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Energy Review
AP BioChapters 8, 9, and 10
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Match
• A. Uses oxygen 1. Glycolysis• B. Make oxygen 2. Kreb’s Cycle• C. Uses CO2 3. ETS / ETC• 4. Makes CO2 4. Light Rxn• 5. Uses glucose 5. Calvin Cycle• 6. Makes glucose
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What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example. (and lies)
• Builds molecules using energy• Synthesis of proteins from amino acids• Photosynthesis
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What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example.
• Breaking down molecules, releasing energy• Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose
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What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.
• A reaction that requires an input of energy• Making ATP from ADP + P• Photosynthesis
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What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.
• A reaction that releases energy• Cellular Respiration• Breaking down ATP into ADP + P
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What is energy coupling?
• Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions
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What is ATP?
• Energy• Adenosine Tri Phosphate• Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond
between the last P
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What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates?
• Adding a P to a molecule• Kinase
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What is an enzyme? What does it do?
• A protein• A catalyst• Decrease activation energy• Makes a reaction go faster
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What is a substrate?
• Something an enzyme works on
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What is an active site?
• Where an enzyme and substrate bind• Where the reaction occurs
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What is denaturation?
• Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function
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What are activators? Define, list, and describe
• Non-proteins enzyme helpers• Coenzymes are organic: vitamins• Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc,
iron, copper
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What is inhibition? Define, list, describe
• Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity• Competitive: binds to the active site• Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and
changes the shape
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What is oxidation?
• Loss of an electron
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What is reduction?
• Gain of electrons
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What’s the equation for cell resp? Ender or exer? Anabolic or catabolic?
• 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy• Exergonic• Catabolic
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Where does the oxygen go after cell resp?
• Into water
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Why is oxygen needed in cell resp?
• To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS
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What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp?
• Goes to CO2 and is breathed out
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Where does glycolysis occur?
• cytoplasm
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What happens in glycolysis?
• Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
• 2 NADH are made• 2 ATP are made
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Where does Kreb’s occur?
• Mitochondrial matrix
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What are NADs and FADs?
• Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC
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Where does the ETC occur?
• In the cristae
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What happens to the electrons in the ETC?
• Travel down proteins in the membrane• Finally accepted by oxygen
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What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC?
• Build up on one side of the membrane• Go down their concentration gradient through
ATP synthase• Provide energy to make ATP
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What are the end products of the ETC?
• 34 ATP• Water
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What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or
exergonic?• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2• Anabolic• Endergonic
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What are stomata?
• Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out
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Where do light dependent reactions occur?
• In thylakoid membranes
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What goes into light reactions? What comes out?
• In: water• Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH
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Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
• Stroma• Fluid in the chloroplast
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What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?
• In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH• Out: G3P, ADP, NADP
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What is rubisco, what does it do?
• The most abundant enzyme on earth• Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
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What are C3 plants? Name some.
• Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis• Rice, wheat, most plants
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What are C4 plants? Name some.
• Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place
• Corn, sugarcane
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What are CAM plants? List some.
• Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2
• Cactus, jade, pineapples
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If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it?
• Endergonic
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Do plants have mitochondria?
• Yes, and they make ATP
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What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp?
• By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP
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Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best?
• C3• C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways
of doing photosynthesis
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In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP?
• Glycolysis only
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If stomata close, what happens to the plant?
• They can’t get CO2
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Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts?
• No• But they can still do photosynthesis because
they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids
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What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis?
• Energy is released and can be used in reactions
• ADP is made
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During what process is oxygen released?
• Light reactions of photosynthesis
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During which reactions is carbon dioxide released?
• Kreb’s
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Where is carbon dioxide used?
• Calvin (dark) Rxn
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When does chemiosmosis occur?
• In the ETC of cell resp...and...• In the ETC of photosynthesis
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When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid?
• glycolysis
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What are the end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
• Oxygen• ATP• NADPH
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Which enzyme fixes carbon?
• Rubisco• RuBP carboxylase
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Where does all energy come from?
• The sun
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How is water used in photosynthesis?
• It’s split so the electrons can travel through the photosystems and connect with NADP+
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If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas in 20 minutes, what is the respiration
rate?• 1 mL / 20 minutes• 0.05 mL/min
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What effect does temperature have on pea respiration?
• Peas respire faster at room temperature than at cold temperatures
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What are 3 environmental factors that affect enzyme activity?
• Temperature• pH• Salinity
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What is activation energy?
• The energy that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
![Page 61: Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e585503460f94b51f97/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
What happens in the transition step between glycolysis and Kreb’s?
• Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA• Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s• 2 NADH are made
![Page 62: Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e585503460f94b51f97/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Where do the electrons go during cell respiration?
• Food • NADH • ETC • Oxygen
![Page 63: Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e585503460f94b51f97/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Where do the electrons go in photosynthesis?
• Water • NADPH • Calvin Cycle
![Page 64: Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e585503460f94b51f97/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth?
• Rubisco
![Page 65: Energy Review AP Bio Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Match A. Uses oxygen1. Glycolysis B. Make oxygen2. Kreb’s Cycle C. Uses CO23. ETS / ETC 4. Makes CO24. Light](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649e585503460f94b51f97/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Your FRQ
• Review Labs!!
• Know how to make a graph!!