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Introduction For instance
In active voice subject acts upon
object, while in passive voice object isacted upon by subject. It can also be
said, in active voice subject does a
work on object, while in passive voice
object is worked on by subject. The
normal structure of an active voice
sentence issubject+verb+objectbut
in passive the normal structure of
sentence is reversed according to certain
rules and becomes.i.e.
object+verb+subject.
Subject + Verb + Object
Object + Verb + 3rd +by+ Subject
Adeel + plays + cricket
Cricket + played + by + Adeel
1. The places of subject and object are interchanged i.e. the object shifts to theplace of subject and subject shifts to the place of object in passive
voice.Example.
Active voice:I write a letter.
Passive voice:I letter is written by me.
Subject (I) of sentence shifted to the place of object (letter) and object (letter)
shifted to the place of subject (I) in passive voice.
2. Sometimes subject of sentence is not used in passive voice. Subject ofsentence can be omitted in passive voice, if without subject it can give enough
meaning in passive voice.Examples.
Passive voice:cloth is sold in yards
3. 3rd form of verb (past participle)is always used as main verb in sentencesof passive voice for all tenses. Base form of verb or present participle will be
never used in passive voice.
The word by is used before subject in sentences in passive voice.Example.
Active voice:He sings a song.
Passive voice:A song is sung byhim.
4. The word by is not always used before subject in passive voice. Sometimeswords with, to, etc may also be used before subject in passive voice.
Examples.
Active voice:The water fills the tub.
Passive voice:The tub is filled withwater.
A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object (in sentence) to
give complete meaning while intransitive verb does need an object (in sentence) to give complete
meaning.
For example,
Transitive verb.
He sent a letter.
(Send is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. letter to express full meaning.)
Intransitive Verb.
He laughs.
(Laugh is an intransitive verb and it does not need object for expressing full meaning.)
e.g. Sleep, go, reach, sit, die, are examples of intransitive verbs.
Intransitive verb cannot be changed into passive voiceT
he sentences having intransitive verbs (belonging to any tense) cannot be changed into passive
voice. The reason is that there is not any object in such sentences and without object of sentence
passive voice is not possible.
A sentence can be changed into passive voice if it has subject and object. Sometimes subject may
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not be written in passive voice but it does not mean that it has no subject. Such sentences have
subject but the subject is so common or familiar or known that if even it is not wr itten in passive
voice, it gives full meaning.
For example Cloth is sold in yards.
Active voice: He knows me.
Passive voice:I am known to him.
5. Auxiliary verbs are used passive voice according to the tense of sentence.
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Passive voice of imperative sentences(command and request)
A sentence which expresses command or request or advice is
called imperative sentence.
For example,
Open the door.
Turn off the television.
Learn your lesson.
For changing these sentences in to passive voice, auxiliary verb be is
used. The word Let is added before sentence in passive voice. Auxiliary
verb be is added after object in sentence in passive voice. Main verb
(base form) of imperative sentence is changed to 3rd form of verb (past
participle) in passive voice. For best understand read the following
examples.
Examples
Passive voice of Imperative Sentences
Active Voice Passive Voice
Open the door. Letthe door beopened.
Complete the work. Letthe worked becompleted.
Turn off the television. Letthe television betuned off.
Learn your lesson. Letyour lesson belearnt.
Kill the snake. Letthe snake bekilled.
Punish him. Lethim bepunished.
Speak the truth. Letthe truth bespoken.
Help the poor. Letthe poor behelped.
Interrogative Voices with whoThe passives start with whothe rules are bit different.
1. Convert Subject into Object2. Convert Object into Subject3. Use 3rdform4. Use bywith Objects
Rules for the Interrogative with whoWhenever the interrogative with whois converted into passive voice there is a
bit different rule to be applied, whereas all the other rules are the same.
By is used at the beginning with whom. Since who is the subject and itconverts into whom in passive voice.
Examples
Who is knocking at the door? (active voice)By whom the door is being knocked at? (passive voice)
Who is calling me? (active voice)By whom am I being called? (passive voice)
Who invited you? (active voice)By whom are you invited? (passive voice)
Who made this? (active voice)By whom is this made? (passive voice)
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Revise your book. Letyour book berevised.
Clean your room. Letyour room becleaned.
