i l sys - tem reported in the recent

past , the interact ion analys i s of a s ingle stor ied

f rame rest ing on pi le foundat ion i s re -ported in

th is invest igat ion . However , more re f ined 3 -D

F .E . mesh i s used for pi le foundat ion , where in

so i l elements are discredi ted us ing three

di f ferent elements—eight node , nine node and

twelve node cont inuum elements , as compared

to the mesh employed in the s imi lar study

 where in the so i l mass was discredi ted us ing

twenty node cont inuum elements . Further , the

ef fect of spac ing between the pi les , pi le

diameter along with the arrangement of pi les

(such as ser ies and para l le l ) with respect to

latera l loads act ing on the f rame was

cons idered .

Further , the pi les that were modeled were

square for s impl ic i ty in model ing . However ,

whi le cons ider ing i t s ef fect , they were t reated

as the c i rcular pi les of the diameter equiva lent

to the s ize of the square pi les . The f lex ib le pi le

cap along with i t s st i f fness i s cons idered and

the st i f fness matr ix for the sub -st ructure i s

der ived by cons ider ing the ef fect of al l the

pi les in a group . The behav ior of elements of

the superst ructure and sub -st ructure inc luding

so i l i s cons idered to be l inear ly elast ic . The

tota l st ress analys i s i s carr ied out and

immediate behav ior of the so i l i s cons idered .

 Hypothesis in Mathematical Model ing

The interact ion analys i s i s carr ied out us ing the

f in i te element method . A typ ica l f rame i s

analyzed separate ly cons ider ing the f ixed

column bases . Later , the pi le foundat ions are

worked out independent ly to get the equiva lent

st i f fness of the foundat ion head . Further , they

are used in the interact ion analys i s to evaluate

the ef fect of SSI on the response of the f rame .

A three dimens ional geometr ic model of the

superst ructure f rame -pi le foundat ion -so i l

system . The elements of the superst ructure

(beam , column and s lab ) and that of pi le

foundat ion (pi le and pi le cap ) are discret ized

into 20 node i so -parametr ic cont inuum

elements . On the other hand , so i l elements are

discret ized us ing eight node , nine node and

twelve node cont inuum elements . Further ,

three degrees of f reedom at each node , i .e . ,  

displacement in three direct ions in X , Y and Z

of these di f ferent elements are employed in the

present invest igat ion . To ensure proper

mechanics of st ress t ransfer between so i l and

pi le under la tera l load , 16 node i so -parametr ic

sur face elements i s int roduced at the inter face .

The normal and tangent ia l st i f fness of these

elements are assumed in such a way that

shear ing at the so i l and pi le inter face i s

a l lowed but gapping wil l be rest r icted .  

Since a 3 -D geometr ic model i s used to

represent the so i l -pi le system , se lect ion of the

correct f in i te element to represent the medium

is one of the very important aspects in f in i te

e lement analys i s . In the so i l - pi le system , two

mater ia l s , v iz . so i l and re inforced concrete are

to be modeled . The ei ther mater ia l show

di f ferent behav iors when subjected to loading .

The fa i lure of the so i l i s dominated by i t s shear

character i s t ics , whereas the f lexure dominated

fa i lure i s shown by the re inforced concrete .

Therefore , pi le and pi le cap along with the

superst ructure elements are modeled us ing

twenty node cont inuum elements . This element

has quadrat ic shape funct ion which i s wel l

su i ted to model the medium with bending

dominated deformat ion . Eight node cont inuum

elements are used to model the so i l which has

l inear shape funct ions . These elements are

su i table for the medium whose deformat ions

are dominated by shear st rength . To mainta in

the cont inui ty of displacements between these

two types of elements in the discret ized so i l -

pi le domain , two more elements were

formulated , v iz . twelve node and nine node

sol id elements .

The shape funct ions of these two elements

were formulated by us ing degrading technique

as employed by Kr ishnamurthy . The shape

funct ions are der ived for these elements by

degrading the twenty node so l id elements .

Twelve node elements are used at the junct ion

where eight node and twenty node element      

  meets . Further , nine node elements are used

where twelve node element and twenty node

element meets perpendicular ly .

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

Problem Descr ipt ion

A 3 -D s ingle storeyed bui ld ing f rame rest ing on

pi le foundat ion , as shown in the 1 , i s cons idered

for the study . The f rame , 3 m high i s 10 m × 10

m in plan with each bay being , 5 m × 5 m . The

s lab , 200 mm th ick , i s pro -v ided at top as wel l

as at the f loor leve l . Slab at top i s supported

over 300 mm wide and 400 mm deep beam . The

beams are rest ing on columns of s ize 300 mm ×

300 mm .

Two pi le groups compr is ing two and three pi les

are cons idered in the present study . Further ,

two arrangements of pi les with respect to the

di rect ion of load (ser ies and para l le l ) are

cons idered . Al l the pi les in a group are c i rcular

p i les , connected by 500 mm th ick f lex ib le pi le

cap . Whi le dead load i s cons idered according to

uni t weight of the mater ia l s of which the

st ructura l components of f rame are made up

for the purpose of the parametr ic study

presented here , la tera l load are also

cons idered . The propert ies of the mater ia l for

p i le and pi le cap .

