Download - Chapter 14 organic compounds
This lecture will help you understand:
• Organic Chemistry
• Hydrocarbons• Unsaturated Hydrocarbons• Functional Groups
• Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Amines and Alkaloids• Carbonyl Compounds
• Polymers
Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the study of carbon-containing chemical compounds.
• An organic compound is a carbon-containing chemical compound.
– More than 13 million organic compounds are known.
• Carbon atoms connect with one another through strong and stable covalent bonds.
Organic Chemistry
• Carbon atoms also readily form bonds with many other types of atoms. This provides for a nearly infinite number of different kinds of organic compounds.
• A hydrocarbon is a chemical compound that contains only hydrogen and carbon.
• Structural isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different configurations.
Hydrocarbons
• A configuration is the specific way in which the atoms of a molecule are connected to one another.
"configuration" = "connectivity“
• Conformation is the spatial orientation of a single configuration.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
• A schematic for the fractional distillation of petroleum into useful hydrocarbon components
A hydrocarbon, such as heptane, can be ignited from the heat generator as gasoline is compressed by a piston- before a spark plug fires. This upsets the timing of the
engine cycle, giving rise to a knock sound.
Branched hydrocarbons, such as isooctane, burn less readily and are ignited not by compression alone but
only when the spark plug fires.
Octane ratings are posted on gasoline pumps. The engines of modern cars are designed to run best on
87 octane grade fuel.
• An unsaturated hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon that contains one or more multiple bonds.– A special case of an unsaturated hydrocarbon is
the benzene ring.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
• A heteroatom is any atom other than hydrogen or carbon in an organic molecule.
• A functional group is a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and heteroatoms that behave as a single unit.– Organic molecules are classified by the functional
groups they contain.
Functional Groups
Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
• Ethers contain the ether group, an oxygen atom bonded to two carbon atoms.
Ether group
• A polymer is a very long organic molecule made by the joining together of smaller organic molecule units known as monomers.
MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer MonomerMonomer
Polymers
H
C CH
HC C
H
H H
H H
H
C CH
H H
H
C CH
H HCH
H
H
CH
Polymers
• An addition polymer is a polymer whose mass is equal to the sum of the masses of the monomer units.
HC C
H
H
C C
H
H H
H H
HC C
H
H H
HC C
H
H H
CH
H
HC
H
Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene Ethylene EthyleneEthylene
Polyethylene
CH
H
CH
H
Polymers
Polypropylene
C
H
C C
H
H
C C
H H
H
H
C C
H
H CH3
C C
H H
H
C
H H
HCH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene Propylene
H
C
H
C
H
CH3
Polymers
• A condensation polymer is a polymer formed when the joining of monomer units is accompanied by the loss of a small molecule, such as water.
Polymers
• Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown to the right.
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) Citral
Polymers
• Many of the natural product molecules synthesized by plants are formed by the joining together of isoprene monomers via an addition polymerization. A good example is the flavoring molecule citral, which is made of two isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown to the right.
Citral
Polymers
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
• Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown below.
Beta-carotene
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Polymers
Isoprene
(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)
Beta-carotene
Polymers
• Beta-carotene is a natural addition polymer made of eight isoprene units. Find and circle these units in the structure shown below.