Person Cases
Singular Subjective
(used
before
verb)
Possesive
form
Objective form(used
after verb)
1st
I Mine Me
2nd You Yours You
3rd He,She,It His ,Hers,Its Him,Her,Its
Plural
1st
We Ours Us
2nd
You Yours You
3rd They Their Them
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Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
CAN, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, OUGHT TO
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: be
The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having present/future modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb
be is added after modal in sentence.
Active voice: CAN
She can play a violin.
She cannot play a violin.
Can she play a violin?
Passive voice: CAN BEA violin can be played by her.A violin cannot be played by her.Can a violin be played by her?
Active voice: MAY
I may buy the computer.
I may not buy the computer.
May I buy the computer?
Active voice: MAY BE
The computer may be bought by me.
The computer may not be bought by me.
May the computer be bought by me?
Active voice: MIGHT
Guests might play chess.
Guests might not play chess.
Active voice: MIGHT BE
Chess might be played by guests.
Chess might not be played guests.
Active voice: SHOULD
Students should study all lessons.
Students should not study all lessons.
Should students study all lessons?
Active voice: SHOULD BE
All lessons should be studied by students.
All lessons should not be studied by students.
Should all lessons be studied by students?
Active voice: MUST
You must learn the test-taking strategies.
You must not learn the test-taking
strategies.
Active voice: MUST BE
Test-taking strategies must be learnt by you.
Test-taking strategies must not be learned by you.
Passive voice for Present/Future Modals
MAY HAVE, MIGHT HAVE, SHOULD HAVE, MUST HAVE, OUGHT HAVE TO
Auxiliary verb in passive voice: been
The places of subject and object in sentence are inter-changed in passive voice.
3rd form of verb (past participle) will be used only (as main verb) in passive voice.To change sentences having past modal into passive voice, auxiliary verb been is
added after modal in sentence.
Active voice: MAY HAVE
You may have availed the opportunity.
You may not have availed the opportunity.
Active voice: MAY HAVE BEEN
The opportunity may have been availed byyou.The opportunity may not have been availed byyou.
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE
He might have eaten meal.
He might not have eaten meal.
Active voice: MIGHT HAVE BEEN
Meal might have been eaten by him.
Meal might not have been eaten by him.
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE
You should have studied the book.
You should not have studied the book.
Active voice: SHOULD HAVE BEEN
The book should have been studied by you.
The book should have not been studied by you.
Active voice: MUST HAVE
He must have started job.
He must not have started job.
Active voice: MUST HAVE BEEN
Job must have been started by you.
Job must not have been started by you.
Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE
You ought to have helped him.
Active voice: OUGHT TO HAVE BEEN
He ought to have been helped by you
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Active voice: OUGHT TO
They ought to take the examination.
Active voice: OUGHT TO BE
The examination ought to be taken by them.
PRESENT INDEFINITE TENSE PAST INDEFINITE TENSE FUTURE INDEFINITE TENSE
Helping verbs: is, am, and are.
Singular subjects: use of is
Plural subjects: use of are
Subject I: use of am
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey is not played by h im.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Is hockey played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verbs: was and were.
Singular objects: use of was
Plural objects: use of were
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey was not played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + Verb + by + Objective Form +?
Was hockey played by him?
Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Was hockey not played by him?
Helping verbs: will.
Be is used after helping verb and
before verb.
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + be + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will be played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + be + Verb + by + Objective
Form.Example: Hockey will not be played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + be + Verb + by + Objective Form
+?
Will hockey be played by him?
Interrogative and negative
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Helping verb+ Object +not + Verb + by + Objective Form.
Is hockey not played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesObject + Helping Verb + Verb + By + Objective Form.
Why is hockey not played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Why was hockey not played by him?
Helping verb+ Object +not + be + Verb + by + Objective
Form.
Will hockey not be played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + be + Verb + By +
Objective Form.Why will hockey not be played by him?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Helping verbs: is, am and are.Singular objects: use of is
Plural objects: use of are
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb.
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb +being+ Verb + by + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey is being played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not+ being + Verb + by +
Objective Form.
Example: Hockey is not being played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object +being+ Verb + by + Objective Form
+?
Is hockey being played by him?