The mathemat ica l model of the bui ld ing f rame

with the model ing idea l izat ions ment ioned in

the preceding sect ion . For group conf igurat ion

in ser ies and para l le l arrangements , fu l l 3 -D  

geometr ic model i s used . One subrout ine i s

deve loped in the program to generate the

geometr ica l and mater ia l propert ies requi red

for f in i te element analys i s .  The discret ized

soi l -pi le domain for the fu l l 3 -D geometr ica l

model which i s used for the analys i s of four

conf igurat ions of pi le group v iz . 2PP ( two pi les

in para l le l ) , 2PS ( two pi les in ser ies ) , 3PP ( three

pi les in para l le l ) , 3PS ( three pi les in ser ies ) .

For analyz ing the pi le foundat ion separate ly a

software program Pi le rout ine was used . The

analys i s of the pi le foundat ion i s carr ied out for

the la tera l or vert ica l force (FH or FV ) of

magnitude of 1000 kN appl ied on pi le cap . The

equiva lent st i f fness , kh and kv , are calculated

and are fur ther used in the interact ion analys i s

of the f rames st ructure . For the interact ion

analys i s , a sof tware program Bui ld_Frame i s

deve loped . The sof tware programs are

developed us ing FORTRAN 90 .

After assess ing the accuracy of the program in

the context of s imple problems of st ructura l

engineer ing and so i l -st ructura l engineer ing and

further , implement ing i t on the publ i shed work ,

the sa id program i s used in the present study .

In the parametr ic study conducted for the

spec i f ic f rame the response of the

superst ructure cons idered for the compar ison

inc lude the hor izonta l displacement of the

f rame at top of the f rame , for both f ixed base

and so i l -st ructure interact ion (SSI ) cases .

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

S t u d y o f D e l a y i n E x e c u t i o n o f I n f r a s t r u c t u r e P r o j e c t s –

H i g h w a y C o n s t r u c t i o n

MS .YOGITA HONRAO

highway construct ion has been a pr ior i ty i s sue

for years .

LITERATURE REVIEW

In analyz ing t ime and cost overruns of

construct ion projects in India , I yer and Jha

(2006 ) concluded that two success factors and

one fa i lure factor ; commitment of project

part ic ipants , owner ’s competence and conf l ic t

among project part ic ipants contr ibuted

s igni f icant ly in the enhancement of the

per formance of a project .

Root causes of delays in construct ion projects

were def ined as s i tuat ions and condit ions in

suf f ic ient deta i l that v io lated the fundamenta l

pr inc ip les to al low correct ive act ion to be taken

(El l i s and Randolph 2003 ) . A l i s t ing of most

common root causes categor ized under seven

major categor ies such as bus iness pract ices ,

procedures , ut i l i t ies , s i te condit ions , planning

and schedul ing , t ra f f ic management and des ign

errors has been prov ided . Although the survey

for root cause of delay f rom both state highway

agencies and constructors were l i s ted

separate ly , i t was found that most of them were

common for both s ides .

Arun and Rao (2007 ) deal t with an innovat ive

Decis ion Support Tool that could predict the

durat ion overrun , cost overrun and act iv i t ies

assoc iated with any spec i f ic delay in highway

construct ion projects . Simulat ion models for

durat ion and cost overrun of the project was

developed based on the nature of delay ,  

INTRODUCTION

A commonal i ty among state departments of

t ransportat ion i s the inabi l i ty to complete

t ransportat ion projects on t ime and within

budget . T ime delay , cost overruns are genera l ly

due to factors  such  as  des ign  errors ,

 unexpected  s i te  condit ions , increases in

pro ject scope , weather condit ions , and other

pro ject changes . A cost overrun may be

genera l ly expressed as a percent di f ference

between the f ina l cost of the project and the

contract award amount . When th is va lue i s

negat ive , i t i s cal led a cost under run . A t ime

delay i s s imply the di f ference between a

pro ject ’s or ig ina l contract per iod at the t ime of

bidding and i t s overa l l actual contract per iod

at the end of construct ion . Indian

inf rast ructure investment in genera l and

highway construct ion in part icu lar have seen

mani fo ld increase in the recent t imes . This has

brought about a paradigm sh i f t in the way in

which the highway construct ion industry has

been conduct ing i t s bus iness with increased

pressure on i t s stakeholders , namely the

employers , the contractors and the consul tants

for high qual i ty and t imely project del ivery . A

pr imary goal of highway agencies i s to serve

the publ ic by prov id ing t imely construct ion of

h ighways with the least disrupt ion to the

publ ic . A s igni f icant annoyance to the publ ic i s

when important projects are not completed in

a t imely manner and when the actual progress

of the construct ion work i s longer than

necessary , thereby prolonging the

inconvenience . The problem of delays in  

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

act iv i t ies assoc iated with the delay and

class i f ied as contro l lable and uncontro l lable

factors . Based on the opin ion of senior project

implementers f rom s ixty four consul tants and

profess ionals in highway construct ion sector of

India , the main r i sk factors were categor ized in

th is work .

