Transcript
Page 1: A History of Arakan Past & Present on Into Bangla

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 1

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvmt

AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb

= Wv. †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ

Abyev`t

Gg. Lvqij nvmvb (gybœv)

we.G. (m¤§vb), Bs‡iwR

Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq, XvKv|

m¤úv`bv:

Av.R.g. Iev‡q yj­vn

‡Pqvig¨vb, ÷z‡W›U G¨dvqvm© wWwfkb

Avš—R©vwZK Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq PÆMÖvg

cÖKvkt

Iqvì© G‡m¤jx Ae gymwig Bq_ (Iqvgx)

B÷vb© ‡cÖvwfÝ, `v¤§vg

‡m․w` Avivweqv

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 2

AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm t AZxZ I eZ©gvb

Wv.‡gvnv¤§` BDbyQ

cÖ_g cÖKvk (evsjv ms¯‥iY):

‡m‡Þ¤i 2008

cÖKvkK

Iqvì G‡m¤jx Ae gymwjg Bq_ (Iqvgx)

B÷vb© †cÖvwfÝ,

‡cvó e· bs-31413, `v¤§vg

‡m․w`Avivweqv|

g~j¨:

180 UvKv gvÎ ($ 4 USD) ___________________________ Arakaner Eitihash : Autit O Bartaman (A History of Arakan : Past & Present) Writen by: Dr. Mohammed Yunus, Published by: World Assembly of Muslim Youth (WAMY) Eastern Province, Dammad, K.S.A.

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 3

ÒZviv (Awek¦vmxiv) Zv‡`i gy‡Li dzrKv‡i

Avj­vni †R¨vwZ‡K wbwf‡q w`‡Z Pvq|

wKš‧ Avj­vn Zuvi †R¨vwZ‡K cÖ¾¡wjZ

Ki‡ebB, hw`I Awek¦vmxiv Zv AcQ›`

K‡i|Ó

Avj-KziAvb 61:8

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 4

gyLeÜ

†ivwn½v mwjWvwiwU A‡M©bvB‡Rkb (RSO) mfvcwZ Wvt †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ

KZ©„K cÖYxZ ÒAvivKv‡bi BwZnvm t AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ MÖšLvwb AvivKvb

Ges Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª- evg©v (eZ©gv‡b gvqvbgvi) I e‡½i mv‡_ Af¨š—ixY

m¤úK© BwZnvm welqK Avgv‡`i eZ©gvb Ávb fvÊv‡ii mv‡_ GK cÖxwZKi

ms‡hvRb|

cÖavbZt G MÖšLvwb‡Z weMZ AvUkZ eQ‡i AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi Avwef©ve Ges

mKj cwiw¯wZ‡Z †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi gva¨‡g ‡m †`‡k Bmjv‡gi µgea©gvb

m¤cÖmviY wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

‡h †KDB wbwØ©avq GK_v ej‡Z cvi‡e †h, Wvt †gvnv¤§v` BDbyQ cÖ_g ev‡ii

gZ AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi AZxZ †_‡K eZ©gvb mg‡qi GKwU

wbiwewQbœ I Pjgvb BwZnvm mv_©Kfv‡e Dc¯vcb Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Qb| wZwb

ü`qMÖvnx me Z_¨ fvÊvi n‡Z Zuvi †jLwbi eûgvwÎK bZzb DcwRe¨¸‡jv Zy‡j

Avbvi Rb¨ Ávb iv‡R¨i GK AKyj cv_v‡i hvÎv ïi K‡i‡Qb| G Kv‡Ri

g‡a¨ Zvi wbqš¿Yvaxb mKj Z_¨-DcvË Ggb cyLvbycyL e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q hv

`w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvq Bmjvgx mf¨Zvi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ †ivwn½v gymwjg

m¤cÖ`v‡qi GK bZzb BwZnvm Aa¨q‡biB Bw½Z cÖ`vb K‡i| welqwU mwe‡kl

cÖksmvi `vex iv‡L| GUv ïay evg©v ev gvqvbgv‡ii RvZxq I ivR‣bwZK

BwZnv‡mi GKwU Ask we‡k‡li we‡ePbvq bq eis mvgwMÖKZvq|

ev —ec‡¶, Avgiv hLb `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi mvwe©K cwiw¯wZ wb‡q Mfxi fv‡e

ch©‡e¶b Kwi Ges †`L‡Z cvB ‡h, †mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v †mLvbKvi

†MvUv RbmsL¨vi (50%) cÂvk fvM AwZµg K‡i‡Q ZLb Avgiv Lye

mn‡RB †mLvbKvi wewfbœ GjvKvq emevmiZ gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi BwZnv‡mi

¸iZ¡ I Zvrch© Dcjwä Ki‡Z cvwi| KviY, hw`I AvivKv‡bi gymjgv‡biv

_vBj¨vÊ, wdwjcvBb&m, K‡¤^vwWqv I wf‡qZbv‡gi gymjgvb‡`i gZ wewfbœ

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 5

mg‡q wbQK Dc-‡Mvôx¸‡jvi mv¤cÖ vwqK kÎZvi †Ri a‡i wbh©vwZZ I

wb‡®úwlZ n‡q‡Q, GZ`m‡Ë¡I Avgiv Dcjwä Kwi †h, †mB mKj GjvKvq

gnvb Bmjvgx mf¨Zvq wPiš—b cÖfve ¯vqxfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q|

AvivKv‡bi gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi BwZnvm QvovI Wv. BDbym ‡`wL‡q‡Qb †h, G

AmvaviY mg„×kvjx I De©i f~wg hv †f․‡MvwjK fv‡e e½ msjMœ Ges GKB

agx©q †kªYxf~³ evg©vi g‡a¨ ¯§iYvZxZ Kvj †_‡K GKUv weev‡`i welq n‡q

`uvwo‡q‡Q, hv gyL©Zvi mv‡_ AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges Ab¨vq fv‡e †ivwn½v gymwjg

m¤úª`v‡qi Dci cvkweK wnsmªZvi mv‡_ AvµgY K‡iwQj| Gfv‡e AvivKvb

GjvKvi msL¨v Mwiô m¤cÖ`v‡qi wf‡UgvwU ZQbQ K‡i A‡bK‡KB Zv‡`i f~wg

†_‡K weZvwoZ K‡iwQj|

G Aa¨q‡b †jLK Ggb wKQz AgxgvswmZ wel‡qi AeZviYv K‡i‡Qb hv

M‡elK‡`i‡K 1404 mv‡j ivRv bi‡gLjvi AvivKvb †_‡K e‡½ cjvq‡bi

cÖK…Z KviY LyR‡Z AvMÖnx I AwfmwÜrmy K‡i|

GUv wK mv¤cÖ`vqxK Ø›Ø A_ev wbQK evg©v ivRvi ivR‣bwZK AvMªvm‡bi Kvi‡Y

n‡qwQj? M‡elK‡`i „wó AvKl©K Ab¨ GKwU AgxgvswmZ welq n‡Q - 1430

mvj †_‡K 1531 mvj ch©š— mg‡qi g‡a¨ AvivKvbxq 11Rb ivRv Zv‡`i

AvivKvbx bv‡gi mv‡_ gymwjg bvg ms‡hvR‡bi cÖK…Z inm¨| GUv wK

Bmjvg‡K ag© wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi Kvi‡Y bvwK wQj wbQK ivR‣bwZK †K․kj?

Z„Zxq Ab¨ GKwU welq n‡Q - AvivKvb Ges evg©v Z_v gvqvbgv‡ii

gymjgvb‡`i e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx, gymwjg ms¯‥…wZ I cÖkvmwbK cÖfve _vKv m‡Ë¡I

ivR‣bwZK fv‡e gymjgvb‡`i e¨_©Zvi wbM~p inm¨ D˜NvUb Kiv| Ávb ivR¨

ev KzU‡bwZK †¶‡Î e¨_©Zv bvwK m¤ú‡`i †jvf?

ïaygvÎ G ai‡bi GKwU cwic~Y© msex¶YB AvivKvb Ges gvqvbgv‡ii

gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq‡K wmjb, d«vÝ, c~e© evsjv Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki gymjgvb‡`i

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 6

b¨vq GKwU mymvgÄm¨c~Y© ivR‣bwZK gZv`k© Aej¤^‡bi gva¨‡g †`‡ki I

†`‡ki evB‡i kvwš—c~Y© I Avb›`gyLi GKwU Rxeb hvc‡bi cÖwZ ev¯—eagx©

`„wófw½ •Zix Ki‡Z me©vZ¥K mnvqZv K‡i| ci¶‡Y Avgiv G mKj wel‡q

Av‡iv Mfxi I we¯—vwiZ AbymÜvb I M‡elYvi Rb¨ cÖZ¨vwkZ fv‡e mvg‡b

AMÖmi n‡Z cvwi|

msKjb †Kw› ªK wKQz †QvU-LvU `ye©jZv m‡Ë¡I BwZnvm welqK G cy¯—KLvwb

e¨vcK RbwcÖqZvi `vex iv‡L| Avwg wbwðZ K‡i ej‡Z cvwi †h , ÒAvivKvbt

AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ kxl©K eB Lvwb we‡k¦i mKj we‡klÁ I mvaviY cvV‡Ki

gv‡S Gi †ZRw¯^Zv cÖgv‡Y mv_©K n‡e|

Wt gyCb DwÏb Avn&g` Lvb

Aa¨vcK,

Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‥…wZ

PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq

PÆMÖvg, evsjv‡`k|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 7

t Avgvi g‡Z t

G cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Avgiv AvivKv‡bi myweb¨ — I mgwšZ GKwU BwZnvm †c‡Z

hvwQ| Wvt gynv¤§` BDbyQ‡K AvivKv‡bi †M․iegq AZxZ msKjb Kivi Rb¨

GKwU `xN© I Mfxi AbymÜvb Pvjv‡Z n‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b yÕwU fvZ…cÖwZg

RvwZ‡Mvwô- †ivwn½v I ivLvBb, Lye kvwš— I †m․nv‡`©i gv‡S emevm KiwQj|

Avwg g‡b Kwi, G MÖšLvwb AvivKv‡bi RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZv

Av‡›`vj‡b gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡e, †Kbbv BwZnv‡mi wk¶v GKwU

RvwZ‡K ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Ges ¯^vaxbZvi dj AvniY Kivi Rb¨ e¨vcK

fv‡e Aby‡cÖiYv †RvMvq| Avwg g‡b Kwi ¯^vaxbZvKvgx †ivwn½v Rb‡Mvôx‡K G

HwZnvwmK MÖšLvwb Aek¨B co‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU K‡i Abywjwc Zv‡`i

msMÖ‡n ivL‡Z n‡e|

mywd G.Gg. Iqvwn`

mv‡eK we`y¨r Dc‡`óv Ges

†Pqvig¨vb,

we`y¨r jvB‡mÝ †evW©

evsjv‡`k miKvi|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 8

gZvgZ

AvivKvb (†ivwn½v) gymjgvb‡`i mKj Z_¨-DcvË mgš‡q ÒAvivKv‡bi

BwZnvmt AZxZ Ges eZ©gvbÓ wk‡ivbv‡g GKLvbv HwZnvwmK MÖš cÖKvwkZ

n‡Z hv‡Q †R‡b Avwg LyeB Avbw›`Z| †ivwn½v mwjWvwiwU A‡M©bvB‡Rkb

(AviGmI) Gi mfvcwZ I AvivKvb gymjgvb‡`i Awemsevw`Z †bZv Wvt

†gvnv¤§` BDbyQ Gi G gnwZ D‡`¨vM ev —weK c‡¶B Zv‡`i ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨

Pjgvb RvZxq Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡¶ GKwU mg‡qvc‡hvMx Ae`vb|

Avwg G cy —KLvwbi mdj cÖKvk I e¨vcK cÖmvi Kvgbv KiwQ Ges GKB

mv‡_ cy —KLvwbi †jL‡Ki `xN© I myLx Rxeb Kvgbv KiwQ|

Wt Avjx Avng` (Gg.G,

wc.GBP.wW)

Aa¨vcK,

Bmjv‡gi BwZnvm I ms¯‥„wZ wefvM

PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq,

PÆMÖvg, evsjv‡`k|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 9

بسن اهلل الرحون الرحين

الحود هلل رب العالوين والصالة والسالم على رسوله سيدنا ونبينا هحود وآله وصحبه

! أجوعين، وبعد

t cÖvK K_b t

`yÕk eQ‡ii †ekx mgq a‡i Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi ci AvivKvb GLb cÖvq

we¯§„Z GKwU †`‡k cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| †h AvivKvb GK mgq XvKv, my›`ieb

†_‡K ïi K‡i gvIjwg‡qb ch©š— we —…Z nvRvi gvBj `xN© I 200 gvBj cÖk¯ —

mgy`ª DcZ‚jxq gymwjg mvjZvbvZ wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| cÖnmb n‡Q †h GLb

ch©š— †Kvb wbi‡c¶ HwZnvwmK KZ…©K AvivKv‡bi GKwU c~Yv©½ I mgwšZ

BwZnvm iwPZ nqwb|

hvB †nvK, AvivKv‡b msNwUZ wewfbœ NUbv m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK HwZnvwmKMY

KZ©„K wjwLZ Z_¨-Dcv˸‡jv Avgiv cvB BwZnv‡mi eB¸‡jvi wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q,

A_ev AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡mi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L wjwLZ wewfbœ ai‡bi gyL‡ivPK

Mí-Kvwnbxi g‡a¨|

cyi‡Yv AvivKvbx KvjcwÄ Ges egx© fvlvq iwPZ wewfbœ †jL‡Ki eB cy¯—K I

cÖeÜivwR wQ‡jv weZwK©Z Ges gv‡S g‡a¨ †m¸‡jv mZ¨ †_‡K wePy¨Z n‡q

A‡bK ~‡i Ae¯vb KiZ| GK †kªYxi ¯^v_©ci I ¶gZv‡jvfx †jv‡Ki Øviv

AvivKv‡ib BwZnvm - HwZ‡n¨ weK…wZ mva‡bi my`„p cÖgvY i‡q‡Q|

†h ev —eZv GK mg‡q AvivKv‡bi Rb-gvby‡li Rxeb‡K kvmb KiZ †m

e¨vcv‡i wek¦vmx GLb ch©š— Kg‡ekx| we‡klfv‡e mgmvgwqK fviZ, e½,

wÎcyiv, evg©v I `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv, mvaviYfv‡e Bmjvgx we‡k¦i BwZnvm Mfxi

fv‡e Aa¨qb bv K‡i †KDB AvivKv‡bi †jvKR‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‣bwZK

I agx©q Rxe‡bi e¨vcv‡i mwVK Dcmsnvi Uvb‡Z cv‡ib bv|

†Kbbv `xN© w`b hver †h welq¸‡jv AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e GKxf~Z

wQj wek¦v‡mi Mfx‡i †c u․Qvi Rb¨ KwZcq wel‡q Aa¨qb Kiv LyeB Riix|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 10

†m¸‡jv n‡jv wewfbœ ai‡bi KvjvbyµwgK NUbvcwÄ hv Kvj, gy`ªv Ges Ab¨vb¨

cÖZœZvwË¡K DcvË wel‡q wjwLZ, ¯§„wZ-‡m․a Ges MxR©v, fvlv-wjwc Ges ¯v‡bi

bvg, b`x Ges ce©Zgvjv BZ¨vw`, †h¸‡jv AvivKvb BwZnv‡mi D‡j­L‡hvM¨

cÖwZQwe enb K‡i|

G e¨vcv‡i we›`ygvÎ m‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB †h, hviv AvivKvb `Lj K‡iwQj

Ges ¯vqxfv‡e †mLv‡b Dcwb‡ek ¯vc‡bi BQv K‡iwQj, ZvivB gyjZt Zv‡`i

nxb ¯v_© PwiZv_© Kivi Rb¨ wbwØ©avq BwZnv‡mi weK…wZ NwU‡qwQj| Zviv

AvivKvbevmx‡K fyj c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i `yÕm¤cÖ`v‡qi

g‡a¨ wefw³ m„wói Rb¨ mKj cÖKvi A‡¯¿i mdj e¨envi K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i

AcK‡g©i †m mKj A ¿¸‡jv wQj mv¤cÖ vwqK, agx©q, ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK

