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Sustainable Energy Developmentin Costa Rica
Fred Loxsom Eastern Connecticut State University, February 20, 2004
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Trinity Universityis in San Antonio!
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Like Eastern, Trinity University is a primarily undergraduate liberal arts
institution, but it’s private.
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ACS Sustainable Development Course: Summers 2002 & 2003
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Costa Rica
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Sustainable Development
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
Principle 3
The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future generations.
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The Economic Base
Economic Sector % GDP Agriculture 13 Industry 22 Commerce and Tourism 40
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National Parks
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Protected Beaches
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Biodiversity
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Deforestation
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Forest Restoration
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Volcanic Mountains
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Geothermal Activity
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Geothermal Energy
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Wind Energy
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Hydroelectric Power
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Sustainable Development
Rio Declaration on Environment and DevelopmentPrinciple 9
States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous capacity-building for sustainable development by improving scientific understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and by enhancing the development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of technologies, including new and innovative technologies.
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Economic Indicators
United States Costa Rica Population 280 million 3.8 million
Growth Rate 0.80% 1.60%
GDP (per capita) $36,300 $3,850
Gini Index 0.41 0.46
Oil (per capita) 26 bbl/year 3.7 bbl/year
Auto (per capita) 44% 34%
Imported Oil 55% 100%
Electricty (per capita) 13,000 kWh 1,500 kWh
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Electricity Generation
United States Costa Rica Electricty (per capita) 13,000 kWh 1,500 kWh Demand Growth 2% 5% Fossil Fuel 71% 1% Nuclear 20% 0% Hydroelectric 7% 83% Geothermal 1% 14% Wind 1% 2%
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Electricity Generation Costs
Electricity Generation Cost (¢/kWh)
Oil 1% 26 Geothermal 14% 3.5 Hydroelectric 82% 2.2 Wind 3% ?
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Potential Generation Capacity
Installed Capacity
(MW)
Potential Capacity
(MW) Oil 240 0? Geothermal 140 900 Hydroelectric 1200 10,000 Wind 46 >600
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Hydrocarbons
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Geothermal
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Hydroelectric Power
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Wind
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Quick Aside – Wind Power in Quick Aside – Wind Power in TexasTexas
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Desert Sky – West TexasDesert Sky – West Texas
Wind project Wind project Iraan, TexasIraan, Texas Owner: American Owner: American
Electric PowerElectric Power Customer: CPSCustomer: CPS Manufacturer: GE Manufacturer: GE
Wind Energy Wind Energy (formerly Enron)(formerly Enron)
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Desert Sky - TurbinesDesert Sky - Turbines
1.5 MW / Turbine 1.5 MW / Turbine 107 Turbines107 Turbines Min. Wind: 8 mphMin. Wind: 8 mph Max. Wind: 56 mphMax. Wind: 56 mph
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Desert Sky - FinancingDesert Sky - Financing
Financing Depends Financing Depends on State Renewable on State Renewable Tax Incentive Tax Incentive Program.Program.
AEI must guarantee AEI must guarantee to operate the system to operate the system for 30 yearsfor 30 years
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Desert Sky – Grid Desert Sky – Grid IssuesIssues
ERCOT (Energy ERCOT (Energy Reliability Council of Reliability Council of Texas) maintains the Texas) maintains the electric grid for most electric grid for most of the state.of the state.
AEI is not allowed to AEI is not allowed to generate more than generate more than 100 MW100 MW
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Desert Sky - Desert Sky - ImpactsImpacts
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Back in Costa Rica:Is Solar Energy An
Option?
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Insolation Map
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Insolation Map
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Insolation
Average insolation
ranges from
4.0 kWh/m2/day
to
5.4 kWh/m2/day
Assume 5.0 kWh/m2/day or 1,800 kWh/ m2/year
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Which Solar Option?
Hot Water Systems? Process heat? We will only consider Photovoltaic
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Why Photovoltaic?
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Aside – Photovoltaic PowerAside – Photovoltaic Power
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Widely UsedWidely Used
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ArrayArray
A PV A PV arrayarray is made is made up of several up of several panelspanels and a and a panel is made up panel is made up of many of many cellscells..
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SystemSystem
A complete system has A complete system has an an arrayarray, a , a batterybattery, an , an inverterinverter and a and a loadload..
The system can supply The system can supply either DC or AC either DC or AC loads.loads.
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Trinity University Science BuildingTrinity University Science Building
ArrayArray ControllerController BatteryBattery LoadLoad
Undergraduate Undergraduate students who did all students who did all the work.the work.
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San Antonio Public Utility San Antonio Public Utility HeadquartersHeadquarters
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Richard Smalley Richard Smalley
(Nobel Prize Winner (Nobel Prize Winner and a recent visitor to and a recent visitor to Trinity University) Trinity University) advocates this advocates this approach. approach.
Space VersionSpace Version
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Back in Costa RicaSolar Array Output
Assume efficiency = 14%Output = 0.14 x 5.0 kWh/m2/day = 0.70 kWh/m2/day = 365 day/year x 0.70 kWh/m2/day = 250 kWh / m2 / year
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PV Economics
Array cost = $5 / WattSystem cost = $10 / WattFor 14% efficiency the cost per unit area =$10 / Watt * (0.14 * 1000 W/ m2 ) = $1,400 / m2
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Cost of Solar Electricity
Assume very simple economics – System lasts 25 years. Neglect inflation and interest.
Output = 250 kWh / m2 / year System Cost = $1400 / m2 / 25 year = $56 / m2 /year Electricity cost = $56 / 250 kWh = 23 cents/kWh
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What do you think?
Would photovoltaic power be practical in Costa Rica?
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Suppose we go off grid?
Lower power needs
Provide storage Save expense of
power lines Aesthetic value
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Water Pumping System
Inexpensive for modest needs
Reliable Use water tank as
energy storage ICE (Costa Rican
electric utility) sponsors network of projects
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Colder Climate Option
Combine with other systems – wind, biomass
Back-up generator
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Photovoltaics are part of the mix of energy options for sustainable societies Other renewable
options include Conservation Passive solar Active solar Wind Hydroelectric Geothermal Fuel cell technologies Hybrid electric vehicles
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Knowledge Transfer
We can learn from Costa Rica and other Less Developed Countries as we shift away from our dependence on fossil fuels.
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Questions?