The actual problems connected with highway

pro jects of la rge s ize with i l lust rat ions f rom

one of the packages of the Golden Quadr i latera l

pro ject spanning between Delh i and Kolkata ,

India was reported (Sharma 2004 ) .

RESERACH METHODOLOGY

The research through l i te rature rev iews and

discuss ion with some part ies invo lved in the

construct ion industry ident i f ied a tota l of 53

causes and 1 1 ef fects which are mainly af fect ing

in the delay of Highway construct ion projects .

A quest ionnai re was developed in order to

eva luate the f requency of occurrence , sever i ty

and importance of the ident i f ied causes . Data

were gathered through a survey , analysed by

us ing f requency , sever i ty and importance

indices , tak ing in v iew owners , contractors and

consul tants . Agreement on the ranking of the

importance of the causes of delay between

each two groups of part ies was also tested .

Recommendat ions for minimiz ing delay in

construct ion projects were emphas ized in v iew

of the resu l ts of the study .

Quest ionnaire Design :

Data were gathered through a quest ionnai re .

The quest ionnai re i s div ided into two main

parts . Part 1 i s re lated to genera l in format ion

for both the company and respondent . Owners ,

contractors and consul tants were fur ther

requested to answer quest ions perta in ing to

the i r exper ience in the construct ion industry

and the i r opin ions about the percentage

average t ime delay in projects they

exper ienced . Part 2 inc ludes the l i s t of the

ident i f ied causes of delay in construct ion

pro ject . These causes are c lass i f ied into nine

groups according to the sources of delay :

factors re lated to owner , contractor ,

consul tant , serv ices and ut i l i t ies , government

regulat ions and external env i ronment .

For each factor or cause two quest ions were

asked : What i s the f requency of occurrence for  

th is cause? & what i s the degree of sever i ty of

th is cause in project delay? Both Frequency of

occurrence and sever i ty were categor ized as

fo l lows : always , often , somet imes and rare ly (on

4 to 1 point sca le ) . Simi lar ly , degree of sever i ty

was categor ized as fo l lows : extreme , great ,

moderate , and l i t t le (on 4 to 1 point sca le ) .

Data Analys is Approach :

The col lected data were analyzed through the

fo l lowing stat i s t ica l techniques and ind ices :

1 . Frequency Index : A formula i s used to rank

causes of delay based on f requency of

occurrence as ident i f ied by the part ic ipants .

2 . Frequency Index = ( ∑ (a n ) ÷ N ) * ( 100 ÷ 4 )

Where a i s the constant express ing weight ing

given to each response ( ranges f rom 1 for rare ly

up to 4 for always ) , n i s the f requency of the

responses , and N i s the tota l number of

responses .

3 . Sever i ty Index : A formula i s used to rank

causes of delay

based on sever i ty of occurrence as ident i f ied by

the part ic ipants .

4 . Sever i ty Index = ( ∑ (a n ) ÷ N ) * ( 100 ÷ 4 )

Where a i s the constant express ing weight ing

given to each response ( ranges f rom 1 for l i t t le

up to 4 for severe ) , n i s the f requency of the

responses , and N i s the tota l number of

responses .

5 . Importance Index : The importance index of

cause i s calculated as a funct ion of both

frequency and sever i ty ind ices , as fo l lows :

6 . Importance Index ( I . I % ) = ( Frequency

Index% * Sever i ty Index % ) ÷ 100

DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS

This sect ion discusses the resu l ts obta ined in

the prev ious sect ion . F i rs t , we discuss the

severest and most f requent causes of delay

with in each group . Second , we discuss the most

f requent ef fects of delay

Causes re lated to owner

Causes re lated to contractor

Causes re lated to consultant

Causes re lated to serv ices and ut i l i t ies

EMAARAT

FACULTY 'S WISDOM

Causes re lated to Government regulat ions

Causes re lated to external environment

Delay effects

Resul ts ind icated that the four most f requent

ef fects of delay are :

• . Cost overrun

• T ime overrun

• Disrupt ion of t ra f f ic movement

• Dispute

When the project i s subjected to delay , i t wil l

exceed the spec i f ied per iod which means waste

of t ime that may be used in other prof i t making

pro jects . As wel l as that , delay causes cost

overrun because t ime i s money . The contractor

wi l l pay more for overhead , labours and

machinery . On the other hand , owner ’s money

wi l l be t ied up with th is delayed project .

Moreover , c los ing main roads for development

and construct ion wil l disrupt t ra f f ic movement .

Addit ional ly , roads prov ide l inks that connect

the road users to other areas that may inc lude

recreat ional and investment projects . So delay

in road projects may lead to delay in these

investment projects that depend on them .

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The f i r s t step in reducing the delays in highway

construct ion project i s to understand the root

causes of the delay . The resu l ts prov ide a l i s t ing

of root causes and i s sues that are direct ly

respons ib le for most in f rast ructure

construct ion project delays . Addit ional ly , i t i s

found that fundamenta l pr inc ip les must be

adopted before s igni f icant improvements can

be made . The data were col lected f rom the

fo l lowing respondents . . . .