Ges cÖcvMvÛvg~jK| AvR‡K Zviv AZ¨š— wbj©¾fv‡e `vex Ki‡Q †h,

gvqvbgv‡i (evg©v) G ai‡bi †Kvb †ivnvs I †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq †bB, eis GUv

KwZcq we‡ ªvnx m¤cÖ`v‡qi D™¢veb| †h‡nZz G M‡elYvg~jK Av‡jvPbv MÖ‡ši

cvZvmg~n D‡b¥vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q GUv Avkv Kiv hvq †h, mKj cÖKvi fyj

eySveywS, gwZweåg, fyj aviYv Ges wec_Mvgx e¨vL¨v G me wKQzB wbi‡c¶

cvV‡Ki gb †_‡K `~ixfyZ n‡e|

AvivKv‡bi Dcwb‡ewkKiv Ges Zv‡`i †Muvov mn‡hvMxiv wbixn †jvK‡`i

wec_Mvgx Kivi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i RvZxi e¨vcK ¶wZ mvab K‡i‡Q|

Kvjv`v‡b A‡bK cvwb cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv †_‡K wk¶v

wb‡q, k·`i KzU-‡K․kj Dcjwä K‡i Ges wb‡R‡`i fyj `„wófw½i mwVK

myivnvi gva¨‡g, cvi®úvwiK †h․_ cÖ‡Póvq wb‡R‡`i †M․iegq AZxZ cybivq

wdwi‡q Avb‡Z y fwMœ-cÖwZg m¤cÖ`vq m¶g n‡e| Ges GLbB Zvi Dchy³

mgq| Avwg Avkv Kwi, G gnr KvRwU Avgv‡`i fwMœ-cÖwZg m¤cÖ`vq `yÕwUi

Rb¨ P¶z D‡b¥vP‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| kÎMY KZ©„K Avgv‡`i AZx‡Zi

mZ¨ BwZnvm cy‡ivcywi gy‡Q †djvi e¨_©Zv Ges cÖvPxb b„‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e

Avgv‡`i cwiPq‡eva AvivKv‡bi Dci msw¶ß BwZnvm iPbvi †cÖiYv‡K Av‡iv

†Rvi`vi K‡i‡Q| GLv‡b D‡j­L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †h Avwg †ckv MZ †Kvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 11

HwZnvwmK bB, †KejgvÎ Pjgvb cwiw¯wZi Kvi‡YB eva¨ n‡q Avgv‡K G

Kv‡R nvZ w`‡Z n‡q‡Q|

bvbv mxgve×Zv Ges ZË¡-Dcv‡Ëi AcÖZzjZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I G KvRwU Avwg

m¤úv`b Kivi D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ G Avkvq †h, AvivKv‡b GwU m‡Z¨i AMÖ`~Z

wn‡m‡e f~wgKv ivL‡e|

GKwU RvwZi BwZnvm wb‡q we‡k­lY I M‡elYv Kiv GKRb gvÎ e¨w³i KvR

bq, eis GwU RvwZi mKj †jv‡Ki mgwšZ I Pjgvb `vwqZ¡ I KiYxq| G

gnr KvRwU hw` AvivKvb BwZnv‡mi fwel¨r M‡elK‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Z_¨m~Î

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Zvn‡jB Avwg wb‡R‡K GKRb †m․fvM¨evb †jLK wn‡m‡e

we‡ePbv Kie| hviv Avgvi G KvRwU‡K mdjfv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨ mvnvh¨

mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb, Avwg Zv‡`i mevB‡K ab¨ev` I K…ZÁZv RvbvB| Avwg

Avgvi mnKgx© Wt †gvnv¤§` Avjx bvg wjwce× Ki‡Z PvB| whwb me© cÖ_g

Avgv‡K wewfbœ Z_¨ DcvË w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Avgvi K…ZÁ

wP‡Ëi ab¨ev` w`‡Z PvB fvB Aa¨vcK †gvnv¤§` hvKvwiqv I fvB mvC`yi

ingvb‡K hviv cÖwZ gyn~‡Z© Avgv‡K Aby‡cÖiYv Ges Dc‡`k w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv

K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Avgvi Avš—wiK ab¨ev` RvbvB fvB ikx` Avn&‡g`‡K whwb

Zvi kZ e¨ —Zvi gv‡SI Avgvi MÖšLvbv K‡¤úvR K‡i‡Qb|

Avwg ab¨ev` Rvbv‡Z PvB Zv‡`i‡K hviv Avgvi G MÖšLvbv c‡o‡Qb Ges

g~j¨evb civgk© w`‡q‡Qb| Avj­vn Zv‡`i Dci Zvi AevwiZ kvwš— bvwhj

Kib|

m‡e©vcwi mKj cÖksmv I K…ZÁZv †mB gnvb Avj­vn myenvbvû Iqv Zvqvjvi

Rb¨ huvi Adziš— `qv I KiYv Qvov G KvR Kivi mvnmB †cZvg bv| Avwg

Avi wKQzB cÖZ¨vkv Kwi bv eis G Kv‡Ri †cQ‡b †hb Avj­vn me©kw³gv‡bi

mve©¶wYK Acvi AbyMÖn _v‡K| wZwbB DËg fwel¨r `ªóv|

Wvt †gvnv¤§` BDbyQ|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 12

m~PxcÎ

W. Gg. Avng` Lv‡bi gš—e¨

m~dx G. Gg. Iqvwn‡`i AwfgZ

W. Avjx Avng‡`i AwfgZ

cÖvK K_b

f~wgKv

cÖ_g Aa¨vq:

f~wg Ges RbMY

†f․‡MvwjK Ae¯v

AvivKv‡bi eyrcwË

†ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs (cÖvPxb AvivKvb)

AvivKv‡bi RbMY

†ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq

gM m¤úª`vq (ivLvBb)

wØZxq Aa¨vq:

cÖv_wgK BwZnvm

abvewZ ivR¨

†fmvjx ivR¨

AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi AvMgb

AvivKv‡b gvMv`vn †e․ׇ`i AbycÖ‡ek

†gv½jxq AvµgY

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 13

Z…Zxq Aa¨vq:

AvivKv‡b gymwjg weRq

AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK gªK-D ivRv MY

†ReyK kvn (1531-1553)

e‡½i myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡b wØZxq weRq

wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593)

†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)

ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)

†mwjg kvn wØZxq (1622-1638)

PZz_© Aa¨vq:

AvivKvb iv‡R¨i n«vm I cZb

bicwZ KZ…©K AvivKvb wmsnvmb Rei`Lj

_v‡Wvwg›Uªv Ges m›`v _y`v¤§v

AvivKv‡b kvn myRvi cjvqb

†gvNj‡`i PÆMÖvg weRq

†evacvqv KZ…©K AvivKvb `Lj

cÂg Aa¨vq

gªK-D mgqKvi mvgvwRK I agx©q Rxeb

lô Aa¨vq:

†eacvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 14

mßg Aa¨vq:

weªwUk‡`i `L‡j AvivKvb

cÖ_g G¨vs‡jv-evg©vb hy× (1823-1825)

AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1525-1947)

Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax evwg©R RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb

1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ

eyw_Ws Gi msNl©- µvwš—jMœ

AvivKv‡b cybivq weªwUk AbycÖ‡ek

evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖv°v‡j AvivKvb

Aóg Aa¨vq:

AvivKvbxiv †Kb Ò‡÷BUÓ gh©v`v AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv

beg Aa¨vq:

¯^vaxbZv cieZx© evg©vi Aax‡b AvivKvb

gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb

msm`xq MbZš¿Kvjxb mg‡q AvivKvbx‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kg© ©KvÊ

(1948-1962)

`kg Aa¨vq

†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb

AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve

we.Gm.wc.wc miKvi KZ…©K AvivKvb‡K Ò‡÷BUÓ Aby‡gv`b

wKs WªvMb Acv‡ikb (1978)

†b DB‡bi bZzb bvMwiKZ¡ AvBb

AvivKv‡b Gm.Gj.I.Avi.wm Gi wbh©vZb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 15

f~wgKv:-

evg©vi eZ©gvb kvmK †kªYx `vex K‡i †h Gi cÖK…Z Avw`evmx b„-†Mvôx

g‡½vjxq RvwZ †Mvôx n‡Z D™¢~Z n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb evg©vq cÖavbZ AvUwU

b„-m¤cÖ`vq i‡q‡Q| †hgb- eg©x, kvb, KvPxb, Kv‡ib, Kvqv, †gvb, wPb

Ges ivLvBb (AvivKvbx †eŠ×)| Giv Avevi wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ 135 wU b„

†Mvôx‡Z wef³| evg©vq G¨vwi‡qbxq †Kvb b„-‡Mvôx wQj, GgbwK †ivwn½v

m¤cÖ`vq (AvivKvbx gymwjg) †K ch©š— Giv cwi®‥vi fv‡e A¯xKvi

K‡i| eZ©gvb mg‡q evg©vq hv‡`i g‡a¨B fviZxq ‣ewkó¨ Av‡Q

Zv‡`i‡K we‡`kx A_ev we‡`kx es‡kv™¢yZ ev ÔKvjvÕ wn‡m‡e AvL¨v †`qv

nq| Zviv KZw`b a‡i †mLv‡b emevm Ki‡Q Zv †`Lv n‡Q bv| e„wUk

Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqvi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq evg©vqI

nvRvi nvRvi †jvK cÖevmx n‡q Xy‡KwQj| cÖK…Z BwZnvm bv Rvbvi

Kvi‡Y AwaKvsk ch©‡e¶K fviZ n‡Z AvMZ cÖevmx, fviZxq •ewk‡ó¨i

AwaKvix RbgÊjxi mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb Rb‡Mvôx †ivwn½v

mgcÖ`vq‡K ¸wj‡q †d‡j| †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei‡× evg©vi miKvi I

gM m¤cÖ`v‡qi GKwU †Rviv‡jv AccÖPvi cÖK…Z mZ¨‡K LvwbKUv ¤­vb

K‡i w`‡q‡Q|

wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡Q, AvivKv‡b cÖK…Z we‡`kx Kviv? Zvn‡j wK AvivKvb

g‡½vjxq Rb‡Mvôxi cÖK…Z Avevm f~wg? G mKj cÖ‡kœi h_v_© Reve

cÖ`v‡bi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q G MÖ‡š|

HwZnvwmK ‡cÖ¶vc‡U, AvivKvb evg©vi GKwU cÖ‡`‡ki †P‡q c~e© fvi‡Zi

mxgvš—eZ©x GKwU cÖ‡`k wn‡m‡e AwaK ¯xK…Z| cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z `kg

kZvwã‡Z g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-egx©‡`i AvMgb ch©š— AvivKvb e„nËi

fvi‡Zi GKwU f~LÛ wQj| hvi Rbmgwó wQj e‡½i RbM‡Yi gZB|

evg©vbiv hv‡`i‡K †gv½jxq Rb‡Mvôx wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i, †m me

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 16

AvivKvbx †e․×iv (ivLvBb) g~jZ Avwiqvb gvNv`v †e․ׇ`i eskai

wQj| hviv Aóg kZ‡Ki w`‡K fvi‡Zi wenvi ivR¨ n‡Z cÖevmx n‡q

GLv‡b cvwo Rwg‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z Zviv nvbv`vi †gv½jxq‡`i

mg‡MvÎxq n‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvivKvb- gymjgvb I †e․× Dfq RvwZ

†Mvwô‡K wb‡q me©`v GKwU ¯vaxb I ¯^vZš¿ gh©v`v A¶zbœ ‡i‡L‡Q| hw`I

1430 mv‡j ev`kvn †mvjvqgvb kvn& KZ©„K gªyK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi c~‡e©

†mLv‡b wewfbœ mgq egx© I †gvb‡`i n¯ —‡¶c cwijw¶Z n‡Zv|

1430 mv‡j e‡½i kvmK myjZvb RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn KZ©„K

†mvjvqgvb kvn AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b cybtcÖwZwôZ nb| 1430 mvj

n‡Z 1638 mvj ch©š— KwZcq Rei `LjKvix kvmK e¨ZxZ mKj

kvmKB ag©vš—wiZ gymwjg kvmK †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni (biwgLjv) eskai

wQ‡jb| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i e‡½i

mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Ggb Mfxi I †m․nv`©¨c~Y© m¤úK© wQj †h, HwZnvwmKiv

AvivKvb‡K e‡½i Ki`ivR¨ g‡b KiZ| e‡½i myjZv‡bi mn‡hvwMZvq

AvivKvb weR‡qi mgq Gi mxgv‡iLv †h cwigvY wQj, cieZ©x‡Z Avi

KLbI †m mxgv‡iLv AwZµvš— nqwb| wKš‧ 1538 mv‡j e‡½ ¶gZvi

cvjve`‡ji P‡µ AvivKvbx kvmK RveyK kvn 1540 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii

gZ PÆMÖvgmn `w¶Y-c~e© e‡½i GKwU Askwe‡kl `Lj K‡ib| wKš‧

GwU cieZ©x‡Z Avev‡iv e‡½i myjZvb‡`i KiZjMZ nq| 1582 mvj

†_‡K 1666 mvj ch©š— cÖq GKkZ eQi PÆMÖvg AÂj AvivKvbx‡`i

mivmwi kvmbvaxb wQj|

1430 mvj †_‡K e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Mfxi m¤úK© wQj| cÖvq

GKkZ eQi a‡i AvivKvb I eZ©gv‡bi PÆMÖvg GKB kvmKvaxb _vKvi

ciI wKfv‡e GKRb Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i †h cÖvK-e„wUk mgq †_‡K

AvivKv‡b gymwjg RbemwZ wQjbv? wQjbv GB `yB GjvKvi Rb‡Mvwôi

g‡a¨ ag©xq Ges mvs¯‥…wZK †Kvb m¤úK©?| `xN© mgq †_‡K AvivKv‡b

Bmjv‡gi AvMgb Ges gymwjg m¤cÖ`v‡qi my`„p Ae v‡bi K_v †Kvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 17

wbi‡c¶ HwZnvwmK A¯xKvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z c‡¶,

AvivKv‡b †mvjvqgvb kvn KZ…©K gªK-D ivRZ¡ cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K

†mLv‡b gymjgvb‡`i msL¨v e„w× Ges Zv‡`i ¶gZv vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|

1582 mv‡j PÆMÖvg `L‡ji ci †gvMj‡`i cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨

AvivKvbx kvmK‡`i‡K cZ© yMxR‡`i mnvqZv wb‡Z n‡qwQj| cieZ©x

cwiw wZ‡Z 1638 mv‡ji ci AvivKv‡bi `ye©j kvmK †kªYx Zv‡`i Dci

GZUvB wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡owQj, hvi d‡j PÆMÖv‡gi mxgvš—eZ©x AÂj

¸‡jv wdwi½x (cZ ©yMxR) `my¨‡`i GKwU †Mvcb AvLovq cwiYZ n‡jv|

1650 mv‡ji GKRb ch©UK wj‡L‡Qb †h Rj`my¨ I jy‡Uiv‡`i

mnvqZvq cZ©yMxRiv PÆMÖv‡g Zv‡`i GK ai‡bi mve©‡f․gZ¡ Kv‡qg

K‡iwQj| †mLv‡b mgy`ª c‡_ I j c‡_ Zviv cÖwZwbqZB WvKvwZ I

jyUZivR KiZ| Zviv wbgœ e‡½i AÂj¸‡jv‡Z Ackvmb I g‡Mi gyj­yK

Kv‡qg K‡iwQj| gM‡`i mnvqZvq cZ©yMxR‡`i G b„ksmª AcK‡g©i

`ib Zv‡`i‡K N„wYZ ÔRj`my¨Õ e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|

AvivKv‡bi †e․× kvmK mvb`v _y`v¤§v KZ©„K fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ

kvn& myRv‡K Avkªq †`qv Ges ciewZ©‡Z Z uv‡K nZ¨v Kivi d‡j †gvNj

I AvivKvbx kvmK‡`i ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wZ³ n‡Z _v‡K| GiB d‡j

cieZx©‡Z vqx fv‡e PÆMÖvg AvivKvix‡`i nvZ Qvov n‡q hvq| kvn&

myRv I Zuvi Abymvix‡`i MYnZ¨vi ci AvivKv‡bi `yÕwU fMœx cÖwZg

m¤cÖ`v‡qi (‡ivwn½v I gM) g‡a¨ Zxeª Aš—Ø©›Ø m„wó nq, hv ewg©‡`i

AvivKvb `Lj Kivi mvnm †hvMvq| weªwUk‡`i wbKU †_‡K evg©vi

¯vaxbZv AR©‡bi welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡L hw`I evwg©Riv AvivKvb `Lj‡K

