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The Axial Skeleton
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I highly recommend Professor Wissmans sites
For bones:http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbon
estutorial.html
Check out all his links:http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/
Also check out:
Site for xrays & other diagnostic procedures:http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diag
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/sitemap/category.cfm?category=diaghttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/anatomy1/http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html -
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http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html
This is an example of
Prof Wissmans bone
site; this doesnt showthe roll-over answers
http://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.htmlhttp://homepage.smc.edu/wissmann_paul/bones/EBbonestutorial.html -
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THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The Axial Skeleton
The skeleton consists of
Bones (206)Cartilages
Jointsalso called articulations, are the
junctions between skeletal elements
Ligamentsconnect bones
Divided into axial and appendicular
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Axial skeleton - forms long axis of body
SkullVertebral column
Thoracic cage
Appendicular skeletonappendages andwhat they attach to
Upper limbs (arms)
Pectoral girdle (shoulder)
Lower limbs (legs)
Pelvic girdle
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Axial skeletonSkull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Axial skeleton is shown in green
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The Skull
Cranial bones (or cranium) Enclose the cranial cavity, which supports and protects
the brain
Attachment sites for some head and neck muscles
Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)
Form framework of face
Form cavities for sense organs of sight, taste and smell
Provides openings for passage of air and foodHold the teeth
Anchor the muscles of the face
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Cranium
Vaultcalvaria = skullcap
Forms superior, lateral and
posterior aspects of skull,
and forehead
Base or floor: inferior part
Prominent bony ridges divide
cranial base into 3 fossae
(steps)anterior, middle and
posterior
Anterior cranial
fossa
Middle cranial
fossa
Posterior cranial
fossa
(looking down on the floor of the skull)
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Cranial bones
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (paired)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (paired)
Sphenoid bone Ethmoid bone
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Cranial bones
parietal parietal
frontal
temporal
parietal
occipital
_______sphenoid_____ethmoid
occipital
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Temporal bones
this is the right temporal bone
looking at it from the right side
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Sphenoid
EthmoidSmall cranial bones
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Sutures
Immovable, interlocking joints of flat bones ofskull
Irregular, saw-toothed appearance Largest 4 skull sutures: where bones articulate
with parietal bones Coronal
Sagittal Squamous
Lambdoid (FIND THEM)
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Find: coronal, squamous and lamboid sutures
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Find: sagittal and lambdoid sutures
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Cranial cavity houses brain Smaller cavities
Housing middle and inner ear
Nasal cavity
Orbits
Sinuses
Openings (foramina, canals, fissures) for:
Spinal cordBlood vessels
Twelve cranial nerves: I-XII
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Remember, the skull is composed of:
1. Cranial bones (or cranium)
[these were just reviewed]
and
2. Facial bones (anterior aspect of skull)
Form framework of face
Form cavities for sense organs of sight, tasteand smell
Provides openings for passage of air and food
Hold the teeth
Anchor the muscles of the face
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Facial bones
Mandible
Vomer
Maxillae (paired) Zygomatics (paired)
Nasal (paired)
Lacrimal (paired)
Palatines (paired)
Inferior nasal conchae (paired)
i l b
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Mandible
Vomer
Maxillae (paired)
Zygomatics (paired)
Nasal (paired)
Lacrimal (paired)
Palatines (paired)Inferior nasal conchae
(paired)
Facial bones:
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Mandible (lower jaw)
Maxilla (there are 2 which
fuse, forming the upper jaw)
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Nasal cavity
Of bone and cartilage
Roof is ethmoidscribriform plate
Floor formed by palatineprocesses of the 2maxillae and horizontalplates of palatine bones
These nasal-floorstructures form roof of themouth, called the hardpalate
nasal bone
ethmoid
vomer
inf nasal concha
(part of slide 18)
maxilla___________
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Nasal cavity
To left, bones forming the left
lateral wall of the nasal cavity
(nasal septum removed)
To right, nasal cavity with nasal septum
in place, showing how the ethmoid
bone, septal cartilage, and vomer make
up the septum
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OrbitCone-shaped bony cavities holding the eyes,
muscles that move the eyes, some fat and tear-
producing glands; you dont need to know all thesebones that form it, just realize how complex it is and
recognize the optic canal (optic nerve passes out
through it)
(right orbit shown)
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Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled sacs in the bones
Paranasal because they cluster around
and connect to the nasal cavity
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Hyoid bone
Only bone which does not
articulate with any other
bone
Moveable base for the
tongue
Points of attachment for
neck muscles that raiseand lower the larynx
during swallowing
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Remember that the
Axial skeleton includes:Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Axial skeleton is shown in green
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The Vertebral Column
Fetus and infant: 33 separate
bones, or vertebrae
Adult: 24 vertebrae
Inferior 9 have fused forming The sacrum (5) and
The coccyx (4)
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Vertebrae
Cervical7
Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5
Sacrum (5 fused)
Coccyx (4 fused)
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Spinal curvatures
Cervical and lumbar are
concave posteriorly* (lordosis)
Thoracic and sacral are
convex posteriorly* (kyphosis)
Abnormal (see lab book p120):
Too much of either
Scoliosis (more than 10 degreesof lateral curvature)
*when viewed from the side
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Abnormal curvatures
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Non-bony parts
Intervertebraldiscs anulus fibrosis
and nucleuspulposus)
Anteriorlongitudinalligament
Posterior
longitudinalligament
Ligamentumflavum
Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide strong and attaches to vertebrae as
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Anterior longitudinal ligament: wide, strong and attaches to vertebrae as
well as discs (prevents hyperextension)
Posterior longitudinal ligament: narrow and relatively weak, attaching only
to discs
Note intervertebral foramen vs vertebral foramen on next slides
*
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Structure of a typical vertebra
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Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)C1 (atlas)
C2 (axis)
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Smallest
Lightest
Most flexible
Triangular vertebralforamen
Transverseprocesses haveforamina
(transverseforamen)
Spinous processbifid (forked) exceptfor C7
Cervical Vertebrae
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Heart shapedbody
Additional small
costal facets
(costal=ribs)
Round or oval
vertebral
foramen Form posterior
part of rib cage
Thoracic Vertebrae T1-T12
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Massiveblocklike
bodies Short, thick
hatchet-shapedspinous
processes Limited mobility
Lumbar Vertebrae L1-L5
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The SacrumShapes posterior wall of pelvis
Composite bone of 5 fused vertebrae
Sacral foramina allow passage of vessels & nerves
Coccyx(the tailbone)
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Remember that the
Axial skeleton includes:Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Axial skeleton is shown in green
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The Thoracic Cage
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Sternum Ribs
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
True ribs 1-7
False ribs 8-12
Floating ribs 11,12
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Vertebral and Sternal Articulations
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Typical rib
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Disorders of the axial skeleton
Scoliosis (over 10% curvature)
Kyphosis
Lordosis
Vertebral compression fractures
Spinal stenosis
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Fontanels
Unossified remnants of
membranes
Present at birth
Anterior fontanel largest
Called soft spots
Ossify by 1 - 2 years
Continue to ossify into
adulthood; the sutures can
become fused in old age
Some abnormalities (early fusion) of
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Some abnormalities (early fusion) of
sutures: craniosynostosis
Metopic Synostosis and trigonocephaly
A:Preop
B:2 years after
frontal orbital
advancement
Sagittal synostosis and scaphocephalyThe most common suture to fuse is the middle or sagittal suture. Often the
back or front of the skull will be worse but the overall shape is a long skull
with a shortened distance from ear to ear.