Landmark Corporat ion Pvt Ltd Mumbai ,

Construct In fotech Mumbai , Pat i l s

Construct ions Sangl i , P .S .C In f racon Pvt Ltd

Dattawadi , M /S Anant Assoc iates Pune , Fabstruc

Signs Pvt Ltd Mumbai , Destech Pvt Ltd Mumbai ,

J Kumars Construct ion Pvt Ltd Mumbai Etc .

This work discussed the delay in road projects

in Bahra in . I t studied the f requency and

sever i ty of delay causes , as wel l as the

f requency of delay ef fects . The research i s a

f ie ld survey through a quest ionnai re directed to

contractors , consul tants , and owner who i s the  

Minist ry of Works . I t was concluded that there

are many causes of delay re lated to contractors

such as Inef fect ive construct ion method

implementat ion ,Shortage of mater ia l s .

Payment problems between contractor and his

employees . The major causes re lated to the

owner , i .e . MOW , are Inter ference by the owner

dur ing execut ion operat ion ,Delay in decis ion

making by the owner ,Delay in progress

payments by owner . The main problems re lated

to consul tants are due to lack of exper ience .

Delay causes re lated to serv ices and ut i l i t ies

are the most cr i t ica l factors as ind icated by the

high va lues of the i r sever i ty means . Moreover ,

cost and t ime overruns and disrupt ion of t ra f f ic

movement were the most f requent ef fects of

delay .

Recommendat ions for future studies

I t i s recommended to fur ther th is research by

invest igat ing actual delay case studies in India .

Furthermore the assoc iated cost of delay in

h ighway projects should be studied and

analysed .

STUDENT'S

CONTRIBUTION

EMAARAT

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

P l a s t i c R o a d s

AJAY DHOBI

 2015 , any Indian c i ty with a populat ion of at

least 500 ,000 i s requi red to construct the i r

roads us ing waste plast ic as a core mater ia l , in

ef for ts to promote greater pol lut ion contro l and

envi ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty for Indian

communit ies .

Although the concept of us ing waste plast ic in

roads i s st i l l in i t s ear ly stages , with very few

plast ic roads current ly ex is t ing in the Western

wor ld , c iv i l engineer ing researchers in countr ies

l ike the United Kingdom and the United States

are working to des ign new technologies to

support the safe implementat ion of waste

plast ic in road construct ion . One such

development invo lves convert ing waste plast ics

into smal l bal l s that , when combined with

asphal t or other common road components ,

create a st rong , permeable sur face that features

hol low spaces that al low stormwater to seep

through the road and more ef fect ive ly recharge

groundwater .

Trans i t ion ing to the use of plast ic roads wil l

lead to more manageable plast ic waste and

potent ia l ly , safer roads , but there are st i l l some

concerns regarding hazards that accompany

plast ic roads as they age . As these roads

gradual ly deter iorate due to heat and l ight , they

may disso lve into micro -plast ics that give of f

harmful pol lutants , af fect ing the funct ional i ty

and biodivers i ty of so i l and water resources .

Creat ive c iv i l engineers play a s igni f icant ro le in

ensur ing that the sc ience behind us ing waste

plast ic for roads i s accurate , and that future

i terat ions of th is concept are carr ied out with

cons iderat ion for env i ronmenta l heal th and

safety .

The world ’s product ion industr ies have

generated t remendous amounts of economic

growth s ince the 1800s , but the

industr ia l izat ion of c i t ies has also led to

s igni f icant chal lenges such as overcrowding

and extreme pol lut ion . Because urban

envi ronments are often home to many

industr ia l fac i l i t ies , people come to the c i ty

seek ing employment , but la rge metropol i tan

hubs are running out of space to house the i r

res idents . With overcrowding , resource

demands are increased , and as c i t ies grow ,

urban env i ronments may face more pressure in

the i r attempts to prov ide la rge urban

populat ions with susta inable support ive

inf rast ructures l ike food , water , and safe roads .

Advanced c iv i l engineers are needed now more

than ever to prov ide so lut ions to these cr i t ica l

i ssues ; below are severa l developing

innovat ions current ly being used around the

wor ld to improve soc io -env i ronmenta l

susta inabi l i ty .As a response to mass ive loca l

waste and plast ic pol lut ion within the i r

country , India ’s government began

exper iment ing with plast ic roads dur ing the

ear ly 2000s , with waste plast ic being used as a

construct ion mater ia l . An ear ly report by India ’s

Centra l Pol lut ion Contro l Board discovered that

even after four years of use , Jambul ingam

Street in Chennai—one of the f i r s t plast ic roads

—had not susta ined much damage . The board

c i ted that no potholes , rutt ing , rave l ing , or

edge f laws were discovered dur ing the

eva luat ion . This leve l of per formance att racted

the interests of loca l governments , who were

looking to r id the Tami l Nadu reg ion ’s

urban  env i ronments of the discarded shopping

bags , foam packaging , and other unrecyc lable

plast ic products that l i t ter the st reets . As of  

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

G r e e n R o o f S y s t e m s

ALISHA CHAUDHARY

bui ld ing . This means less energy must be

consumed to heat the bui ld ing , resu l t ing in

decreased energy costs and lower pol lutant

emiss ions .