Helping verbs: was and were.Being is used after helping verb and
before verb.
Singular subjects: use of was
Plural subjects: use of were
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + being + Verb + by + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey was being played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + by +
Objective Form.
Example: Hockey was not being played by him.
Helping verbs: will be and shall be.Being is used after helping verb and
before verb
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + being + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey will be being played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + being + Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will not be being played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + being +Verb + By + Objective Form
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Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not +being+ Verb + by + Objective
Form.
Is hockey not being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word+ Helping Verb+object +being+ Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Why is hockey not being played by him?
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object +being + Verb + by + Objective Form
+?
Was hockey being played by him?
Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + by + Objective
Form.Was hockey not being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + being + Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Why was hockey not being played by him?
+ ?
Will hockey be being played by him?
Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + being + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Will hockey not be being played by him?
Double Interrogative and negativesentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + being +Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Why will hockey not be being played by him?
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE PAST PERFECT TENSE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Helping verbs: has and have.
Use of been after helping verb and
before verb.
Singular objects: use of has
Plural objects: use of have
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + by + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey has been played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + by +
Objective Form.
Helping verbs: had.
Been is used after helping verb and
before verb.
Objects: only had is used with all
kinds of objects.
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey had been played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not + been + Verb + By +
Helping verbs: will have been/shall have been.
Been is always used after helping
verb and before verbObjects: use of will have been
Form of verb: 3rdform of verb
Simple passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + been + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Example: Hockey will have been played by him.
Negative passive voiceObject + Helping Verb + Not +have + been+ Verb + by +
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Example: Hockey has not been played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + been + Verb + by + Objective Form
+?
Has hockey been played by him?
Interrogative and negative
Helping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + by + ObjectiveForm.
Has hockey not been played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word+ Helping Verb + object + been + Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Why has hockey not been played by him?
Objective Form.
Example: Hockey had not been played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + been + Verb + By + Objective
Form + ?
Had hockey been played by him?
Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + been + Verb + By + Objective
Form.
Had hockey not been played by him ?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + been + Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Why has hockey not been played by him?
Objective Form.
Example: Hockey will not have been played by him.
Interrogative passive voiceHelping verb +Object + have + been + Verb + By +
Objective Form + ?
Will hockey have been played by him?
Interrogative and negativeHelping verb+ Object +not + have + been + Verb + By +
Objective Form.
Will hockey not have been played by him?
Double Interrogative and negative
sentencesWh word + Helping Verb + Object + have + been+ Verb +
By + Objective Form.
Why will hockey not have been played by him?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE
HAS NO PASSIVE VOICEPAST PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE
HAS NO PASSIVE VOICEFUTURE PERFECT CONTINUES TENSE
HAS NO PASSIVE VOICE
Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive)
Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes.(passive)
Sue changed the flat tire. (active)The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive)
We are going to watch a movie tonight. (active)A movie is going to be watched by us tonight.(passive)
I ran the obstacle course in record time. (active)The obstacle course was run by me in record time.