•ea cÖgv‡Yi ‡Póv K‡i, wKš‧ BwZnvm evi evi G K_vB ¯§iY Kwi‡q

†`q †h, Zviv me©`vB AvivKv‡b GK`j we‡`kx AvMÖvmx I `Lj`vi

evwnbx wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q‡Q|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 18

evwg©R‡`i g‡b G fxwZ GLbI bvov †`q †h, GKw`b AvivKv‡bi

BwZnvm cybivq wd‡i Avm‡Z cv‡i Ges AvivKv‡bi e¨vcv‡i Zv‡`i

mKj AcZrciZv wMZ n‡q hv‡e| G Rb¨ Zv‡`i „wó‡Z m¤¢eci

mKj wec` we ~wiZ Kivi e¨e v Zviv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Q| Zv‡`i `„wó‡Z

mg~n wec` n‡Q AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv| Zv‡`i g‡bi Mfx‡i jvjvwqZ

†mB fxwZ `ywifyZ Kivi Rb¨ mycwiKwíZ fv‡e †ivwn½v gymjgvb‡`i

wei‡× b„ZvwË¡K ïw× Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 19

cÖ_g Aa¨vq

f~wg I Rbmgwó

†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae ’vbt

AvivKvb eZ©gv‡b evg©vi GKwU cwðgv cÖ‡`k hv 1784 mvj ch©š— GKwU

¯^vaxb †`k wQj| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq, AvivKv‡bi †f․‡MvwjK Ae¯vi

¸iZ¡c~Y© cÖfve i‡q‡Q Zvi BwZnvm cwiµgvi Dci| Aóv`k kZ‡Ki cÖvq

†kl ch©š— mgq a‡i ZrKvjxb AvivKvb wb‡R‡K GKwU ¯^vaxb ivRZ¡ wn‡m‡e

eRvq ivL‡Z mg_© n‡qwQj ïay gvÎ Gi †f․‡MvwjK Ae v‡bi Kvi‡YB|

weªwUk kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi me©‡gvU AvqZb wQj cÖvq 20,000 eM© gvBj|

GwU e‡½vcmvM‡ii c~e©K‚j msjMœ cvnvox f~wgi mi Ask we‡kl| GwU DËi-

`w¶‡Y we¯—…Z Z‡e DËi w`‡K GKUz cÖmvwiZ Ges `w¶‡Y mi n‡q wb‡P

†b‡g‡Q| GwU DËi cwð‡g evsjv‡`k‡K, Dˇi fviZ‡K Ges DËi c~‡e© Pxb

cvnvo‡K Qzu‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡bi c~e© cv‡k¦© Aew¯Z myDQ ce©Zgvjv ÒAvivKvb

BDgvÓ GwU‡K evg©vi g~j fy-LÛ †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v GKwU cÖvK…wZK

gvbwP‡Îi iƒc w`‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ Gi 176 gvBj mgy`ªmxgv Ges ¯j

mxgv‡iLv i‡q‡Q hv HwZn¨MZ fv‡e `~i cÖv‡P¨i cÖ‡ekØvi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

cwð‡g 360 gvBj we¯—…Z DcK~jxq mxgv‡iLv AvivKv‡bi mgy`ª †hvMv‡hvM‡K

mnR K‡i‡Q| Avi G †f․‡MvwjK my‡hvM-myweavi Kvi‡YB AvivKvb I Gi

msjMœ DcK~jxq GjvKvq Ñ hv GLb PÆMÖvg e‡j cwiwPZ Ñ e‡½i g~j f~wgi

Zzjbvq cuvP kZ eQi c~‡e © Bmjv‡gi AvMgb N‡U‡Q|

me© mvKz‡j¨ AvivKv‡b †gvU mvZwU eo b`x i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv bvd, gvqy,

Kvjv`vb, †jg‡iv, Avb, Zvb¸c Ges m¨vÛyI‡q| bvd b`x AvivKvb I

evsjv‡`‡ki g‡a¨ mxgv‡iLv wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Kvjv`vb AvivKv‡bi `xN©Zg

b`x hv cvnvox AÂj n‡Z Drcbœ n‡q AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx I mgy`ª e›`i

AvwKqve n‡q e‡½vcmvM‡i cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Kvjv`v‡bi b¨vq Ab¨ mKj b`xI

wKQz •ewPÎ mn mgy‡ ªi w`‡K cÖevwnZ n‡q‡Q| Gi me b`xB cÖevngvb Ges

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 20

mviv eQi mnR †b․-PjvPj †hvM¨| Gi †Kvb b`xB evg©v †_‡K DrcwË nqwb|

GKvi‡YB BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, evg©vi Zzjbvq e‡½i mv‡_

AvivKv‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Mfxi wQj Kvib ¯j c‡_i PvB‡Z †b․ c‡_i †hvMv‡hvM

ZrKvwjb †hv‡M mnRZi wQj| d‡j †m mg‡qi e‡½i mywbw ©ó wKQz ag©-

†e․×, wn›`y A_ev Bmjvg- AvivKv‡bi agx©q Ae¯vi Dci GKB mg‡q Mfxi

cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj| AvivKvb cÖK…Z c‡¶ PÆMÖvgevmxi Rb¨ GKwU

AbyeZ©b| c~e© e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi Dˇii j fv‡Mi Mfxi eÜz‡Z¡i

Kvi‡Y Ges 1203 mv‡j e‡½ gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv nevi ci gymjgvb‡`i

mvs¯‥…wZK I ivR‣bwZK c Öfve AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m weivU Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv

†i‡LwQj| 1403 mv‡j AvivKv‡b gymwjg weR‡qi ci j c‡_ evg©vq cybivq

Bmjvg cÖmv‡ii KvR evavMª¯— n‡qwQj `Õy‡`‡ki ga¨¯‡j Aew¯Z KwVb

cvnvox cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y|

AvivKvb cvnvo-ce©Z, Mfxi AiY¨, b`x Ges bvjv †ewóZ GKwU †`k| Gi

¯j fv‡Mi AwaKvsk GjvKv eb-R½‡j †Niv| Gi Dˇii Ask we¯—…Z

cvjwjK mgZj f~wg Øviv MwVZ Ges `w¶‡Yi Ask mi Ges cvnvox| Gi

†ek K‡qKwU mgy`ªK~jeZx© Øxc i‡q‡Q hvi g‡a¨ ÔivgixÕ I †Q`yev me© e„nr|

KvqyKcvqy Dckn‡ii K‡qK gvBj Dˇi ivgix Øx‡ci DcK‚‡j Mfxi cÖvK…wZK

†cvZvkªq i‡q‡Q| G Mfxi mgy‡`ªi cÖvK…wZK †cvZvkªqwU gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi

mßg iYZixi gZ A‡bK eo eo RvnvR‡K Avkªq w`‡Z cv‡i| DËi

AvivKv‡bi gvqy, Kvjv`vb I †jgi DcZ¨Kvi cvjwjK gvwU GZB De©i †h

GK mgq G AÂj‡K ÔavbvfvwZÕ ev avb fvÊvi ejv nZ| AvivKv‡b avb

Drcv`‡b GZUvB cÖmviZv I mdjZv jvf K‡iwQj †h wØZxq wek¦hy× ïi

ch©š— Gi AwZwi³ Drcvw`Z avb e¨vcK cwigv‡Y PÆMÖvg, KjKvZv, gv`ªvR,

Kj‡¤v Ges †KvwP‡b ißvbx Kiv n‡Zv| 1950 mv‡j ïaygvÎ AvwKqve A‡j

50wU Pv‡ji Kj wQj hvi meKwU‡Z mviv eQi 24 N›Uv KvR Kiv n‡Zv| avb

QvovI AvivKvb Gi cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †e‡o IVv †m¸b Mv‡Qi Rb¨ weL¨vZ wQj|

ïii w`‡K Avie ewYK‡`i hviv AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i ¶y`ª evwYR¨ K‡jvbx cÖwZôv

K‡iwQj, Zviv g~jZt GLvbKvi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I f~wgi •ewPÎ Ges

GLvbKvi Awaevmx‡`i AgvwqK e¨env‡i gy» n‡qB Zviv Zv K‡iwQ‡jb| Zviv

Zv‡`i Pjgvb mgy ª hvÎv cybivq Pvjy Kivi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b ¶wYK Ae¯v‡bi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 21

mgq AvivKvbxq †j․n I KvVÑhv Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ e‡j cwiwPZ wQjÑ w`‡q Zv‡`i

RvnvR •Zwi KiZ I †givgZ KiZ| Ôwcbdv‡`․Õ QvovI AvivKv‡bi eb-

R½‡j cÖvK…wZK fv‡e †m¸b MvQ I Ab¨vb¨ fvj gv‡bi KvV Rb¥vq| ARmª

cwigv‡Y euvkI cvIqv hvq GLv‡b| ivevi Ges Pv Pv‡lI AvivKvb AMÖYx

f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gi my`xN© mgy`ªK~j gv‡Qi Rb¨ mg„×kvjx| mgy`ª DcK~j

I b`xbvjvq †Ni •Zwi K‡i gvbm¤§Z ißvbx †hvM¨ wPswo Drcv`b Kiv nq|

AvivKvb LwYR m¤ú‡`I mg„×kvjx| †mLv‡b mywbwðZ †c‡Uªv‡ji Ges LwYR

m¤ú‡`i fvÊvi i‡q‡Q| wKš‧ GLb ch©š— †m¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cwiZ¨³ Ae¯vq

i‡q‡Q| AvivKv‡b me©‡gvU 17wU cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| AvwKqve hv DËi

AvivKv‡b Kvjv`vb b`xi m¤§y‡L Aew¯Z AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx Ges Zv

AvivKv‡bi cÖavb mgy`ª e›`i wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—ixY ¯j

c_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯^‡ívbœZ| GLv‡b †Kvb †ijc_ †bB| evg©vi mv‡_ Gi

†hvMv‡hvM n‡q _v‡K cÖavbZt AvKvk c‡_ I mgy`ª c‡_| evg©vi mv‡_ ¯j

c‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ AvivKv‡b cvnvox A‡ji ga¨ w`‡q wZbwU iv¯—vI

i‡q‡Q| ÔAvbÕ Ges ÔUb¸cÕ iv¯—v `yÕ‡Uvi eZ©gvb Ae¯v c~‡e© Zyjbvq fv‡jv,

hLb G¸‡jv ïaygvÎ ï®‥ †g․my‡g e¨envi Kiv n‡Zv| Gi Rjevq~ gvSvwi

ai‡bi| GLv‡b wZbwU ¯^Zš¿ FZz i‡q‡Q - G¸‡jv n‡jv- kxZKvj, MÖx®§Kvj

Ges el©vKvj| GLv‡b eQ‡i cÖvq 200 Bw e„wócvZ n‡q _v‡K|

AvivKv‡bi ey¨rcwË I BwZnvmt

ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU mywbwðZfv‡e Aviex A_ev dvimx fvlv n‡Z wbM©Z|

Dfq fvlv‡ZB Gi A_© GKB ai‡bi| GwU AviKvb (أركن) kãwUi weK…Z

iƒc, Ges kãwUi eûePb iK&b (ركن) hvi A_©- LuywU ev ¯—¤¢| Bmjv‡gi

†g․wjK gZev` ev wek¦vm‡K ejv nq ÔBmjv‡gi cuvPwU LyuwUÕ| Gfv‡e

ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwU Bmjvg I kvwš—i f~wgi Zvrch© enb K‡i| GLb †h GjvKvwU

AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i‡Q, ïi‡ZB G cwifvlvwUi A_© wbiƒcY Kiv

L yeB `yiƒn e¨vcvi wQj| wKš‧ AwaKZi mZ¨ NUbv n‡jv, 1430 mv‡j

†`kwU‡Z gymjgvb‡`i weR‡qi ci ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 22

ZrKvjxb ¯^vaxb e½ myjZvb‡`i ivRKxq fvlv wQj dvimx Ges Zviv AvivKvb

Rq K‡i 1845 mvj ch©š— dvimx‡K `vßwiK fvlv wn‡m‡e Ae¨vnZ †i‡LwQj|

G mKj AvivKvb ivRviv hviv e‡½i myjZvb‡`i mv‡_ DËg m¤úK© eRvq

†i‡L Pj‡Zv ZvivB g~jZt Gi bvgKiY K‡iwQj AvivKvb| AvivKvb ivRviv

dvimx fvlvq we‡kl cvi`kx© wQj| ÒAvivKvb ivRv‡`i Bmjv‡gi †g․wjK

gZev` wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡MwQj| hLb GUv Zv‡`i wbKU Lye AvqË n‡q

G‡jv ZLb Zviv †`L‡jv †h GUv AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i fvlv wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ

jvf K‡i‡Q|Ó1

AvBb-B-AvKevi, evnvwi¯ —vb-B-Mv‡qex Ges Ôwmqvi-Dj-gyZvqvL&wLixbÕ

MÖš¸‡jvi †jLKMY kãwU‡K AviLvb&K ( ) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv mvgvb¨

cwieZ©bmn ÔAvjgMxi bvgvÕ Ges Ôdv‡Zwnqv-B-Bewiqv MÖ‡š G‡m‡Q|

ga¨hyMxq cZy©MxR Ges BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ ågYKvixMY G kãwU‡K D‡j­L

K‡i‡Qb, ÔAvivKvbÕ (Arracan ) ÔAvivKyÕ (ARRacoo), ÔIivKvbÕ

(Orrakan) Ges AvivKvb (Arrakan) e‡j| Ges fb wj݇Kv‡Ub GUv‡K

AvivKvb (Arakan) wn‡m‡e wj‡L‡Qb, hv AvaywbK bv‡gi AwaK wbKUeZx©|

KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msiw¶Z †ek K‡qKwU gy`ªvi g‡a¨ GKwU gy`ªv Ggb cvIqv

hvq ‡h †mwU AvivKvbxq kvmK myjZvb evnv`yi kvn KZ…©K 965 wnRix‡Z

(1557-58 mvj ) evbv‡bv n‡qwQj| G gy`ªvwUi GKcv‡k dvimx fvlvq

ÔKvwjgviÕ Qvc Ges Ab¨cv‡k ÔAvivKvbÕ kãwUi Qvc jvMv‡bv| Zuvi c~e©m~ix

myjZvb †gvnv¤§` kvn& KZ…©K 962 mv‡j evbv‡bv GKB ai‡bi Qvc hy³ Av‡iv

†ek wKQz gy`ªv cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv fvi‡Zi KjKvZv hv`yN‡i msi¶Y Kiv

n‡qwQj| GKB Qvcv¼ wewkó †gvnv¤§` kv‡ni Avg‡ji gy`ªv weªwUk hv`yN‡i

1 Arakan's place in civilization in the Bay in Journal of the Burma

Research Society (JBRS), Fiftieth Anniversary publications. No. 2. P.P.