Reduced Runoff Quant ity : On average , green

roofs reta in 40 -60% of tota l ra infa l l . Stor ing th is

ra inwater as i t fa l l s has been shown to resu l t in

runof f reduct ion of 34% between September and

February , and 67% between March and August .

By reducing runof f , c iv i l engineers that des ign

green roof systems can l imit st ra in on sewage

systems and mit igate the costs of roof damage .

Pol lut ion Control : Green roofs are composed of

plants that absorb nit rogen , lead , z inc , and

ai rborne pol lutants l ike carbon diox ide . This

absorpt ion also reduces the negat ive ef fects of

ac id ra in by ra i s ing the pH va lues of ac id

ra inwater before i t becomes runof f water .

The Envi ronmenta l Protect ion Agency def ines a

green roof as a “vegetat ive layer grown on a

rooftop . ” Today , green roof systems have

become popular al l over the world , not only for

the i r beauty , but also for the benef i t s they

prov ide toward env i ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty .

Germany i s current ly leading the world in green

roof technologies , and they have implemented

green roof ing systems on approx imate ly 10% of

German homes s ince the technology emerged

in the ear ly 1970s . Civ i l engineers are

respons ib le for ensur ing that the green roof ’s

support ive in f rast ructure— for instance , a

comprehens ive water ing system— i s engineered

to cons is tent ly del iver an appropr iate amount

of resources , and the roof i t se l f must be

des igned to ef fect ive ly prov ide working

improvements to env i ronmenta l susta inabi l i ty .

However , c iv i l engineers st i l l face some

obstac les when planning the insta l lat ion and

maintenance of green roof systems , l ike high

costs and harsh c l imates , but innovat ions in

modern engineer ing techniques for green

roof ing systems have al lowed the industry to

cons is tent ly of fer the fo l lowing env i ronmenta l

benef i t s to urban communit ies :

Enhanced Urban Biodivers i ty : Green roofs

accommodate new f lora , which may act as new

habitats for di f ferent spec ies of plants and

animals .

Cool ing of Bui ld ings : The vegetat ion on the

roof acts as thermal insu lat ion , stor ing excess

heat and decreas ing peak temperatures within

the  

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

S T R U C T U R E M A D E B Y G E O P O L Y M E R C E M E N T A N D P L A S T I C B O T T L E S

DHRUV SHAH

env i ronment make i t imperat ive to invest igate

the poss ib le use of these mater ia l s carefu l ly .

India has a la rge network of industr ies located

in di f ferent parts of the country and many more

are planned for the near future . Severa l mil l ion

metr ic tons industr ia l wastes are produced in

these establ i shments .

Industr ia l wastes such as f l y -ash , blast furnace

s lag and red mud are three major industr ia l

wastes in India . Present ly over 100 mil l ion

tonnes of f l y -ash , 12 mil l ion tonnes of blast

furnace s lag and near ly 4 mil l ion tonnes of red

mud are generated . I t i s est imated that

product ion of these waste wil l double in

foreseeable future due to rapid expans ion coal

based power generat ion , and increase in the

product ion of i ron and stee l and aluminium

through pr imary process ing .

PLASTIC WASTES

Plast ic i s one of the most disposable mater ia l s

in the modern world . plast ic bott les are

increas ingly becoming a menace to the

env i ronment due to the chemicals used in the

manufacture , improper use and disposa l . waste

plast ic bott les are used for f i l l ing up landf i l l s

which pol luted to so i l , choking water bodies

and caus ing ser ious env i ronmenta l

consequences . on the other hand , world human

populat ion cont inual ly increase so needed more

houses and land for construct ion . now a day , i t

i s di f f icu l t to make own house for poor people

of the world by us ing cost ly construct ion

mater ia l .

Wal l st ructure plays important ro les in

support ing the superst ructure .   In wal l

s t ructure cement and br icks i s an important

mater ia l .However , cement and br icks

manufactur ing process wil l contr ibute to a high

emiss ion of carbon diox ide (CO2 ) which may

lead to global warming and due to

env i ronmenta l concerns of the cement industry

there i s need to develop al ternat ives mater ia l s

such as f l y ash , GGBS . Therefore , object ive of

th is paper i s to f ind an al ternat ive so lut ion to

reduce th is env i ronmenta l problem

.

The al ternat ive way that can so lve the problem

is by replac ing the use of br icks in bui ld ing

construct ion by plast ic bott les f i l led with sand

and instead of cement the f l y ash based

geopolymer cement i s used . Plast ic bott le

br icks are very cheaper in cost therefore the

dream of shel ter of the poor people can be

ful f i l led by us ing these br icks .  

INDUSTRIAL WASTES

Now -a -days disposa l of di f ferent wastes

produced f rom di f ferent Industr ies i s a great

problem .  These mater ia l s pose env i ronmenta l

pol lut ion in the nearby loca l i ty because many

of them are non -biodegradable . In recent years ,

appl icat ions of industr ia l wastes have been

cons idered in road construct ion with great

interest in many industr ia l i sed and developing

countr ies . The use of these mater ia l s in road

making i s based on technica l , economic , and

ecologica l cr i ter ia . The lack of t radi t ional road

mater ia l s and   the protect ion of the  

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

Conclus ion :

1 ) Red mud and f l y ash based geopolymer can

act as a green al ternat ive to cement .

