CH 14 CH 14 ClassificationClassificationOF ORGANISMSOF ORGANISMS

TaxonomyTaxonomy

The science of naming and classifying The science of naming and classifying organismsorganisms

Aristotle was the first over 2000 years Aristotle was the first over 2000 years agoago

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Until the mid 1700’s biologists named a Until the mid 1700’s biologists named a particular type of organism by adding particular type of organism by adding descriptive phrases to the name of the descriptive phrases to the name of the genus.genus.

These phrases sometimes consisted of These phrases sometimes consisted of 12 or more Latin words.12 or more Latin words.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

They were called polynomials meaning They were called polynomials meaning many names.many names.

IE…. IE…. Apis pubescens, thorace subgriso, Apis pubescens, thorace subgriso, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus.untrinque margine ciliatus.

OR?OR?

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Simpler SystemSimpler System

Developed by Carl Linnaeus a Swedish Developed by Carl Linnaeus a Swedish biologist.biologist.

His goal was to catalogue all known His goal was to catalogue all known types of organisms.types of organisms.

Simpler SystemSimpler System

Linnaeus used a two word system.Linnaeus used a two word system.

It is called binomial nomeclatureIt is called binomial nomeclature

Apis melliferaApis mellifera OR OR

Simpler SystemSimpler System

Scientific NamesScientific Names

The unique two part name for a species is now The unique two part name for a species is now referred to as its referred to as its Scientific name.Scientific name.

The first word is the genus to which an The first word is the genus to which an organism belongs.organism belongs.

Genus= a taxonomic category containing Genus= a taxonomic category containing similar species. Organisms in a genus contain similar species. Organisms in a genus contain similar characteristics.similar characteristics.

Scientific namesScientific names

The first letter in a genus name is always The first letter in a genus name is always capitalized. The first letter of the second word capitalized. The first letter of the second word is always lower case.is always lower case.

Scientific names are always italicized or Scientific names are always italicized or underlined.underlined.

After the first full use of the scientific name it After the first full use of the scientific name it can be abbreviated as a single letter.can be abbreviated as a single letter.

Scientific namesScientific names

Example: Example: Quercus rubraQuercus rubra

Q. rubraQ. rubra

Scientific namesScientific names

Gives biologists a common way of Gives biologists a common way of communicating regardless of their native communicating regardless of their native language.language.

One species may have many common One species may have many common names and one common name may be names and one common name may be used for more than one species.used for more than one species.

Scientific namesScientific names

Example in Great Britain a robin is called Example in Great Britain a robin is called Erithacus rubicula.Erithacus rubicula.

The very different bird called a robin in The very different bird called a robin in North America is North America is Turdus migratorius.Turdus migratorius.

Scientific NamesScientific Names

The name given to a species must conform to The name given to a species must conform to the rules established by the international the rules established by the international commission of scientists.commission of scientists.

All must have 2 Latin words or terms created All must have 2 Latin words or terms created by the rules of Latin grammar.by the rules of Latin grammar.

Two different types of organisms cannot have Two different types of organisms cannot have the same scientific name. the same scientific name.

Scientific NameScientific Name

Since the members of a genus share the Since the members of a genus share the same genus name the second word in same genus name the second word in the name of each member of that genus the name of each member of that genus must be different.must be different.

For example only one species of the For example only one species of the genus genus HomoHomo can be given the name can be given the name sapiens.sapiens.

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

Linnaeus worked out a broad system of Linnaeus worked out a broad system of classification for plants and animals in classification for plants and animals in which an organism’s form and structure which an organism’s form and structure are based on arranging the specimens in are based on arranging the specimens in a collection.a collection.

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

The different groups into which The different groups into which organisms are now classified have been organisms are now classified have been expanded and now consists of 8 levels.expanded and now consists of 8 levels.

Classifying organismsClassifying organisms

Similar genera are grouped into familySimilar genera are grouped into family Similar families are combined into orderSimilar families are combined into order Orders with common properties are Orders with common properties are

united in classunited in class Classes with similar characteristics are Classes with similar characteristics are

assigned to a phylumassigned to a phylum

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

Similar phylum are collected into a Similar phylum are collected into a kingdomkingdom

Similar kingdoms are grouped into Similar kingdoms are grouped into domainsdomains

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

All living things are grouped into one of 3 All living things are grouped into one of 3 domains.domains.

Achaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.Achaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes.

Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms

Remember:Remember: DDo o KKindly indly PPay ay CCash ash OOr r FFurnishurnish GGood ood

SSecurityecurity

Or Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Or Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.Order, Family, Genus, and Species.