491-2

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 23

msiw¶Z Ae¯vq cvIqv hvq| R‣bK HwZnvwmK gš—e¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÒGUv mZ¨

†h dvimx Drm eB¸‡jv‡Z ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwU ÔAviLvb&KÕ (Arkhank) A_ev

mvgvb¨ ZviZg¨mn wjwce× Av‡Q| GUv n‡Z cv‡i †h, BD‡ivcxq iƒc ( )

AvivKv‡bi Zzjbvq RbwcÖq Aviexq iƒc ( ) ev LuywU kãwU gy ªv

cÖ¯‧ZKvixi wbKU AwaK cwiwPZ wQj| Avi G Kvi‡YB gy`ªv cÖ¯‧ZKvix †m

†`‡k cÖPwjZ Ab¨ bvg e¨wZ‡i‡K gy ªvi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb Ô AvivKvbÕ|

Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ gy`ªvi QvcvsKb¸‡jv we‡k­lY Ki‡j eySv hvq †h Ô AvivKvbÕ

bvgwU 16Õk kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq ch©š— e¨eüZ n‡q Avm‡Q|

ÔAvivKvbÕ bvgwUi Dc‡i ewY©Z fvlv¸‡jv GKwU GKK-wewQbœ `„óvš— wn‡m‡e

Av‡m bvB| AvivKv‡bi wewfbœ weL¨vZ ¯vb, b`x I ce©Zgvjv Aviex A_ev

dvimx bvg AvK&Bqve (EK-ab ) hvi dvimx A_© - GK cvwbi †`k| †hgb

ejv nq cvbRve (Panj-ab) A_©- c cvwbi †`k| b`x¸‡jvi bvg †hgb

ÔKvjv`vbÕ (eyw×gvb), ÔbvdÕ (mœvq~), KzjvcvÄv ( c‡biRb wkw¶Z e¨w³) meB

Aviex A_ev dvimx kã fvÊvi †_‡K G‡m‡Q| G k㸇jv AvivKv‡b

Bmjv‡gi wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU cwiPq enb K‡i| Gfv‡e AvivKvb Ges

AvivKvbxqiv gymjgvb‡`i cÖZxKB enb K‡i|

hw`I mvaviY aviYv Abyhvqx AvivKv‡bi mKj RbMY gymjgvb Ges

†e․ׇ`i‡K GK‡Î AvivKvbxq ejv DwPZ, Z_vwc yf©vM¨ ekZ KwZcq

HwZnvwmK m¤ú~Y© fyj wb‡ ©kbvq ÔAvivKvbÕ cwifvlvwU‡K ïaygvÎ ÔgMÕ

(ivLvBb) k‡ãi cÖwZkã wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi †e․× m¤cÖ`vq

wb‡R‡`i‡K ÔivLvBbÕ e‡j m‡¤^vab K‡i| Zviv ÔAvivKvbxqÕ cwifvlvwU‡K

evgx©R fvlvq ÔivLvBbÕ A‡_© e¨envi K‡i| Gi Øviv Zviv GUv eyS‡Z Pvq †h

ÔAvivKvbÕ I ÔivLvBbÕ kã `yÕwU GKwU Ab¨wUi cÖwZkã| Z‡e Gi ga¨ †_‡K

gymjgvb‡`i‡K ev` †`qv nq †h‡nZz gymjgvbiv ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq bq| wKš‧

welqwU cwi®‥vi fv‡e dz‡U D‡V‡Q GKRb weªwUk Avwg© †Rbv‡i‡ji †jLbx‡Z|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 24

whwb wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb Awfhv‡b Ask wb‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb

wj‡L‡Qb- hLb Avgiv AvivKvb n‡Z Awfhvb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i wb‡qwQjvg wVK

Zvi cieZx© mg‡q AvivKvbxq I gN‡`i g‡a¨ f~wg Ges ¶gZvi Rb¨ e¨vcK

msNl© n‡qwQj| ‡gRi G¨vb‡_vbx Bifxb bv‡gi Av‡iK weªwUk Kg©KZv© whwb

AvivKvb •mb¨ `‡j KvR Ki‡Zb| wZwb wj‡L‡Qb Ò me© cÖ_g gNiv hy×Uv‡K

Zv‡`i wbqš¿Yvax‡b †i‡LwQj, KviY Zviv wQj †MvQv‡jv Ges A ¿-k‡¯¿

mw¾ZÓ| wKš‧ †h‡nZz Zviv Dˇi Xy‡K c‡owQj †m‡nZz Zviv †mLv‡b K‡Vvi

cÖwZ‡iv‡ai m¤§yLxb n‡qwQj| Zviv †mLv‡b ïay AvUKB nqwb eis cðv`cmiY

Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj|

‡ivqvs/ †ivnvs / †ivmnvs (cÖvPxb AvivKvb) t

‡ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmnvs cwifvlvwU cÖvPxb Kv‡ji wb`k©b enb K‡i| GwU

AvivKv‡bi cÖvPxb bvg| m¤¢eZ cwifvlvwU Aviex kã ivngvb ( ) n‡Z

wbM©Z hvi A_© †Lv`vi Avkxe©v`cyó f~wg| Avie I cvi‡m¨i cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi

ewYKMY G bvgwU Ò‡fmvjxÓi cªvPxb iv‡R¨i Dci Av‡ivc K‡ib| P›`ªvq

AvMg‡bi Kgc‡¶ GKkZ eQi c~‡e© Zviv †fmvjxq iv‡R¨ AvMgY K‡ib|

RvnvR `yN©Ubvq Avie ewYKMY †f‡m †f‡m cwðg AvivKvb DcK~‡ji GKwU

Øx‡c †c․‡Qb| ØxcwUi bvg Òing †evixÓ hvi Aviex A_© ÔAvj­vni Avkxe©v‡`i

f~wgÕ| G cwifvlvwU GLbI mvgvb¨ cwieZ©bmn evwg©R fvlvq ivgeªx wn‡m‡e

cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Avi Bs‡iRiv GwU‡K weK…Z K‡i bvg †i‡L‡Q ÔivgnxÕ| beg

I `kg kZvwãi Avie †f․‡MvwjKMY ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ ev ÔivngvÕ f~LÊ

Øviv ÔivngÕ ivR¨‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| cieZ©x‡Z GwU †ivnvs/†ivmvs/†ivqvs G iƒcvš—

wiZ nq| Be‡b Lyi`v`exn bvgK GK Avie †f․‡MvwjK e‡j‡Qb-miYØxc

(mvBjb) Gi c‡i ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ| †mLv‡b AvRe ÔBDwbKY©Õ cÖvYx

Ges †QvU †QvU Dj½ †jvK evm KiZ| HwZnvwmK gvmy`x miY Øxc I fviZ

mvMixq Øxc¸‡jvi c‡iB GwU‡K b`x Zxi †`k wn‡m‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb| G

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 25

mKj eY©bv e¨vcK Abyf~wZ wb‡q Av‡m †h ivngx ev ivngv e½‡cvmvMi Ges

gvjv°v cÖYvjxi gv‡S wbKUZg DcK~j f~wg‡Z Aew¯Z| Z‡e Gi mwVK

Ae vb L uy‡R †ei Kiv LyeB KwVb| GUv †L uvR Ki‡j cvIqv hv‡e †h ÔRvwRivÕ

kãwU ïaygvÎ ÔØx‡ciÕ A_©B cÖ`vb K‡ibv eis b`x Zxi f~wg‡KI eySvq|

†mvjvqgvb bv‡gi GKRb ewYK Ñ whwb beg kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡q GLv‡b

emevm K‡i‡Qb Ñ D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb †h ivn&gxÕi ivRv LyeB ¶gZvai wQj| hvi

50,000wU nvZx I 150,000 Rb •mb¨ wQj| GgbwK eZ©gvb hy‡MI

AvivKv‡bi R½‡j Ges PÆMÖv‡gi cvnvox A‡j e¨vcK cwigv‡Y ey‡bv nvZx

cvIqv hvq| m‡e©vcwi, GUv Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i †h Avie †f․‡Mvwj‡Ki

ÔRvwRivZ-Avj-ivngxÕ‡K AvivKvb †ejvf~wg Ô‡ivnvsÕ Gi Dci Av‡ivc Kiv

n‡qwQj| Bs‡iR ågYKvix i¨vd wdm ivngx ivR‡K ÔgMÕ‡`i GKwU †`k

wn‡m‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb| gMÕiv wQj AvivKv‡bi †e․× Rbmgwó|

m¨vi G.wc dvqix (A.P. Phayre) Avie †jLK‡`i ÔivngxÕ ivgy kã ؇qi g‡a¨

ey rcwËMZ m¤úK© Ly‡R‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z, ivgy `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi GKwU ¯vb

kw³ai iv‡R¨i Aewkóvsk| hv Avie †jLK‡`i Øviv ivngv, ivngx ev ingx

wn‡m‡e weåvš— n‡q‡Q| m¨vi G.wc. dvqixi G AwfgZ‡K mwVK wn‡m‡e MÖnY

Kiv hvq bv| KviY ÔivgyÕ KL‡bv GKwU ivRkvwmZ iv‡óªi †P‡q †ekx wKQz wQj

bv| wKš‧ cÖK…Z welq n‡Q BwZnv‡mi †Kvb mg‡qB Gi ¯^vZš¿ Ae vb m¤ú‡K©

wKQz Rvbv hvq bv | Ggb wK hw` GUv a‡i ‡bqv nq †h ivR¨wU beg I `kg

kZvãx‡Z Aw¯—Z¡ jvf K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j GUv †Rvi w`‡q ejv hv‡e

†h GwU Dcgnv‡`kxq kw³ nIqvi Rb¨ h‡_ó e„nr ivR¨ wQj bv| †QvU GKwU

ivR¨ nIqv‡Z GwU Kv`vwPrB DËi fvi‡Zi cÖavb kw³¸‡jvi mv‡_ Zvi

†mbvevwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q|

cviZ c‡¶, Avie †jLK‡`i ÔivngÕ iv‡R¨i eY©bv ÔivgyÕ iv‡R¨i eY©bvq Lye

KgB cÖvavb¨ ‡c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ †ivnvs ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© h‡_ó Av‡jvPbv n‡q‡Q|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 26

1310 mv‡j msKwjZ ivwk`ywχbi GKwU MÖ‡š AvivKv‡bi bvg Ô‡ivnvbÕ

wn‡m‡e D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q hv †ivnvs Gi mv‡_ Mfxifv‡e mv`„k¨c~Y©| wZwb

wj‡L‡Qb †h ÔivnvbÕ (AvivKvb) †`kwU Lvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi Aaxb — f~wg|

HwZnvwmK Ges NUbvcÄx †jLKiv h‡_ó cix¶v-bxwi¶v K‡i e‡j‡Qb- cÖvPxb

AvivKvb‡K †ivqvs/†ivnvs/†ivmvs ejv n‡Zv| evwg©R BwZnvm ÔÔ myBRvs KvBgvÕÕ

(Chuijang ky athe ) MÖ‡š D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h evg©v †m mgq wZb fv‡M

wef³ wQj, hvi GKwU Ask kvmb KiZ PvKgv ivRv| PvKgviv Zv‡`i

wb‡R‡`i ga¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K ivRv evwb‡qwQj| Zvi bvg wQj ÔkvLvwjqvÕ (

mK‡ji Øviv wbe©vwPZ)| Zvi †Kvb cyÎ mš—vb wQj bv eis ïay gvwbKex bv‡gi

GKRb Kb¨v mš—vb wQj| Zvi ¯^vgx ev½vjx‡`i c‡¶i wQ‡jb Ges 1118-

1119 mv‡j †ivqvb (AvivKvb) bvgK †`‡k gN‡`i mv‡_ hy× K‡i‡Qb|

gvwbKexi ci Zvi cyÎ gvwbKMÖx †mLvbKvi ivRv nb Ges Gici Zvi cyÎ

Ôgv`vwjqvÕ ivRv nb| Zvici gv`vwjqvi cyÎ ivgv †VvsRv ivRv nb| Avi ivgv

†VvsRvi cyÎ wQj Kvgvj †PMv| Zvi kvmbvg‡j Ô†ivqvbÕ Gi mv‡_ †m †`‡ki

cÖevmx PvKgv‡`i GKUv hy× n‡qwQj| wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb ÔivRgvjvÕ D‡j­L

K‡i‡Q †h wÎcyivi ivRv Ôavwbqv gvBbKvÕ PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡iwQ‡jb Ges Ô‡ivmvs

gvi`vb bvqvibÕ †K †mLvbKvi MfY©i wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| GK&

DcvL¨v‡bi Aci GK RvqMvq D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q †h ivRv Ô‡ivmvsÕ iv‡R¨i

i‡Ü« i‡Ü« †c․‡Q wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mUv‡K cwic~Y©fv‡e Rq K‡iwQ‡jb| Zvici

ivRv †ivmvs ivR¨‡K cy‡ivcywi Aaxb¯ Kivi cwiKíbv wb‡q Zvi ivRavbx‡Z

wd‡i Avm‡jb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ÔgMÕ (†e․×)†`i‡K-Sywgqv gvN Ges †ivqvb gM G `yB †kªYx‡Z

wef³ Kiv nq| GUv Bw½Z K‡i †h †ivqvb gvNiv c~e© cwiwPZ †ivnvs n‡Z

G‡m‡Q| Giv Df‡qB AvivKv‡bi Avjv`v b„-‡Mvôxi Aš—f©y³| mß`k kZvwãi

weL¨vZ ivRKwe kvn& AvjvIj fvM¨vnZ †gvNj ivRcyÎ kvn myRvi g„Zy¨i ci

Zvi Kwbô Kb¨v Av‡gbv‡K wb‡q GKwU †kvKMuv_v iPbv K‡ib| †mLv‡b wZwb

†ivnvb Ges †ivwn½v ivR¨ m¤ú‡K© we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvKcvZ K‡ib| Kwe Zvi

Aci `yÕwU weL¨vZ †jvKMuv_v-mvqdzj gyj&K ew`D¾vgvj I wmKv›`vi bvgv

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MÖ‡š †ivqvs I †ivwn½v‡`i m¤ú‡K© mgvb fv‡e eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Dc‡iv³ NUbv

I Z_¨cÖgvY n‡Z GKUv welq w`ev‡jv‡Ki b¨vq cwi®‥vi †h AvivKv‡bi Avw`

bvg wQj †ivnvs, †hUv me©cÖ_g Avieiv e¨envi K‡iwQj|

AvivKv‡bi RbMY:

AvivKv‡b `yÕwU e„nr b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ ‡ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq

msL¨v Mwiô RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges me©cwi Zviv Bmjvg a‡g© wek¦vmx| Avi

gvN ev ivLvBb m¤cÖ`vq msL¨vjNy RbMY wb‡q MwVZ Ges Zviv †e․×

ag©g‡Zi Abymvix| 1942 mv‡ji c~‡e© †ivwn½v Ges gvN Dfq m¤cÖ`vq KZ…©K

we —…Z cwim‡i AvivKvb `Lj n‡qwQj| 1942 mv‡j gymjgvb we‡ivax

`v½vKvjxb mg‡q `w¶Y AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb‡`i‡K DËiv‡j Zvwo‡q †`qv

n‡qwQj, †hLv‡b †e․× gNiv †`kwUi `w¶Y Aa©vsk `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj|

eZ©gv‡b Zviv ‡mLv‡b msL¨v MwiôZv AR©b K‡i‡Q|

AvivKv‡bi cve©Z¨ A‡j wKQz Avw`evmx evm K‡i hv‡`i AwaKvsk we‡Ølx

g‡bvfvevcbœ| Zv‡`i msL¨v GLbI Lye bMY¨| Zviv n‡jv- KvwgR, ‡gªvR,

PvDs_vQ, mvK&m, wPbÄ, PvDR, LvDs‡mvm, AvnbyQ Ges †Kvbm| cÖavb b„-

‡Mvôx n‡jv-‡gªvR, KvwgR, PvDs_vQ Ges wPbR|

†ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq t

†ivwn½v cwifvlvwU ÔivnvBÕ ev Ô‡ivmnv½xÕ kã n‡Z wbM©Z| †ivnvB Ges

†ivmv½x cwifvlv Øviv cÖvPxb AvivKv‡b emevmKvix gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôx‡K

eySvq| PÆMªv‡g emevmiZ gymjgvb Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ yÕwU ¯^Zš¿ Pwi‡Îi b„-

†Mvôx cvIqv hvq| G‡`i GKwU ÔPvUMvBqvÕ I Ab¨wU Ô‡ivnvBÕ e‡j cwiwPZ|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 28

GKB ag©g‡Zi Abymvix nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡`i mvs¯‥…wZK Af¨v‡mi g‡a¨

ZviZg¨ i‡q‡Q| e¯‧Zt, PÆMÖv‡gi Ô‡ivnvBevÕ †mB mKj gymjgvb hviv eg©xq

b„ksmZvi Kvi‡Y [AvivKvb (†ivnvb) †_‡K cvwj‡q G‡mwQj]| 1784 mv‡j

evg©v KZ©„K AvivKvb Rei `L‡ji †Ri a‡i|

PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvi †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÂvk fv‡Mi †ekx n‡Q Ô‡ivnvBÕ hviv

AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i c~e©cyil‡`i DrcwË ‡LuvR K‡i Avie, g~i, ZzKx©,cvimxqvb,

†gvNj, cvVvb Ges ev½vwj‡`i gv‡S GKRb weªwUk Avwg© Awdmvi whwb wØZxq

wek¦hy‡×i mg‡q AvivKvb evwnbxi mv‡_ hy× K‡iwQ‡jb, wZwb AviKvb

gymjgvb‡`i b„-ZvwË¡K PwiÎ m¤ú‡K© gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e †h ÔÔ fviZ I

evg©vi †h mKj gymjgvb‡`i‡K Avwg †`‡LwQ AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i

