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Taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying
organisms.
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Classification Scheme
Domain—all organismsKingdom PhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism
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ClassificationScheme
Domain—all organismsKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies—one type of organism
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Taxonomy cont…
• Carolus Linnaeus = Swedish biologist who developed a system for naming and classifying organisms in the 1750’s.
• Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature, which is a two word system for naming organisms.
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Scientific Names
• Rules:– The first name is always the genus. – The second name is always the species. – The first letter of the genus is always
capitalized– The first letter of the species is always lower
case. – Italicized or underlined. – Written in Latin. – Homo sapiens
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Classification SchemeKingdom KingPhylum PhilipClass ComesOrder OverFamily ForGenus GoodSpecies spaghetti
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HumansKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HomidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapien
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BonoboKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily PongidaeGenus PanSpecies paniscus
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House CatKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus FelisSpecies domesticus
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LionKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordateClass MammaliaOrder CarnivoraFamily FelidaeGenus Panthera (Felis)Species leo
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HouseflyKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ArthropodaClass InsectOrder DipteraFamily MuscidaeGenus MuscaSpecies domestica
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Dichotomous Key
• Method used for classifying an unknown organisms
• Contains pairs of contrasting descriptions
• After each description, the user will be directed to another pair of descriptions
• The organism will be identified by the contrasting descriptions
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• 1. a. wings covered by an exoskeleton ………go to step 2– b. wings not covered by an exoskeleton ……….go to step 3
• 2. a. body has a round shape ……….ladybug– b. body has an elongated shape ……….grasshopper
• 3. a. wings point out from the side of the body ……….dragonfly– b. wings point to the back of the body ……….housefly
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Cladogram
• Shows the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms
• Based on ancestral character (common ancestor of group—example bird & mammal have backbone) and derived character (evolved in ancestor of one group but not the other—example feathers on birds but not on mammals)
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CharactersA B C D E
Wall gecko 1 0 1 0 1
Crowned lemur 1 1 1 0 0
Catfish 0 0 0 0 0
Human 1 1 1 1 0
Bullfrog 1 0 0 0 0