2 ) The product ion of versat i le , cost -ef fect ive

geopolymer cements that can be mixed and

hardened essent ia l ly l ike Port land cement

would represent a “game changing ”

advancement , revo lut ioniz ing the construct ion

of t ransportat ion in f rast ructure .

3 ) Much less energy consumpt ion .

4 ) Almost no CO2 emiss ions .

5 ) Raw mater ia l low in a pr ice and can be eas i ly

obta ined .

6 ) Strength can be atta ined in a short t ime .

7 ) The compress ive st rength of geopolymer

cement i s 1 .5 t imes more than that of ordinary

Port land cement .

8 ) Greenhouse gas reduct ion potent ia l as much

as 90% when compared With OPC .

9 ) These br icks are very cheaper in cost

therefore the dream of shel ter of the poor

people can be fu l f i l led by us ing these br icks .

10 ) These br icks prov ide good insu lat ion as wel l

as are bul let proof hence can be used in areas

which are prone to attacks .

1 1 ) Overa l l eco br ick i s a cost ef f ic ient and

resource ef f ic ient bui ld ing mater ia l which can

be used in order to deal with the var ious

env i ronmenta l problems as wel l for the

reduct ion in the cost of construct ion .

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

E c o F l o a t i n g H o m e s

ABHINAV VISHWAKARMA

Affordable hous ing and overcrowding in c i t ies are putt ing pressure on urban populat ions to

make changes . To combat these i s sues , c iv i l engineers are des igning f loat ing homes—pract ica l

l i v ing spaces that s i t upon the water . The homes are des igned to res i s t f loods by f loat ing on

top of water us ing a foundat ion of concrete and Styrofoam , which makes them v i r tua l ly

uns inkable . This approach means that homes can be bui l t in spaces that were prev ious ly of f -

l imits , l ike r i vers , lakes and other bodies of water . Civ i l engineers predict that modern

f loat ing home technology wil l lower the costs of f lood damage in urban c i t ies , whi le also

prov id ing compact inner -c i ty populat ions with more diverse hous ing opt ions .

The concept of f loat ing bui ld ings i s not new , as they can be found al l over the world ,

especia l ly in t radi t ional Asian v i l lages . Although with modern c iv i l engineer ing knowledge ,

these st ructures—and the in f rast ructure needed to make them susta inable—are gradual ly

becoming more re l iable and eas ier to mainta in . However , int roducing th is concept in urban

envi ronments with la rge populat ions wil l prove to be somewhat t r icky , as st ructures being

bui l t within or on above -ground water sources could impact env i ronments negat ive ly by

disturb ing the natura l state of the land beneath bodies of water (e .g . lake bottoms or the

ocean f loor ) . The ef fect of humans on the env i ronment should not be underest imated ei ther ,

so c iv i l engineers wil l need to remain focused on creat ing systems that inh ib i t f loat ing

houses and the i r res idents f rom disrupt ing loca l water ecosystems , whi le improv ing the

v iabi l i ty of th is technology for use in low - income areas .

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

C O B I A X T E C H N O L O G Y

AVANISH RAI

untracked moment of inert ia i s dependent on

the th ickness and width of the f la t plate s lab

and the contr ibut ion made by stee l can be

ignored s ince stee l i s not tak ing part pr ior to

crack ing in addit ion , the va lues in cobia

technology .

The object ive of project resu l t i s opt imizat ion of

concrete and up to 35% reduct ion in the s lab

se l f -weight whi le st i l l prov id ing a high

equiva lent st i f fness . This wil l enhance the

bear ing behav ior on the whole st ructura l

e lements by forming spher ica l or f la t tened

rotat ional symmetr ica l shape ins ide the s lab .

Cobiax deck enables the construct ion of l ight

weight , biax ia l f loor s labs with column gr ids

ranging f rom 6m up to 18m without beams .

   

I t doesn ’ t only contr ibute to the bui ld ing

st ructura l ly but also has a great ef fect on the

env i ronment as we are reducing the amount of

concrete used and replac ing i t with recyc led

products . Var ious attempts have been made in

the past to reduce the weight of concrete s labs ,

without reducing the f lexura l st rength of the

s lab . Reducing the own weight in th is way

would reduce def lect ions and make la rger span

lengths achievable . The economy of such a

product wil l depend on the cost of the mater ia l

that replaces the concrete with i t se l f and ai r .

Not al l the internal concrete can be replaced

though , s ince aggregate inter lock of the

concrete i s important for shear

res i s tance ,  concrete in the top reg ion of the s lab

is necessary to form the compress ion block for

f lexura l res i s tance , and concrete in the tens ion  

General

Cobiax s lab i s a s imple and br i l l iant technology

invest igated due to the need for a l ighter and

envi ronmenta l ly susta inable s labs . I t wil l help

to overcome many problems such as high cost

bui ld ings , the v ibrat ions problems in so l id s labs

that happened for s imple reason l ike human

footbal l , and other re lated problems . The

technology based on creat ing hol lows in the

s lab by us ing a spher ica l vo id formers .