†_‡K m¤ú~Y© e¨wZµg| Zviv bvg, †cvkvK Ges Af¨v‡m Avie‡`i m`„k| bvix

Ges we‡kl K‡i hyeZx bvix‡`i e¨vc‡i GK ai‡bi ¯Zš¿ Aviexq ms¯úk©

i‡q‡QÕÕ|

‡ivwn½v fvlvi Dbœqb LyeB A™¢yZ cÖK„wZi| GwU wewfbœ Avlvi mswgkªY, †h

fvlv¸‡jv nvRvi eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡b we¯—vi jvf K‡iwQj|

GLv‡b D‡j­L Kiv h_v_© †h gviK-BD (Mrauk-U) ivRv‡`i cÖv_wgK mgq

†_‡K 1845 mvj ch©š— dviwm AvivKv‡bi Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi

n‡q AvmwQj| †m mg‡q gªvDK-D ivRv‡`i mv‡_ e‡½i m¤úK© GZUvB Avš—

wiK I Mfxi wQj †h AvivKvb ivR mfvq evsjv mvwnZ¨ e¨vcK mg„w× AR©b

K‡iwQj| kvn& AvjvIj, ‡`․jZ KvRx Ges gvMb wmÏxwKi g‡Zv A‡bK

gymjgvb mfvKwe AvivKvb ivRv‡`i †mev K‡i‡Qb| Zviv dvimx, Aviex

A_ev wgkª fvlv †ivwn½v‡Z mvwnZ¨ iPbv KiZ| †ivwn½v fvlv‡K Zviv

wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ mg„× `vb K‡iwQj Ges Ges G fvlvwU wQj g~jZt Aviex,

dvimx, evsjv I AvivKvb (ivLvBb) fvlvi mswgkªY| hw`I †ivwn½v fvlv

AvivKvb ivRv‡`i kvmbvg‡j cÖmvi jvf K‡iwQj, wKš‧ eZ©gv‡b G fvlvwUi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 29

‡jL¨iƒc cÖvq wejywßi c‡_| G fvlvwU gyjZt 1784 mv‡j evwg©R nvbv`vi

KZ…©K aŸsm cÖvß n‡qwQj Ges cieZ©x‡Z ZrKvjxb Dcwb‡ewkKMY †mUv‡K

h_vh_ msi¶Y K‡i bvB|

gM ev ivLvBb t

gM (Magh) kãwU m‡›`nvZxZfv‡e evsjv fvlv †_‡K Drcbœ| kãwUi mwVK

Zvrch© Ges P~ovš— Drcw˯j cwi¯‥vi | kãwUi me‡P‡q †ekx m‡š—vlRbK

Drcw˯j GKwU n‡Q hv GUv‡K fvi‡Zi cÖvPxb gvMvav-ivR cwiev‡ii

kvmbvg‡ji mv‡_ mshy³ K‡i‡Q| †e․× cÖwZcwËi n«vm ïi nq fvi‡Z ÔgvIixÕ

(Maurya) ivR‡Z¡i cZ‡bi ci †_‡K| wLªóvb kvm‡bi ïii w`‡K ivRv A‡kvK

†mLvbKvi ivRv wQ‡jb| µgvMZ AvU kZvwã mg‡q †e․×ev` Ges GK

i¶Ykxj eªvþY wn›`yev‡`i g‡a¨ GKUv msNl© n‡qwQj| gvMvav I cÖvPxb

wenv‡i †e․×iv i¶Ykxj wn›`y Ges cÖwZc¶ gvnvqvbv ‡e․ׇ`i Øviv GZ

gvivZœKfv‡e wbh©vwZZ n‡q‡Q †h Ô‡_iv‡f`vÕ †e․ׇ`i‡K eva¨ n‡q †mLvb

†_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zviv ‡mLvb †_‡K cvwj‡q wM‡q wn› y ivRv kvwmZ

wfkvjx‡Z (Vesali) Avkªq MÖnY K‡i| ZLb †_‡KB Zv‡`i‡K ÔgvNÕ e‡j

WvKv nq| wKš‧ gvNvav Awfevmx‡`i g‡a¨ G‡m Avwiqvbiv Zv‡`imn

ag©vej¤^x-g‡½vwjqvb I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq‡`i Af¨š—ixY weevn m¤úv`b n‡Zv|

Zviv ivR¨wU‡K 957 mvj †_‡K cÖvq cuvP kZvãxKvj a‡i KiZjMZ K‡i

†i‡LwQj| fviZxq I g‡½vjxqvb‡`i mgš‡q m„ó bZzb k¼i (Hybrid)

RvwZ‡K eZ©gv‡bi mvaviY g‡½vjxq I wZeŸZxq-eg©xq †kªYx †_‡K AwZ

mn‡RB Avjv`v Kiv hvq| Gfv‡e eZ©gvb hy‡Mi AvivKvbx †e․×iv Zv‡`i

DrcwË Ly u‡R cvq gvMvavq| wKš‧ Zv‡`i mv‡_ g‡½vwjqvb‡`i mv`„k¨ n‡q‡Q

Ges Zv‡`i fviZxq PwiÎI nvwi‡q‡Q| m¤¢eZ ÔgMÕ k‡ãi DrcwË n‡e,

gvMvax, gvNx-gvMx, gM A_ev gvN| bZzb Bs‡iwR Awfavb D‡j­L K‡i †h gM,

(Mog), g‡Mb (Mogen), gM (Mogue) k㸇jv AvivKv‡bi bvg Ges cÂg-

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 30

‡lvok kZvwãi AvivKvbxq RbMY‡K eySv‡Z e¨envi nq| Bs‡iR ch©UK i¨vd

wdP (Ralph Fitch) AvivKvb‡K Ôg‡MbÕ (Mogen) †`k wn‡m‡e mbv³

K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b AvivKvb I evsjv‡`k Dfq †`‡ki gvNiv G bvg eR©b

K‡i‡Q| Zviv `vex K‡i †h GUv Bs‡iR‡`i D™¢vweZ bZyb kã †hfv‡e Zviv

K‡i‡Q| weªwUkiv cÖv‡P¨ Av‡m Aóv`k kZvwã‡Z wKš‧ ÔgMÕ (Magh) cwifvlvwU

mßg Ges Aóg kZvwã‡ZI cÖPwjZ wQj| GLb welqwU cwi®‥vi †h gM

(Magh) kãwU Bs‡iR‡`i ‡¯^QvPvwiZv D™¢veb bq, †hgbUv eZ©gvb hy‡M

AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk †e․×iv g‡b K‡i| wKš‧ cÖkœ n‡Q, †Kb

Zviv G bvg eR©b K‡i‡Q? cÖK…Z NUbv n‡Q †lvok kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS †_‡K

1784 mvj ch©š— cÖvq `yÕ kZ eQ‡ii AwaK mgq a‡i AvivKv‡bi gNiv

(magh) cZy©Mx‡Ri jyÉbKvix/`my¨‡`i mv‡_ †Mvcb AvuZvZ K‡iwQj. hv e‡½i

Rb-gvby‡li g‡b Ggb hš¿bv`vqK fq Ges AvZs‡Ki KviY n‡qwQj| Avi G

NUbv †_‡KB gvN (Magh) kãwU WvKvZ ev `my¨Õi cÖwZkã n‡q‡Q| wnsmªZv,

wbôziZv, AvBb-k„sLjv k~b¨Zv Ges Zv‡`i N„Y¨ Kvh©Kjvc Zv‡`i †`k‡K

Ôg‡Ni gyj­yKÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ Kiv‡Z cÖavb mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i‡Q| Ôg‡Ni

gyj­yKÕ A_© AvBb-k„Ljv I wePvi-we‡ePbv wenxb GKwU ‡`k| Ôg‡Ni gyj­yKÕ

GLb GKwU cÖev` ev‡K¨ cwiYZ n‡q‡Q- hvi evsjv A_© AivRKZv ev

†¯^QvPvwiZv|

wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK m‡›`n cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb †h GivB †mB euvabnviv, wnsmª,

jyÉbKvix gvN hviv GLb AvivKvb I evsjv‡`‡k gvN †e․× wn‡m‡e emevm

Ki‡Q| cÖvß mKj NUbv Ges eY©bv G wel‡q mvgvb¨ m‡›`nI iv‡Lbv †h

eZ©gvb hy‡Mi gN ev AvivKvbxq jy‡Uiv gvN‡`iB eskai| HwZnvwmK

mvnveywÏb Uvwj‡ki mß`k kZ‡Ki gvSvgvwS mg‡q GKwU eY©bv G NUbvi

mZ¨vqb Kivi Rb¨ h‡_ó †h, ÔgvNÕ jy‡Uiv wQ‡jv AvivKvb iv‡R¨i Awaevmx|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 31

ÒAvivKvbx Rj`my¨ivÓ gN Ges wdwisMx DfqB cvwb c‡_ G‡m e‡½ jyUZivR

KiZ| Zviv wn›`y I gymjgvb, bvix I cyil, †QvU-eo, Kg-‡ewk mevB‡K

AvUK K‡i †Rvic~e©K Zy‡j wb‡q †hZ| Zviv Zv‡`i nv‡Zi Zvjy we× KiZ|

Zviv Zv‡`i cðvr‡`k w`‡q †e‡Zi jvwV XywK‡q w`‡Z Ges Zviv G‡Ki ci

Ab¨ Rb‡K Rvnv‡Ri †W‡Ki wb‡P †d‡j w`Z| cï-cvwL‡`i‡K †hfv‡e Lv`¨

Quz‡o †`qv nq wVK †mfv‡e cÖ‡Z¨K mKvj I we‡K‡j Zviv ew›`‡`i Dci ivbœv

wenxb Pvj Quz‡o gviZ |

gMiv weMZ eû kZ eQi a‡i G RNb¨ bvgUv AR©b K‡i‡Q hv GLb Zv‡`i

DËim~ix‡`i Rb¨ LyeB j¾vi KviY n‡q uvwo‡q‡Q| eis G bv‡gi cwie‡Z©

Zviv GLb wb‡R‡`i‡K ivLvBb ej‡Z ïi K‡i‡Q, hv AvivKvb Ges

gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK©hy³|

AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, ÔivLvBbÕ kãwU Ôiv¶vcyivÕ ev Ôiv¶‡mi †`kÕ n‡Z

G‡m‡Q| iv¶m ej‡Z Ggb GK ‣`Z¨‡K wb‡ ©k K‡i hv †`L‡Z A‡a©K gvbyl

Ges A‡a©K cï| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `jxj cÖgvY †c․ivwYK I KíKvwnbx

wbf©i| AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi `vex‡K †Rviv‡jv Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡`i HwZnvwmK

†Kvb cÖgvY †bB| ivLvBb cwifvlvwU †ivqvs/wi‡Kvb k‡ãi weK…Z iƒc, hv

AvivKv‡bi cyivZb bvg| †lvok kZvwãi gvSvgvwS mg‡qi GKRb ZzKx©

bvweK wm`x Avjx †Pwjex ÔivLvBbÕ‡K ÔivKvb&RÕ wj‡L‡Qb| GUv m¤¢e †h

Aviex aŸwb DPvi‡Y mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y g‡½vjxqvb evgx©Riv AvivKvb (اراكن)

k‡ãi cÖ_g n‡Z Aviex Avwjd (ا)†K ev` w`‡q ïaygvÎ ivKvb (راكن)

DPviY K‡i‡Qb| hvB‡nvK, ivKvb, ivKvb&R, AviLvb&K, wiKb, Aviv‡Kv,

AviKvb cwifvlv¸‡jv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK KZ„©K e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| Avi G¸‡jvi

meB †ivqvs A_ev AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³| GUv †Kvbfv‡eB Ôiv¶vcyivÕi

mv‡_ m¤ú„³ bq, AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb †hfv‡e `vex K‡i‡Q|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 32

gN‡`i K_¨ fvlv gwN ev ivLvBb †hgbUv Zviv e‡j-GKwU Avjv`v fvlv bq

eis mvgvb¨ DPviY/aŸwYMZ cv_©K¨mn GwU LuvwU evwg©R kã| ivLvBb fvlvi

Avjv`v †Kvb †jL¨ iƒc bvB| ivLvBb fvlv m¤ú‡K© HwZnvwmKMY wb‡gœv³ gš—

e¨ K‡i‡Qb|

Ò ivLvBb fvlvi Avwef©ve ev cÖKvk welqK cÖkœwU †ek KwVb| nq GwU `kg

kZvwãi g‡½vjxq nvbv`vi‡`i fvlv A_ev GwU GKv`k I Øv`k kZvwã‡Z

evg©vi ms¯ú‡k© G‡m cwiï×Zv †c‡q‡Q| wKš‧ welqUv GLbI AgxgvswmZ i‡q

†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi fvlv evgx©R fvlvi gZB hv ïaygvÎ AvÂwjK fvlv wn‡m‡eB

e¨eüZ nq| fvlv ZvwË¡K mgm¨v¸‡jv gv_vPvov w`‡q D‡V‡Q hv mgvavb Kiv

LyeB KwVb| G cÖkœUv DËg gxgvsmvi cÖwZ¶v Ki‡Q|Ó

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 33

wØZxq Aa¨vq

Avw` BwZnvm

abveZx mvgªvR¨ (The Kingdom of Dhannavati)t

cÖvß mKj HwZnvwmK Z_¨, HwZn¨, wnmve-wbKvk Ges DcvL¨vb G wel‡qi

w`‡KB Bw½Z K‡i †h my`~i cÖvPxb †_‡K AvivKvb wQj GKwU wn›`y ivR¨|

L„óc~e© 2666 Aã ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡`i mKj Z_¨-DcvË G

DcvL¨vb¸‡jv‡Z i‡q‡Q| Av‡iv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq †h, wLªóvb kvm‡bi cÖvq

cÖ_g kZvwãi w`‡K gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cÖvq 40 gvBj DËi-cwð‡g

Ô‡jgivÕ b`xi Zx‡i abveZx mvgªvR¨ M‡o D‡VwQj| gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) wQj

cÖvPxb AvivKv‡bi ivRavbx| cÖZœZvwË¡K M‡elYvmg~n Bw½Z ‡`q †h GjvKvwU

AvR AvivKvb e‡j cwiwPZ eû eQi a‡i Zv wn›`y ivRv‡`i Avevmf~wg wQj|

AvivKv‡bi cvk¦©eZx Mv‡½q e-Øx‡ci mgmvgqxK ag©I wQj wn›`yev`| P›`ª

(Chandra) ivRv‡`i kvm‡bi PvikZ eQi c~‡e© Pxbv ågYKvix dv-wn‡qb

(Fa-Hein) (405-411mvj) wn›`y¯—vb ågY K‡ib| ZLb wn› y¯—v‡bi kvmK

wQj ¸ßiv| eªvþY wQj me‡P‡q m‡e©vrK…ó miKvi| wKš‧ wZwb †mLv‡b nvRvi

nvRvi gvnvqvb I wnbvqvb mbœvmx‡`i AvLov n‡Z Z_¨-DcvË msMÖn K‡i Px‡b

wd‡i wM‡qwQj| G mKj AÂj †mmgq cÖvPxb †`eZv‡`i MxR©v, †e․ׇ`i

AmsL¨ eBcÎ Ges msiw¶Z ¯§„wZwP‡ý mg„× wQj| fviZ hw`I GKwU †e․×

ivóª wQj bv, Zey AmsL¨ †e․× ¯vcbv eû w`b a‡i wU‡K wQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 34

Gg.Gm KwjQ (M.S. Collis) Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš Ôw` j¨vÊ Ae `¨ †MÖU B‡gRÕ

G wj‡L‡Qb Ò g‡½vwjqvb Avµg‡Yi c~‡e©, AvivKv‡bi cÖv_wgK hy‡M †mLv‡b

GKwU gvÎ kni M‡o D‡VwQj hvi bvg wQj abveZx| 1924 mv‡j Avwg hLb

†mLvbKvi cve©Z¨ AÂj¸‡jv cwi`k©b Kwi ZLb †`L‡Z cvB †h †mLv‡b

AmsL¨ cv_‡ii fv¯‥h© i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv wQj cÂg kZvwãi †mb hyMxq fv¯‥‡h©i

gZ| †m mg‡qi cÖ_g w`‡K AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡`i AvMgY A¯^vfvweK wQj

bv| KviY mgy`ª c‡_ Gi †hvMv‡hvM wQj gnv mf¨Zvi †K›`ªwe›`y fvi‡Zi

mv‡_| BwjqU D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb Òm‡›`‡ni AeKvk †bB †h e‡½vcmvM‡ii `w¶Y