The teacher always answers the students questions.(active)The students questions are always answered by the
teacher. (passive)
The choir really enjoys that piece. (active)That piece is really enjoyed by the choir. (passive)
Who taught you to ski? (active)By whom were you taught to ski? (passive)
The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb. (active)The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire.(passive)
The two kings are signing the treaty. (active)
The wedding planner is making all the reservations.(active)All the reservations will be made by the wedding
planner. (passive)
Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bakesale. (active)
For the bake sale, two dozen cookies will be baked bySusan. (passive)
The science class viewed the comet. (active)The comet was viewed by the science class. (passive)
Who ate the last cookie? (active)The last cookie was eaten by whom? (passive)
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(passive)
The crew paved the entire stretch of highway.(active)The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.(passive)
Mom read the novel in one day. (active)
The novel was read by Mom in one day. (passive)
The critic wrote a scathing review. (active)A scathing review was written by the critic. (passive)
I will clean the house every Saturday. (active)The house will be cleaned by me every Saturday.(passive)
The staff is required to watch a safety video everyyear. (active)A safety video will be watched by the staff everyyear. (passive)
She faxed her application for a new job. (active)The application for a new job was faxed by her.(passive)
Tom painted the entire house. (active)The entire house was painted by Tom. (passive)
The treaty is being signed by the two kings. (passive)
The cleaning crew vacuums and dusts the officeevery night. (active)Every night the office is vacuumed and dusted by thecleaning crew. (passive)
Larry generously donated money to the homeless
shelter. (active)Money was generously donated to the homelessshelter by Larry. (passive)
No one responded to my sales ad. (active)My sales ad was not responded to by anyone.(passive)
The saltwater eventually corroded the metal beams.(active)The metal beams were eventually corroded by thesaltwater. (passive)
The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch. (active)The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch.(passive)
Alex posted the video on Facebook. (active)The video was posted on Facebook by Alex. (passive)
The director will give you instructions. (active)Instructions will be given to you by the director.(passive)
Thousands of tourists view the Grand Canyon every
year. (active)The Grand Canyon is viewed by thousands of touristsevery year. (passive)
The homeowners remodeled the house to help it sell.(active)The house was remodeled by the homeowners tohelp it sell. (passive)
The team will celebrate their victory tomorrow.(active)The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow.(passive)
Some people raise sugar cane in Hawaii. (active)Sugar cane is raised by some people in Hawaii.(passive)
interrogative sentence
Read the following sentences:
Active: Dothe children play football?
Passive: Isfootball played by the children? (NOT Do
football played by the children?)
Active: Did Alice invite you?
Passive: Wereyou invited by Alice? (NOT Did you
invited by Alice?)
Note:As you may have noticed, the auxiliaries do,
doesand didare not used in the passive.
Imperative Sentence
Sentences which express request, order, advice,
suggestion, prohibition etc., are calledimperative
sentences.
The imperative sentence in the passive voice has the
following structure:
Let + object + be + past participle
When the active voice begins with do not, the passive
voice has the following structure:
Let not + object + be + past participle
More examples are given below:
Active: Please lend me some money.
Passive: You are requested to lendme some money.
Active: Kindly do this work.
Passive: You are requested to dothis work.
Active: Get me a glass of water.
Passive: You are orderedto get me a glass of water.
Active: Let us go for a walk.
Passive: It is suggested thatwe should go out for a
walk.
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Active: Have you finished the work?
Passive: Hasthe work been finished by you?
Notes: The auxiliaries has, haveand hadare used in
the passive, but they change their form according to
the number and person of the passive subject.
Active: Cananyone cure it?
Passive:Canit be cured?Active: Willhe accept our invitation?
Passive: Will our invitation be accepted by him?
Note:
The auxiliaries can, may, willand shalldo not change
their beginning position when active voice is changed
into the passive voice.
Active: Whomdid you laugh at?
Passive: Who was laughed at by you?
Active: Whokilled the snake?
Passive: By whomwas the snake killed?
Note:
Whochanges to by whomin the passive; (by)
whomchanges to whoin the passive.
Active: Why didhe punish you?
Passive: Why wereyou punished by him?
Notes:
The question words when, where, why,
howand whatdo not change their beginning position
when the sentence is changed from the active to the
passive.
In some sentences it is possible to put notafter
the object or be.
Examples are given below:
Active: Bringit home.
Passive: Let it be broughthome.
Active: Doit at once.
Passive: Let it be done at once.Active: Do not beat the dog.
Passive: Let the dog not be beaten.
Active: Let me do it.
Passive: Let it be doneby me. OR Let me be allowed
to doit.
You can begin the sentence with youif you want to put
emphasis on the person addressed to.
Examples are given below:
Active: Please help me.
Passive: Let me be helped.
Passive: You are requestedto help me.
Active: Dont touch it.
Passive: Let it not be touched.
Active: You are warned not to touch it.
The passive form has to begin with you, when the object
of the verb in the active voice is not given.
Active: Work hard. (No object)
Passive: You are advisedto work hard.
Active: Get out. (No object)
Passive: You are ordered to get out.
Note that suggestis followed by a -that clauseand not
an infinitive.
Sentences with modals
Active: You ought to respect your parents.
Passive: Your parents ought to be respectedby you.
Active: You should learn your lessons.
Passive: Your lessons should be learnedby you.In sentences where God is invoked the passive voice will
be as follows:
Active: May God bless you!
Passive: May you be blessed bGod
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