 The s lab i s very important st ructure member in

bui ld ing and s lab i s one of the la rgest member

consuming concrete . When the load act ing on

the s lab i s la rge or c lear span between columns

is more , the s lab th ickness i s on increas ing . I t

leads to consume more mater ia l such as

concrete and stee l , due to that se l f -weight of

s lab i s increase . To avoid these disadvantages

var ies . A vo ided f la t plate s lab system i s known

as one of the ef fect ive s lab system , which can

reduce se l f -weight of s lab . A Cobiax s lab has

hol low vo id former made f rom recyc led plast ic

placed within s lab to reduce se l f -weight of

s lab . The Cobiax s lab and so l id s lab are

cons ider with inter ior span ranging f rom 6m ×

6m to 18m × 18m hav ing th ickness f rom 280mm

to 600mm hav ing spher ica l bal l s into the s labs

f rom 180mm to 450mm . Sel f -weight reduct ions ,

st i f fness reduct ion factor and so l id area for

punching shear i s der ived for di f ferent cases of

vo ided f la t plate s lab . St i f fness modi f icat ion

factor and weight reduct ion the second

moment of inert ia i s a key var iable when

per forming st ructura l analys i s of s lab . The  

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

zone of the s lab needs to bond with

re inforcement to make the re inforcement

ef fect ive for f lexura l res i s tance . Also , the top

and bottom faces of the s lab need to be

connected to work as a unit and to insure the

transfer of st resses .

The cobia method i s the same as the concrete

method but the only di f ference i s that the dead

load decreases due to the Cobiax bal l s (made

from recyc led polyethy lene and i t f i l l s by ai r )

by th is method , the th ickness of the s labs wil l

be minimized s igni f icant ly ( in most cases ) . The

structures usual ly have s l im s labs and wide

spans . In the same way , by reducing cost and

mater ia l s , engineers can reach the i r goals much

eas ier compared to the prev ious methods . The

amount of footpr int (carbon diox ide emiss ion )

i s going to drop which means that th is method

is eco - f r iendl ier than the other methods as

wel l . The Length of the spans could reach up to

20m and the sof f i t i s f la t which can make a

huge range of choices by pipes .

History

Cobiax i s a vo ided s lab systems , the concept of

cobiax s lab i s based on non -working concrete

or unnecessary dead load with vo ids . Voided

s lab systems are not new , the invent ion of vo id

formers was in 1914 . Cobiax company star ted i t s

work i t 1997 in Switzer land and then spread

thei r project and companies to var ious

countr ies and the Middle East in Dubai as

regional of f ice , then through a loca l bus iness

partner to Palest ine . Cobiax vo id formers

system di f fers f rom other systems in the

geometry  of the vo ided formers . I t has a

spher ica l shape so , there wil l be no st ress

concentrat ion on edges , and also cobiax i s

more env i ronmenta l ly f r iend .

Stephenson shows some of advantages of

Cobiax s labs and publ i shed a paper in London

concrete assoc iat ion about the construct ion of

a l ibrary leading to   the pattern of semi -precast

Cobiax s labs . He says ( the construct ion t ime for

the decks was reduced by 40% , dead load was

reduced by 35% and carbon diox ide emiss ions

were also cut by 1 /3 ) . According to Wolsk i et al .

(2006 ) ” I t was found that Cobiax s labs show

rela1 t ive ly lower natura l f requencies re lat ive to

the other types ” that ’s means Cobiax s labis

better and more safe   in se ismic act ion . And  

according to (Marais (2009 ) ) ” I t was elaborated

that shear st rength of a two way hol low core

s lab i s s igni f icant ly smal ler than a so l id s lab ,

whi le the bending capaci ty i s gained by and

largeas the same as a so l id one ” and th is i s

cons idered as a weak point against Cobiax .

     

Engineer ing aspects of cobiax .

In genera l , in order to des ign and construct a

bui ld ing they should take care of severa l

features . These inc lude the load bear ing ; the

amount of deformat ion that may occur in the

span or the pi l la rs (columns ) ; the f loors being

acoust ic and the des ign should   reach the

reasonable res i s tance to the f i re . The cobiax

method which i s one of the newest and the

ecologica l ways of construct ion , i t has become

popular in the recent years . In concrete s lab ,

the dens i ty of the concrete i s high and i t i s

weak in tens ion . To overcome th is i s sue ,

engineers add stee l bars ins ide the concrete . In

the major i ty of cases , there i s one matr ix of

stee l bars which i s usual ly placed in the lower

hal f of the s labs , in order to take tens ion

st rength . This acts on the concrete s labs . This

combinat ion makes the st ructure heavy at the

same t ime , making the st ructure expens ive . The

concept of the cobiax method i s to remove as

much non -working dead load as poss ib le by

integrat ing the vo ids ins ide the s labs . This fact

leads the cons iderable reduct ion in weight of

the st ructure . On the other hand , the

re inforcement requi red to support the loads on

the st ructure i s reduced . These aspects lead the

f ina l cost of the project to become more

f inancia l and the mater ia l usage gradual ly

comes down . In addit ion , t ime consumpt ion i s

cut s igni f icant ly .