DcK~jxq AÂj Ges gvjv°v A‡ji g‡a¨ cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K e„nr cwim‡i

Av`vb-cÖ`vb ev †hvMv‡hvM wQj| G m¤úK©Uv P~ovš— ch©v‡q †c․‡QwQj hLb

†e․×iv cÂg I lô kZvwã‡Z kvmb ¶gZvq wQj|

AvivKvb DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx, abveZxi kvmK ivRv P›`ª mywiqvi kvmbvg‡j

AvivKv‡b †e․×ev‡`i AvMgb N‡U| Ges ‡m mgq Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖ_g

kZvwãi w`‡K gnvgywY †e․‡×i cÖwZg~wZ© vcb Kiv nq|

P›`ª‡`i kvm‡bi †`okZ eQi c~‡e© (788-957) GK Zx_©hvÎx wn‡qb mvs

(630 mvj) wn›`y¯—v‡b †eov‡Z Av‡mb| †mmgq wn›`y¯—v‡bi ivRv wQ‡jb nl©.

whwb †mLv‡b wke, m~h© I ey‡×i cÖwZgv wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb| G Av‡jvPbvq eySv

hvq †h †e․× ag©vej¤^xiv wQj D`vi g‡bi hv‡`i Kv‡Q wn› y †`eZv I †M․Zg

ey× mgvb gh©v`vevb wQ‡jb| wn›`y¯—v‡bi G ai‡bi ag©xq Kv‡Ri PP©v Zv‡`i

cvk¦©eZ©x †`k AvivKv‡bi ag©xq Kvh©vejx‡KI e¨vcK cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|

D‡j­wLZ mKj Z_¨-DcvË †_‡K Avgiv G wm×v‡š— DcbxZ n‡Z cvwi ‡h,

†fmvjx kvm‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b wn›`yev` I †e․×ev` DfqB e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf

K‡iwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 35

†fmvjx ivR¨ (788-957)

788 mv‡j P›`ª bv‡gi GK bZzb ivResk †fmvjx bMix cÖwZôv K‡i| G

bMixwU GKwU weL¨vZ e›`i bMi wn‡m‡e cÖwmw× cvq, †hLv‡b cÖwZeQi nvRvi

nvRvi RvnvR cY¨ enb K‡i wb‡q AvmZ| AvivKvbx DcvL¨vb Abyhvqx G

es‡ki bqRb ivRv eskvbyµ‡g 788 †_‡K 957 mvj ch©š— †mLv‡b kvmb

cwiPvjbv K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ beg mve©‡f․g kvm‡Ki bvg wQj my-iv-ZvBb

P›`ª| whwb e‡½ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i Ô_yivUvbÕ bv‡gi GK kvmK‡K civwRZ

K‡ib| AZtci wZwb †mLv‡b Ô‡PUvMvsÕ (PÆMÖvg) bvgK ¯v‡b GKwU weRq ¯—¤¢

wbg©vY K‡ib|

P›`ª ivRv‡`i ag©xq Kvh©vejx wbiƒcY Kivi Rb¨ cÖvPxb †mB bMixi aŸsmve‡kl

wb‡q M‡elYv Kiv nq| cÖvPxb †mB bMixwUi Aw —Z¡ cvIqv hvq ÔgviK-BD

(Mrauk-u) bMix n‡Z Qq gvBj `~‡i †QvU GKwU Li‡mªvZv b`xi Zx‡i Ges

e‡½vcmvMi n‡Z cÂvk gvBj wfZ‡i ¯jf~wg‡Z| GQvov AvivKv‡b cÖvß gy`ªv

†_‡KI Avgiv †fmvjx iv‡R¨i mÜvb cvB|

cÖvPxb †fmvjx bMixi aŸsmcÖvß ¯vb Rwic Kiv nq wb wKsev Avwe®‥v‡ii

D‡Ï‡k¨ Lbb Kiv nq wb, ZeyI AwbqwgZ M‡elKiv †mLv‡b Aewkó B‡Ui

†`qvj ‡`‡L eyS‡Z cv‡i †h GwU GKwU wekvj GjvKv‡K wN‡i †i‡LwQj|

`w¶Y cv‡k¦©i †`qvjwU wQj cv_‡ii ‣Zwi| †`qv‡ji wfZ‡i AmsL¨ KviKvh©

LwPZ cv_i, g~wZ© mymw¾Z ¯ —¤¢ Ges dy‡ji QvcvswKZ †`qvj i‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jvi

eY©bv Avgiv Aóg kZvwãi †bMvix Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ cvB| cv_‡ii G g~wZ© ‡jv

Zv‡`i †`eZvi AvK…wZ enb K‡i Ges g~j —‡¤¢i Dci wk‡ei cweÎ lvu‡oi

cÖwZg~wZ© i‡q‡Q| G mKj aŸsmve‡kl Kvh©KiY I welqMZfv‡e cÖK…Z wn› y

ag©vej¤^x‡`i ¯§„wZ wPý enb K‡i|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 36

†fmvjx gy`ªvi Qvcv¼¸‡jv n‡Q- luvo, bvw›`, wk‡ei cÖwZg ~wZ©, wk‡ei wÎïj,

dzj`vbxi gZ wKQz GKUv Ges bvMix Qvcv¼b| G mKj welq GUvB Bw½Z

K‡i †h †fmvjx gy`ªv¸‡jv LuvwU eªvþY HwZ‡n¨i ¯§„wZevnx| wKš‧ eªvþY

wb`k©bevnx G gy`ªv¸‡jv gvnvqvb ivRes‡ki mv‡_ m½wZnxb bq| GKB mg‡q

e‡½i gvnvqvb ivRviv eªþY gy`ªvi cÖPjb K‡iwQ‡jb| GUv GKwU cÖgvY †h

Aóg kZvwãi e‡½i gvnvqvb †e․×ev‡`i mv‡_ wn› yev‡`i m¤úK© KZUv

Nwbó|

‡h‡nZz e‡½ cvk¦©eZx© ivóª Ô†fmvjxÕ (Vesali) GKwU wn›`y ivóª wQj, †m‡nZz

GUv aviYv Kiv hvq †h Gi agx©q BwZnvmI wQj GKB ai‡bi|

wnbvqvbev` wejyß n‡qwQj, Gi d‡j gvnvqvbev` †g․wjK wn›`yev‡`i mv‡_

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†`eZvq cwiYZ n‡qwQj| GgbwK c¨vbwUKev‡`i †h․b hv yI Gi e¨wZµgx

wQj bv| GUv Zvrch©c~Y© †h Kgc‡¶ GKwU U¨vbwUK fv¯‥h© †fmvjx'‡Z

(Vesali) cvIqv †M‡Q | D‡ivwj­wLZ Z_¨ cÖgvYvw`i wfwˇZ ejv hvq †h

†fmvjx ivR¨wU e‡½i wn›`y iv‡R¨i c~e©m~ix| Giv gvnvqbv †e․ׇ`i Abymvix

wQj Ges miKvi I RbM‡Yi Df‡qB wQj fviZxq|

AvivKv‡b Bmjv‡gi AvMgb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 37

cÖvPxb Kvj †_‡KB Avieiv kxl©¯vbxq mgy`ªPvix I bvweK cÖK…wZi wQj| Z…Zxq

kZvwãi cÖ_g ‡_‡KB `w¶Y Gwkqv, `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqv Ges `~i-cÖv‡P¨i

†`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM wQj| †m mgq †_‡KB Avieiv AvivKvb †_‡K

mygvÎv, Rvfv ch©š— Ges gvjvKvQ mn `w¶Y Gwkqv I `w¶Y c~e© Gwkqvi mgy ª

DcKyj¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i e¨emvi †QvU †QvU K‡jvYx ¯vcb K‡iwQj| Zvici

mßg kZvwãi gvSvgvwSi w`‡K Avie‡`i Rb¨ GKwU bZzb m~‡h©i D`q N‡U|

G mgq Bmjvg GKwU gnv Ava¨vwZ¥K, mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK kw³ wn‡m‡e

Avwef©~Z nq| gnvbex (mt) Gi g„Zz¨i GKkZ eQ‡ii g‡a¨B Zviv †iv‡gi

†P‡q ¶gZvai GKwU kw³kvjx ivR‡Z¡i cÖfyZ¡ AR©b K‡i| Zv‡`i mgy ª

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 38

eQi kvm‡bi ci wZwb ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| Zvi kvmbvg‡j ivgix Øx‡c †ek

K‡qKwU RvnvR aŸs‡mi NUbv N‡UwQj| ejv n‡q _v‡K aŸsmcÖvß

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 39

†mLvbKvi MÖvg I kn‡i Zviv ¯vqx fv‡e emwZ ¯vcb K‡iwQ‡jb| Avie

ewYKMY ¯j c‡_ AvivKvb B‡qvgv n‡q DËi evg©vq Zvici Px‡b Mgb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 40

‡¶c wQj, Z_vwcI evg©vi Zzjbvq AvivKv‡bi mv‡_ †gvnv¤§v`xq (Bmjvgx)

fvi‡Zi m¤úK©Uv wQj m¤¢eZ Av‡iv Mfxi Ges wbweo|

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( Influx of magadah Buddhists into Arakan) t

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wZeŸZ weRq Kvjxb mg‡q e½ n‡Z AvMZ †e․× kiYv_x©iv AvivKv‡b Avkªq

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 41

wb‡qwQj, hv‡Z K‡i †mLv‡b Zviv Zv‡`i ag©Uv‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| D‡j­L¨

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†`kwU †c․ËwjK gZv`k© Qz u‡o †d‡j Ges wb‡Riv cybivq ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 42

cieZx©‡Z cvwig bMix‡Z GKwU bZzb ivRZ¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| G ivR‡Z¡i lô¨

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ivRv bviv‡gBLjv ZLb eg©xq‡`i nv‡Z †`kUv‡K Zz‡j w`‡q e‡½ cvwj‡q hvq|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 43

AvivKv‡bi wZeŸZ-eg©xq‡`i `xN© cuvP kZvwãi ag©xq I mvs¯‥…wZK ‡m․nv` ©

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AvivKv‡b Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e Kg gnvqbxq I †ekx wnbvqvb ag©vej¤^x nq|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 44

Z„Zxq Aa¨vq

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wQj cv›`yqv (wd‡ivRvev`)| myjZvb wMqvmDwÏb wQ‡jb Bmjvg I Bmjvgx

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 45

wk¶vi gnvb c„ô‡cvlK| myjZvb wMqvmDwχbi g„Zy¨i ci ivRv M‡Yk bv‡gi

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kvn †M․‡o wd‡i Av‡mb| AvivKv‡b G‡m Iqvjx Lvb Zvi †Kv‡U© dvimx fvlvi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 46

cÖPjb K‡ib Ges KvRx wb‡qvM †`b| Iqvjx Lv‡bi wek¦vmNvZKZvi msev`

ï‡b RvjvjywÏb †gvnv¤§v` kvn †Rbv‡ij mv`xi †bZ…‡Z¡ wØZxq Av‡iKwU †mbv

evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb Iqvjx Lvb‡K P~ovš—fv‡e civ¯— K‡ib Ges

†mvjvqgvb kvn‡K 1430 mv‡j cybivq wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q †`b|

wKQz wKQz HwZnvwmK fyjekZt e‡j _v‡Kb whwb AvivKv‡bi †divix kvmK‡K

cybivq AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b ewm‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb, wZwb n‡jb myjZvb

bvwmiwÏb kvn ev bvwRi kvn&, whwb wQ‡jb cybtcÖwZwôZ Bwjqvm kvnx

ivRes‡ki cÖ_g myjZvb wKš‧ bvwmiwÏb †gvnv¤§` kvn 1426 mvj ch©š—

kvmKB nb wb|

‡h‡nZz c`K m¤Üxq cÖgvYvw` cÖ —ve K‡i †h, RvjvjyÏxb ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& †m

mgq e‡½i kvmb-KZ…©‡Z¡ wQ‡jb †m‡nZz AviKv‡b Zvi kvmK‡`i nv‡Z kvmb

fvi wdwi‡q †`qvi K…wZZ¡ Zvi DciB eZ©vq|

‡mvjvqgvb kvn Zuvi ivRavbx gviK-BD (Mrauk-u) n‡Z cvUvix †Kvjv

(Pattahri Quilla) bvgK GK bZzb v‡b vbvš—wiZ K‡iwQ‡jb 1433

mv‡j| Gi GK eQi c‡iB wZwb ci‡jvKMgY K‡ib| GLv‡b D‡j­L‡hvM¨ †h

bMixwUi AwZ wbK‡U myjZvb †mvjvqgvb kv‡ni Avg‡ji GKUv gy`ªv cvIqv

†M‡Q| AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m GwU GKwU Abb¨ `jxj| 1203 mv‡j hLb

gymjgvbiv e‡½ cÖ‡ek Kij, ZLb †mLv‡b Zviv †Lv`vB Kiv ai‡bi gy`ªvi

cÖPjb Kij| Gi d‡j ivDK-D bMix‡ZI GKB AvK…wZi gy`ªvi cÖPjb ïi

n‡jv| Gfv‡e AvivKvb P~ovš— gymjgvb iv‡R¨ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡jv| †iu‡bmvi

cÖfv‡e †`kwU GK AvaywbK mf¨Zvi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡jv| Avi Gfv‡eB †`kwUi

gnv hyM ïi n‡jv|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 47

1430 †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQi a‡i 11 Rb kvmK ch©vqµ‡g

AvivKv‡b kvmb cwiPvjbv K‡ib| ZLb †_‡KB e‡½i mv‡_ AvivKv‡bi

m¤úK© wQj Avš—wiK I †m․nv`¨©c~Y©| AvivKvb e½‡K kª×vÄwj cÖ`vb KiZ

Ges e‡½i KvQ †_‡K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZi `x¶v wbZ| 1531 mv‡j ÔwgbexbÕ

RveyK kvn& wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib| Zuvi mnvqZvq AvivKvbxiv Bmjvgx

wk¶vq wWMÖx AR©b K‡ib Ges Bmjvgx iv‡óªi †MvovcËb nq|

1430 mvj †_‡K †h 11 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i Dcvwamn

avivevwnK bvg D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv|

µwgK bs bvg cvjx Dcvwa

kvmbKvj

1. †mvjvqgvb kvn& (bviv‡gBLjv)

1430-1434

2. Avjx Lvb (†gsLvix)

1434-1459

3. Kvwjgv kvn& (ev k cy)

1459-1482

4. gv_y kvn& (†`․jv)

1482-1492

5. ‡gvnv¤§v` kvn& (ev k †bv)

1492-1493

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 48

6. ‡bvix kvn& (ivs AvDs)

1493-1494

7. ‡kL †gv yj­vn kvn& (mvwjsMv_y)

1494-1501

8. Bwj kvn& (†gs ivRv)

1501-1523

9. Bwjqvm kvn& (KvQvev`x)

1523-1525

10. Rvjvj kvn& (†gskv I)

1525

11. Avjx kvn& (_vUvmv)

1525-1531

GK kZvwã a‡i AvivKv‡bi DËivÂj eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k-evg©vi g‡a¨ mxgveä

wQj| PÆMÖvg †Rjv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡eB 1540 mvj ch©š— e‡½i myjZvb‡`i

kvmbvaxb wQj| AvivKvbxq DcvL¨vb g‡Z, †gsm †g․b Gi DËim~ix †gL Lvix

ev Avjx Lvb (1433-1459) `xN© mgq e‡½i kvmb I ¶gZv n¯ —vš—i K‡ib

bvB Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e wZwb ÔivgyÕ‡KI Zvi Aax‡b G‡bwQ‡jb Ges m¨vi G wc

dvqix (A. P. Phayre) Õi m cÖ ev Kvwjgv Lvb PÆMÖvgmn e‡½i GKwU weivU

Ask Zvi AwaKv‡i wb‡qwQ‡jb †h․w³K †Kvb KviY QvovB|

dvqix wj‡L‡Qb- ÒcieZx© Aa©kZvwã a‡i e½ kvmK‡`i `ye©jZvi Kvi‡YB

Zviv PÆMÖvg `Lj K‡i wb‡qwQj|Ó wKš‧ †m mg‡q msNwUZ NUbvejx, AvivKvb

DcvL¨v‡bi e³e¨ ÔdvqvixÕi cÖ¯—vebv‡K mZ¨vqb K‡i bv| 1434 mvj †_‡K

1459 mvj ch©š— e½ mvjZvbvZ Avev‡iv Bwjqvm kvnx es‡ki ivRv myjZvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 49

bvwmiwÏb gvngy KZ…©K kvwmZ nq| Bwjqvm kvnxi kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡bi

ivRv Ôbviv‡gBLjvÕ (Narameikhla) cjvqb K‡i e‡½ Avkªq MÖnY K‡i|

myjZvb bvwmiwÏb gvngy GKRb cÖfvekvjx kvmK wQ‡jb| Zvi ¯vcZ¨

Kjv, gy`ªvq Qvcvw¼Z †Lv`vB Kg© me wKQz †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h Zvi kvmbvg‡ji

e½ mvjZvbv‡Zi GKUz GjvKvI n «vm cvqwb eis AZ¨š— `¶Zvi mv‡_ mg¯—

e‡½i Dci Zvi wePvi Kvh© cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| wKš‧ wZwb G mKj Kvh©

cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †Kvb †mbv Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡ib wb| myZivs †gs Lvix

KZ…©K e‡½i Ask `Lj msµvš— AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi †h e³e¨ Zv‡Z GLb

HwZnvwmK cÖgv‡Yi NvUwZ cwijw¶Z nq|

1459 mvj †_‡K 1475 mvj ch©š— myjZvb bvwmiwÏb gvngy‡`i cyÎ

†ivKbywÏb evievK kvn e½ kvmb K‡ib| cÖviw¤¢K cÖgvY mywbwðZ K‡i e‡j

†h, 1474 mv‡j PÆMÖvg e½ myjZvb‡`i K‡Vvi kvmbvaxb wQj Ges GwU

†ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni cyÎ I DËevwaKvix myjZvb mvgmywÏb BDmyd kvnÕi

kvmbvgj ch©š— †M․o `Lj `vix‡Z¡i Aax‡b wQj| PÆMÖv‡gi AwZ wbK‡U

nvUnvRvixi GKwU gmwR‡`i dj‡Ki †jLv n‡Z Rvbv hvq †h gmwR`wU

myjZvb †ivKbywÏb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvg‡j 1474 mv‡j ivmwZ Lvb KZ…©K

wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|

AvivKvb DcvL¨vb A_ev Ab¨‡Kvb m~‡Îi †KvbUvB myjZvb evievK kvn& Ges

AvivKv‡bi ivRv evmy cÖ (Kvwjg kvn) g‡a¨ •eix Pzw³ ev m¤ú‡K©i cÖgvY w`‡Z

cv‡i bv| myjZvb evievK kvn wQ‡jb e‡½i cÖv_wgK ¯^vaxb myjZvb‡`i g‡a¨

Ab¨Zg gnvb weRqx GKRb kvmK| eûgyLx cÖwZfvi AwaKvix kw³kvjx G

kvmK Zvi c~e©eZx© kvmK‡`i AwR©Z GjvKvmg~‡ni Dci c~Y©gvÎvq AvwacZ¨

we —vi K‡i †i‡LwQ‡jb| 1476 mv‡j myjZvb evievK kv‡ni kvmbvgj mgvß

nq, Gici Zvi cyÎ I DËivwaKvix myjZvb kvgmywÏb BDmyd kvn 1474

†_‡K 1481 mvj ch©š— kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 50

PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zvi wbqš¿‡Yi cÖgvY †g‡j Zvi kvmbvg‡j wbwg©Z GKwU

gmwR‡`i †`qv‡j †Lv`vB Kiv cÖ¯—i djK †_‡K| ivmwZ Lv‡bi gmwR` †_‡K

cÖvq `yÕ gvBj Dˇi gmwR`wU Aew¯Z| Ggb †Kvb Bw½Z cvIqv hvqbv †h,

1482 mvj †_‡K 1494 mvj ch©š— AvivKvb ivRv‡`i †KD KLbI e‡½ nvbv

w`‡qwQj, †h‡nZy Zviv Zv‡`i c~e©m~ix‡`i †P‡q Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e `~e©j kvmK

wQj| 1493 mv‡j myjZvb †nvmvBb kvn e‡½i wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|

1513 mv‡ji c~‡e© PÆMÖvg †Rjv cy‡ivcywifv‡e myjZvb ûmvBb kv‡ni Aax‡b

wQj| wZwb ivRv avwYqv gvwbKv Zvi wbKU n‡Z PÆMÖvg Rei `Lj

K‡iwQ‡jb| wKš‧ myjZvb ûmvBb kvn PÆMÖvg‡K cybivq `Lj Kivi Rb¨

1514 mv‡j eviRb ev½vjx I Acivci •mb¨‡`i mgš‡q MwVZ GKwU

kw³kvjx evwnbx †cÖiY K‡ib| cieZx© eQi 1515 mv‡j myjZvb ûmvBb kvn

KZ©„K PÆMÖvg cyb`©Lj nq| myjZvb ûmvBb kvn& KZ©„K PÆMÖvg `Lj msµvš—

mywbwðZ cÖgvYvw` Avgiv cvB mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji cZz©MxR HwZnvwmK‡`i wbKU

n‡Z| †RvqvI †Qvj †nv (Joao Coelho) Ges †RvqI wmj‡fwiqvi PÆM Övg

md‡ii mgq †mLvbKvi Mfb ©i wQ‡jb GKRb gymjgvb| ZrKvjxb

AvivKvbxq HwZnvwmK w` e¨v‡ivm (De Barros) my¯úófv‡e wj‡L‡Qb †h †m

mgq (1517-18) AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQ‡jv e‡½i ivRvi wbqš¿Yvaxb| w`

e¨v‡ivm KZ…©K AswKZ GKwU gvbwP‡Î PÆMÖvg, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg Ges DËi

AvivKvb wb‡q MwVZ GKwU we¯—i GjvKv‡K e½ iv‡R¨i Ask wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv

n‡q‡Q| 1517 mvj †_‡K 1538 mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg c~Yv©½fv‡e †M․‡oi

wbqš¿Yvax‡b wQ‡jv| cviZc‡¶, PÆMÖv‡gi ûmvBb kvnx kvmKiv mviv †Rjvi

Dci Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ GZ Mfxi fv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡iwQ‡jv †h AvivKvbx A_ev

wÎcyiv‡`i Rb¨ e½ mvjZvbvZ GgbwK †Rjvi GKwU As‡ki DciI cÖfve

we —vi Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢eB wQ‡jv|

HwZnvwmK dvqixi (Phayre) Gi cÖ¯ —vebv Abyhvqx 1482 mvj †_‡K 1532

mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg AvivKvb ivRv‡`i Aax‡b wQj G e³e¨Uv HwZnvwmK m‡Z¨i

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 51

Dci cÖwZwôZ bq| GUv fve‡Z A‡h․w³K g‡b nq †h, AvivKv‡bi ivRv‡`i

DwPZ Zv‡`i wnZvKvs¶x‡`i wei‡× we‡`ªvn Kiv| Zv‡`i mg_©b Qvov

AvivKvbxiv Zv‡`i †`k cybi×v‡ii ¯^cœ KL‡bvB †`‡L wb| c~e© Ges `w¶Y

AvivKv‡bi ZLbKvi weivRgvb cwiw¯wZ Ggb wQj †h, †mLvb †_‡K eg©xq I

†gvbiv m¤cÖwZ weZvwiZ n‡qwQj|

†ReyK kvn (1531-1553)t

†ReyK kvn& (wgb web) AvivKvb BwZnv‡m GKRb kw³ai kvmK wQ‡jb| wZwb

1531 mv‡j wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges ÔAvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨iÕ †Mvov cËb

K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ AvivKvbxiv Zv‡`i Bmjvgx wk¶vq DP wWMÖx wb‡q

ivR‣bwZKfv‡e cwic° nq| `yÕwU weivU NUbv hv †ReyK kvn‡K Zvi ivRZ¡

m~`„p I m¤cÖmvwiZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq DcvË I my‡hvM G‡b w`‡qwQ‡jv|

weL¨vZ †m y‡Uv NUbv n‡jv cZ©yMxR‡`i AvMgb Ges e‡½ N‡U hvIqv M„n

hy×| †ReyK kv‡ni ¶gvZv‡ivn‡bi 14 eQi c~‡e©B cZ©yMxRiv (1517 mv‡j)

AvivKvb e›`‡i cÖ‡ek K‡iwQ‡jv| †ReyK kvn gviK-BD bMix‡K DcmvMixq

GKwU kw³kvjx I myiw¶Z bMix‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Gi Pvicv‡k

cwiLv I †`qvj wbg©vY K‡iwQ‡jb Ges gv‡S gv‡S Kvgvb ¯vcb K‡i GwU‡K

myiw¶Z K‡iwQ‡jb| †`kx I we‡`kx •mb¨‡`i mgš‡q MwVZ GK`j mymw¾Z

†eZb‡fvMx eûRvwZK •mb¨evwnbx •Zwi Kivi Rb¨ wZwb †mLv‡b †mbv

Kg©KZ©v‡`i wb‡qvM w`‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡`i mnvqZvq Zvi wb‡Ri †jvKej

Øviv GKwU weivU †b․eni •Zwi K‡iwQ‡jb| hviv wQj cwikªgx bvweK Ges

cZ©yMxR †b․evwnbxi `x¶vq mymw¾Z| Gfv‡e †ReyK kvn kw³kvjx AvaywbK

A ¿-k‡¯¿i wbqš¿K nb| wØZxq my‡hvMwU wQ‡jv AvivKv‡b M„n hy×| 1538

mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m AvdMvbx kvmK †ki kvn& wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †M․o `Lj

K‡ib| wKš‧ GKB eQ‡ii RyjvB gv‡m ev`kvn ûgvq‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ †gvNjiv

†M․‡o cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges AvdMvbiv ZLb wenv‡i wd‡i hvq| `w¶Y c~e© e‡½i

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 52

ivRavbx PÆMÖvg ZLb `yBwU cÖwZØ›Øx kvm‡Ki g‡a¨ ms‡hvM vcbKvix ¯vb

wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wee`gvb G `yBRb kvmK n‡jb ûmvBb kvnx ivR‡Z¡i

†kl kvmK gvngy kvn& Ges †kikv‡ni †Rbv‡ij I ûgvqy‡bi g‡bvbxZ kvmK

†bvMvwRj| cÖwZØ›Øx `j `yÕwU cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯vnxb `w¶Y-c~e© e½‡K `Lj Kivi

Rb¨ ci¯úi hy× KiZ|

1538 mv‡ji ivR‣bwZK cU cwieZ©b e‡½i cÖwZ AvivKvb ivRv‡`i AvbyMZ¨

I eÜz‡Z¡i cwimgvwß NUvq| Zviv hei `LjKvix ‡kikvn& I †gvNj

m¤cÖmviYev`x‡`i cÖwZ †Kvb •bwZK AvbyMZ¨ I Av‡cvl g‡bvfve †cvlY

K‡iwb| gyjZt Zviv Zv‡`i ïfvKvw—L wQ‡jv bv| PÆMÖvg `L‡ji Rb¨ Aš

‡K©v›`‡j wjß wewfbœ `j¸‡jvi `ye©jZvi my‡hv‡M AvivKvbx ivRv †ReyK kvn

DËiv‡ji w`‡K avweZ nb Ges 1540 mv‡j PÆMÖvgmn c~e©e½ `Lj K‡ib|

‡ReyK kvn KZ…©K PÆMÖvg `L‡ji ci PÆMÖv‡gi cvVvb MfY©i wÎcyiv `iev‡i

cvwj‡q hvq| ivRgvjv (Rajmala) Avgv‡`i‡K G Z_¨ †`q †h, PÆMÖv‡gi

cvVvb cÖavb Zvi mnmªvwaK •mb¨ wb‡q wÎcyivq Avkªq MÖnY K‡ib| †divix G

cvVvb cÖavb AvivKvb‡`i nvZ †_‡K PÆMÖvg‡K Rq Kivi Rb¨ wÎcyivi ivRv

weRqgvwbKvi n¯ —‡¶c Kvgbv K‡i Ges Zv gÄyi nq|

1546 mv‡j evg©vi Uzs¸ ivRes‡ki ivRv Zvweb k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti)

VvÊv AvenvIqvi g‡a¨ AvivKvb AvµgY K‡ib| Zvweb k‡fwZi A‡bK¸‡jv

hy×Zix cwðg DcK~‡j aŸsmcÖvß n‡qwQj| hvB †nvK, Zvi mKj ¯j evwnbx

†c․Qv‡jv, wKš‧ †ivnvs (ivDK BD) bMixwU wQj LyeB myiw¶Z, Gi Pvicv‡k

†Rvqvi-fvUvi cvwb‡Z fwZ© Mfxi cwiLv wQj| Ges Zv `L‡ji GKgvÎ my‡hvM

wQj Zvi cÖvPxi¸‡jvi Ae¯v wQj RxY©`kv| †ReyK kvn& Zvi mwVK Ae¯vb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 53

†_‡KB Zvi cÖwZi¶vi e¨e¯v wb‡qwQ‡jb| †ivnvs `L‡j e¨_© n‡q Zvweb

k‡fwZ (Tabin Shwehti) evox wd‡i hvq|

‡ReyK kvn& hLb nvbv`vi evg©v ivRvi mv‡_ Gfv‡e wjß wQ‡jb, ZLb 1546-

1547 mv‡j wÎcyiv ivRv weRq gvwYKv PÆMÖv‡g nvbv †`q Ges Zv `Lj K‡i|

ivRvgvjv (Rajmala) D‡j­L K‡i †h, ivRv wb‡RB Awfhv‡b yÕnvRvi •m‡b¨i

†bZ…Z¡ †`b| PÆMÖv‡gi wbe©vwmZ cvVvb cÖavb Zvi GK nvRvi cvVvb •mb¨ I

†Nvovi Mvox (K¨v‡iR) mn wÎcyiv †mbvcÖav‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ AMÖmigvb

†mbvevwnbxi AbymiY K‡i| mw¤§wjZ Awfhvb mdj nj Ges cvVvb cÖavb

cybivq Zvi Ae¯vb wd‡i †cj|

AvivKvb DcvL¨vb¸‡jv eY©bv K‡i †h †ReyK kvn& Zvi nviv‡bv Ae¯vb ïay

cybi×viB K‡ib wb eis 1553 mv‡j Zvi g„Z¨ ch©š— Zv A¶zYœ Ae¯vq a‡i

†i‡LwQ‡jb| wKš‧ AvivKvb DcvL¨v‡bi G fvl¨ wVK bq e‡j g‡b n‡Q †h‡nZz

G `vex mZ¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wÎcyiv DcvL¨vb A_ev e½ BwZnv‡m mnvqK †Kvb