Cobiax Technology Work

The proposed des igns wil l fo l low the same

concept which Cobiax method used . I t means

that , the amount of concrete and the weight of

s labs wil l be reduced by us ing bal l s . In other

words , the aim of the proposed des ign i s to

maximize the dead load reduct ion . However ,

the di f ference i s that the shape of the bal l s wil l

be changed to oval shape . The s izes  of the bal l s

depend on each s i tuat ion ( loads ) and the

th ickness of the s labs . The formwork which

keeps the bal l in i t s place . the oval bal l s and

the bars ins ide the concrete . The oval shape  

EMAARAT

STUDENT 'S CONTRIBUTION

increases the capabi l i ty of the des ign of the

bal l , which means that the length and height of

the bal l s can be var iable and customizable . The

advantage of th is des ign i s that the number of

bal l s wil l decrease because they are tandem

and also the length of them i s more than

cobiax method . By the fo l lowing reasons the

number of bal l s and t ime consumpt ion to

produce i s reducing . Another dispar i ty i s that

the di f ference between the depth of the s labs

and the height of the vo ids are in a range of 10

to 15 cm which means 100 - 150 mm concrete

should be la id on top .

The cobiax f la t s lab has the same mechanica l

load bear ing behav ior as a so l id f la t plate s lab .

Cobiax vo id former modules cons is t of f ixed

re inforcement stee l elements with integrated

void formers made f rom one hundred percent

recyc led plast ic mater ia l which i s Polyethy lene

or Polypropylene . The Cobiax cage modules are

pos i t ioned between the bottom and top

re inforcement layers in the s lab ’s cross sect ion

where they also serve as support ing cages .

Product Range mult ip le vo id s izes can be

prov ided for a wide range of s lab th icknesses

depending on span requi rements and load

appl ied . Depending of the s lab th ickness the

Cobiax cage modules are ava i lable in two types

Sl im -L ine and Eco l ine . Slab th ickness f rom 20

to 45 cm with one layer . The s labs up to 70 cm

with two layers Eco -L ine Cobiax f loor system

cons is ts of hol low plast ic  spheres cage into the

concrete to create a gr id of vo id formers ins ide

the s lab . The resu l t i s a f la t s lab sof f i t with the

benef i t s of us ing f la t s lab formwork . With the

reduct ion in concrete se l f -weight , la rge spans

can be achieved without the use of rest ressed

cables , prov id ing the imposed loads are low .

 The high -dens i ty Polyethy lene or

Polypropylene spheres are f ixed into 6mm

diameter stee l re inforcement cages . The rows

of cages are placed adjacent to each other to

form a gr id of evenly spaced vo id formers . The

cages with spheres are l ight -weight , al lowing

for quick placement and rapid construct ion .

Conclus ion :

Engineers are look ing to reduce the weight of

the st ructure (mainly in s labs ) . The fact br ings

about many advantages such as a decrease in

the project ’s t ime consumpt ion , mater ia l usage ,

pol lut ion and tota l cost .

The concrete f rame i s more common in these

days because of the cost and easy access to th is

mater ia l . The cobiax method i s the newest

method which changed the construct ion

industry .By us ing bal l ins ide the concrete s lab

the weight of the s lab wil l be minimize up to

35% . The fo l lowing reduct ion br ings many

advantages such the distance of columns

increase and there are no beams requi red .

The proposed des ign has the same idea and

concept of cobiax . There are a few di f ferences

in the proposed des ign . The shape of the bal l s

i s oval (3D -El ipse ) . By changing the shape of i t

can br ing many advantages . The main

di f ference i s by reducing the number of bal l s ,

the more reduct ion in weight of s lab occurs .

Another advantage of the des ign i s instead of

increas ing the amount of re inforcement which

makes the st ructure heavy . I t i s poss ib le to

reduce the re inforcement and make the

basement more stable .

CREDITS

EMAARAT

EMAARAT

credits

MAGAZINE HEAD - KEERTHANA NAMBIAR

EDITORIAL HEAD - PARTH TAMBOLI

CHIEF DESIGNER - DHRUV SHAH

DESIGNER - ALISHA CHAUDHARY

IN HOUSE - SHRUTI MISHRA

IN HOUSE - AVANISH RAI

EMAARAT

acknowledgements  

Team E-MAARAT would like to extend our

deepest gratitude to the Chairman, Trustees

and CEOs of the Thakur Educational Group.

Also, we are deeply thankful to our Principal,

Dr. B.K. Mishra, vice principal Deven Shah and

Mentor Dr. Sanjay Kumar for their constant

support and valuable inputs.

We would like to thank our HOD Dr. Seema

Jagtap, Faculty in charge Ms. Rutuja Shinde,

helpful friendly seniors and all our fellow

colleagues for helping us in putting up this

2nd edition successfully

Thank You!

-

The Editorial Team

E-MAARAT