`wjj ev cÖgvY †bB| cÖK…Z c‡¶, 1546 mvj †_‡K PÆMÖvg cvVvb MfY ©‡ii

Aax‡bB wQj| cieZx©‡Z Zv Avev‡iv ¶wY‡Ki Rb¨ wÎcyiv kvmbvax‡b hvq|

wKš‧ e‡½i MfY©i †gvnv¤§` Lvb myi ivRKxq kvgm Avj Øxb Avey Avj

†gvRvd&di †gvnv¤§v`Õ Dcvax aviY K‡i PÆMÖv‡gi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv

w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ges wZwb I cvVv‡bi ¶gZvPz¨Z Mfb©i †h․_ fv‡e wÎcyiv‡`i

wbqš¿Y n‡Z PÆMÖvg cyb`©Lj K‡ib 1554 mv‡j|

‡ReyK kvn& hw`I GKRb gymjgvb ag©vej¤^x wQ‡jb, ZeyI wZwb iKgvwi

Dcv`vb‡K GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZ‡Z iƒc`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| AvivKvb‡K wZwb

mvjZvbv‡Z iƒcvš—i K‡iwQ‡jb| †M․o I w`j­xi gZ K‡i wZwb Zvi `ievi

mvwR‡q wQ‡jb| Zvi `iev‡i wQj- bcyskK, A›`ignj, µxZ`vm Ges

Rj­v`| †mLv‡b ag©, wPš—v-‡PZbv, ms¯‥…wZmn mKj †g․wjK AwaKv‡ii c~Y©v½

¯^vaxbZv wQj| †ReyK kvn& gviK-BD (Marak-u) bMix‡K gmwR`, c¨v‡MvWv

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 54

Ges ¯§„wZ †m․a Øviv mymw¾Z K‡iwQ‡jb| ‡m¸‡jv bv wQj B‡›`v-Bmjvgx,

Avi bv wQj fviZxq| †m¸‡jv wQ‡jv GKwU wbw`©ó AvK…wZi hv gymwjg e½xq

hy‡Mi Òev½vjx gymwjg ¯vcZ¨Ó wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| †ReyK kvn& 1553 mv‡j

g„Zy¨eiY K‡ib| Zvi g„Zy¨i ci w`°v (Dikka) bvgK GK mvaviY †jv‡Ki

Ackvm‡bi ga¨ w`‡q gvÎ `yÕeQi ci Zvi ivR‡Z¡i Aemvb N‡U| Rei

`LjKvix e¨w³‡K g‡b nq GKRb †e․× gN, †h‡nZz †m †Kvb gymjgvb bvg

aviY K‡iwb|

e½ myjZvb KZ…©K AvivKv‡bi wØZxq weRq

evsjvi myjZvb kvgmywÏb Avey †gvRvd&di †gvnv¤§v` kvn 1554 mv‡j PÆMÖvg

weR‡qi ci Zvi †mbv Kg©KZ©v‡`i GKB eQ‡i AvivKv‡bi `w¶Y A‡j

cybivq AMÖmi nIqvi Rb¨ wb‡`©k ‡`b| ivRvi wb‡`©‡ki AvbyMZ¨ ¯^iƒc †mbv

Kg©KZ©viv AvivKv‡b weRq wbkvb e‡q wb‡q Av‡mb Ges AvivKvb ivRv‡`i‡K

evsjvi myjZv‡bi wbKU Zvi ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡ib| AvivKv‡bi

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1560 mvj ch©š— ev½vjx myjZvb‡`i K‡Vvi wbqš¿‡Y wQj| AvivKvb DcvL¨vb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 55

Abyhvqx Av‡iv yÕRb ivRv- m njv (Saw Hla) (1555-1556) Ges wgb

†m‡K (Min Sekkya) (1564-1571) AvivKv‡bi wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY K‡ib|

g‡b nq Zviv wQ‡jb mvaviY †e․× gM, †h‡nZz Zviv †Kvb gymjgvb bvg aviY

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A¯úó i‡q †M‡Q|

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ci †_‡KB PÆMÖvg wÎcyiv ivRv I wmKv›`vi kv‡ni g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯vc‡bi †K›`ª

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Ki‡Z wM‡q e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb| ivRv evBb bvDs hLb AvivKvb `L‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨

Awfhvb †cÖiY KiwQ‡jb, wVK †m mgq Zvi AcÖZ¨vwkZ g„Zz¨ c~e© AvivKv‡bi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 56

ivRv‡K AwaK gvÎvq ¯^w¯— w`‡qwQj Ges Zvi kw³‡K PÆMÖv‡gi w`‡K Nywi‡q

w`‡Z Zv‡K m¶g K‡i Zz‡jwQj| Zvici AvivKvb wÎcyiv‡`i AwaKv‡i P‡j

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a‡ib Ges †Rvi c~e©K PÆMÖvg `~M© `Lj K‡ib 1590 mv‡ji w`‡K| wKš‧

cieZx©‡Z welqwU Av‡cvl gxgvsmvi gva¨‡g mgvavb n‡q hvq|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 57

†mwjg kvn (1593-1612)

wmKv›`vi kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ †mwjg kvn (wgb ivRv MvB) 1593 mv‡j

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Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQ‡jb, †h‡nZz N‡i N‡i we‡`ªvn ïi n‡qwQj| cieZx©‡Z

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 58

ivRvi cÖ_g PvPv‡Zv fvB Us¸ (Toungoo) Gi ivRcyÎ evg©vq GKwU mw¤§wjZ

AvµgY Ges jyɇbi AvnŸvb Rvwb‡q AvivKvb ivRvi wbKU GKwU cÎ

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Kivi Rb¨ ch©vß mgq my‡hvM G‡b w`‡qwQj| Zviv iv‡R¨i wewfbœ GjvKvq

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 59

kÎ fvevcbœ AvKw¯§K AvµgY Pvwj‡qwQj| Zv‡`i AcK‡g© AwZó n‡q

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1609 mv‡j cZz©MxRiv cybivq m›Øxc `Lj K‡ib|

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†mwjg kvn HUv‡K c~Y©v½iƒ‡c m~`„p K‡iwQ‡jb e‡j gš—e¨ Kiv hvq|

ûmvBb kvn (1612-1622)

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‡mwjg kv‡ni ci Zvi †R¨ôcyÎ ûmvBb kvn (wgb LvgvDs) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY

K‡ib| e‡½i Dci †gvNj wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv ûmvBb kvn Ges m›Øx‡ci ivRv

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Lye `ªZ †MvbRv‡j‡mi mv‡_ Zvi hveZxq SMov-weev` wgwU‡q †d‡j Ges

1614 mv‡ji wW‡m¤i gv‡mi ïii w`‡K Zvi mv‡_ mw¤§wjZfv‡e ¯j I mgy ª

c‡_ fyjyqvi Dci AvµgY Pvjvq| ûmvBb kvn& cZy©MxR †mbvevwnbx mv‡_ wb‡q

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mvg‡b AMÖmi nq|

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WvKvwZqv b`x cvi n‡q G‡m AvivKvb ivRvi Dci GKwU cvëv AvµgY

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cwiPvjbv Ki‡jb Ges Zv‡K †gvNj cðv×veYKvix †mbv‡`i nv‡Z Zvi weivU

msL¨K •mb¨ Ges hy×-nvZx †d‡j †i‡L †dbx b`x w`‡q ªZ cjvqb Kiv‡Z

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wb‡R‡K ¯^vaxb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`q| 1615 mv‡ji ïii w`‡K AvivKvbiv

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n‡qwQj; Ges Zv‡K mnvqZv `v‡bi Rb¨ †Mvqvi fvBmiq †Wvg d«vbwmm‡Kv `¨

wgbv‡Rm †iv‡fvÕi (Dom Francisco de Menazes Rovo) ‡bZ„‡Z¡

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c~e© cÖv‡š— mvBwiqvg Ges ‡c¸ evg©vi ivRv AvbvD‡cUjv‡bi (Anaupetlun)

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 63

Avãyj bvex cÖv_wgK fv‡e cÖPÊ AvNvZ †n‡b †mB `~M©wU `Lj Kivi c`‡¶c

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 64

wØZxq †mwjg kvn& (1622-1638)

1622 mv‡j ûmvBb kv‡ni ci Zvi cyÎ wØZxq †mwjg kvn& DËivwaKvix

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Ki‡Z Zv‡`i Dci GKwU we¯§qKi AvµgY Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨

†b․en‡ii K¨v‡Þb‡K wb‡`©k †`qv n‡qwQj| †Kvb Kvi‡Y iYZix cvKivI

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 66

cÖ‡qvR‡bi g‡a¨ wQj| WvPiv AvivKvb‡`i mv‡_ e¨emvwqK Kvh©vw` cwiPvjbv

Kivi Rb¨ †ivnw`s G GKwU d¨v±ix Pvjy K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 67

PZz_© Aa¨vq

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 68

n‡qwQ‡jb| cviZc‡¶, G A‣ea Rei `Lj gymjgvb‡`i †_‡K ¶gZv wQwb‡q

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 69

_v‡Wvwgš¿v Ges m›`v _yWv¤§v (Thadomintra and Sanda

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 70

K‡i| wZwb Zvi cwievi cwiRb Ges f³ Abymvix‡`i wb‡q AvivKv‡b P‡j

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ms‡KZ cÖ`vbKvix åvš— cÖPviYv ïb‡Z †c‡qwQjvg| GUv eY©bv Kiv n‡q _v‡K

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†h, †Kvb GK mg‡q Zv‡K g¨vwmcvUv‡g (g¨vmvwjcvUvg) Avbv n‡qwQj Ges

†Mvj‡Kv›`v I wfmvcy‡ii ivRviv Zv‡`i •mb¨ evwnbx w`‡q Zv‡K me©vZ¥K

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mIiv‡Zi bR‡ii wfZi w`‡q jvj cZvKv evnx `yÕwU Rvnv‡R K‡i cvi

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w`qvs Gi wdwi½x‡`i‡K evsjv Avµg‡Y Zv‡`i ZrciZv eû¸‡Y e„w× Ki‡Z

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mvnm w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gfv‡e 1664 mv‡j Zv‡`i †b․hvbmg~n b`x c‡_ XvKvi

w`‡K hvÎv K‡i Ges 240wU wWw½ †b․Kv wewkó GKwU †gvNj †b․eni‡K

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wb‡RB P‡j hv‡Q|

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Ki‡Z PÆMÖv‡gi wdwi½x‡`i‡K mdjfv‡e cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wewfbœ

Kvi‡YB wdwi½xiv †gvNj‡`i c¶ wb‡qwQj| me‡P‡q †ekx ¸iZ¡c~Y© KviYwU

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 73

n‡jv †h AvivKvb ivRv wdwi½x‡`i‡K PÆMÖvg n‡Z AvivKv‡bi Af¨š—‡i

weZvob K‡i w`‡Z PÆMÖv‡gi MfY©i‡K wb‡ ©k w`‡qwQ‡jb| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj

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Lei Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb Ges †gvNj KZ©„K m›Øxc weR‡qi cieZx© cwiYwZ

m¤ú‡K©I wZwb Lye fxZ wQ‡jb| G ai‡bi cwiKíbvi Avfvm †c‡q wdwi½xiv

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en‡i AwMœ ms‡hvM K‡i 40 †_‡K 50wU wW½x †b․Kv (Rvjev) GK‡hv‡M G‡m

†bvqvLvwj‡Z †gvNj‡`i‡K wN‡i †d‡jwQj|

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Be‡b-B-ûmvBb Ges †gvnv¤§v` †eM AvevKvk Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ n‡e|

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Abymvixiv hviv kvn& Rvnv‡bi kvmbvg‡j XvKvq cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj Zviv mevB

¯j evwnbxi mv‡_ AvivKvb Awfhv‡b Ask MÖnY K‡i| 1666 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix

gv‡m Kzwgivi wbK‡U AvivKvbx‡`i mv‡_ Zv‡`i cÖ_g ‡b․ msNl© ev‡a|

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we‡Kj wZbUvi w`‡K kÎevwnbx‡K Zvov K‡i Ges Zviv KY©dzjx b`x‡Z G‡j

b`xi gy‡L G‡m Zv‡`i‡K wN‡i †d‡j| B‡Zvg‡a¨, j evwnbx Lye `ªZ

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KY©dzjx b`xi Zx‡i G‡m †c u․Qvq H GKB w`‡b| Be‡b-B-ûmvBb KY©dzjx

b`x‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i Ges AvivKvbxq RvnvR¸‡jvi Dci w¶cÖ MwZ‡Z AvNvZ

nv‡b| K¨v‡Þb g~i Ges Ab¨vb¨ †gvNj Kg©KZv©iv wewfbœ w`K †_‡K Lye `ªZ

Qz‡Q Av‡mb| e¨vcK hy‡×i ci AvivKvbxqiv †kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ nq|

Zv‡`i g‡a¨ A‡b‡K wbZn n‡qwQj| wKQy †jvK RvnvR cwiZ¨vM K‡i cjvqb

K‡iwQj Ges evKx mevB AvZœmgc©Y K‡iwQj| Zv‡`i A‡b‡K Rvnv‡R Av¸b

†j‡M A_ev †gvNj †b․en‡ii AvNv‡Z Wy‡e wM‡qwQj Ges Av‡iv 135wU

RvnvR AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj| AvivKvbxq `~M© ch©vqµ‡g Zv‡`i ¯j evwnbxi

Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z jvMj| AvivKv‡bi MfY©i, whwb wQ‡jb ivRvi PvPvi cyÎ,

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M„‡n wd‡i G‡jv| b`xi Aci cv‡k¦©i `~‡M©i gM •mb¨ivI cvwj‡q †Mj Ges

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cÖ‡ek K‡ib| PÆMÖvg `Lj Kivi ci `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi GjvKv¸‡jv `Lj Kivi

Rb¨ gxi †gvZ©Rvi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU Awfhvb †cÖiY Kiv nq| †gvZ©Rv `yM©g iv¯—v,

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myRv I Zvi Abymvix Ges AvivKv‡bi A‡bK gymjgvb‡K b„ksm fv‡e nZ¨v

Kivi gva¨‡g| Zvi g„Zz¨i d‡j †mLv‡b cieZx© GK kZvwãKvj a‡i Ø›Ø-

weev` Ges Af¨š—ixY Kjn Pj‡Z _v‡K|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 75

†ev`vIdvqv KZ©„K AvivKvb `Lj

PÆMÖvg nviv‡bvi ci gviK-BD mvgªv‡R¨i f~L‡Ê n«vm †c‡q eZ©gv‡b AvwKqve,

wKDKwcD Ges mv‡›`v‡q †Rjv ch©š— ‡c․Qvq| wbgœ evigvi H AÂjmg~n hv

cÖ_g †mwjg kvn KZ…©K wewRZ n‡qwQj Ges wØZxq †mwjg kvn& KZ…©K cybivq

wewRZ n‡qwQj Zvi meB eg©x‡`i Aax‡b wd‡i wM‡qwQj| AvivKvb GLb Zvi

cÖvK…wZK mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ Ave× Ges 250 eQi c~‡e© gymjgvbMY KZ…©K cÖ_g

AvivKvb weR‡qi mgq Gi †h mxgv‡iLv wQj †m Zzjbvq eZ©gvb mxgv‡iLv

A‡bK Kg|

1784 mv‡j eg©x‡`i Øviv AvivKvb `Lj ch©š— Ges ivRv m›`v _yWv¤§vi g„Zz¨i

ci me©‡gvU 26 Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb| PÆMÖvg (1666) I mv›`v

wfRqv (1710) cZ‡bi gvSvgvwS mg‡q `kRb ivRv cÖ‡Z¨‡K M‡o AvovB

eQi K‡i AvivKvb kvmb K‡i‡Qb| wZbRb ivRv GK eQi K‡i Ges `yR‡bi

†KDB GKgvmI kvmb K‡ibwb| m›`v wfRvqv I bviv Avevqvi gv‡S kvm‡bi

Mo wQj `yÕ eQ‡ii wb‡P Ges 1784 mvj ch©š— †kl mvZ ivRvi kvmbKvj

wQj cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki M‡o wZb eQi K‡i| AvivKvb ¯^vaxbZvi †kl kZvwã †K‡U‡Q

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wQj| H mg‡qi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i Øviv `kRb ivRv wmsnvm‡b e‡m‡Q Ges c`P~¨Z

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Kvgb bvg aviY K‡i Zv‡`i eskaiMY †mLv‡b Ae¯vb KiwQj| Zviv

AvivKvb fvlv‡ZB K_v ej‡Zv| wKš‧ ZLbI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Bmjvgx wek¦vm Ges

AvdMvbx •ewkó¨ Ae¨vnZ wQj| ivRvi ci ivRv Lyb n‡jv Ges GKMÖv‡gi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 76

wei‡× Ab¨ MÖvg hy‡× wjß nj| me©‡kl yRb ivRv wQ‡jb gymjgvb| Zviv

wQ‡jb Kvgvb Zxi›`vR‡`i eskai hviv B‡Zvc~‡e© m›`v wfRvqv KZ…©K weZvwoZ

n‡q ivgix‡Z G‡mwQj| wR. B. nvi‡fÕi (G. E. Harvey) g‡Z, †kl ivRv

_vgvWv (1782-5), whwb cwinvwmK fv‡e cÖ_g ivRvi bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb|

Ges iv‡R¨i Dci Zvi KZ…©Z¡ A‡bKvs‡k Kg wQj| †h‡nZz wZwb wQ‡jb

wbM„nxZ ivgix es‡kv™¢~Z|

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kvmb‡K mn¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡jv bv| myZivs Zviv ZvB Kij hv Zv‡`i c~e©

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†ev`vIdvqv (Bodawphaya) ¯j I mgy`ª c‡_ AvivKv‡b AvµgY Pvjvq Ges

mvgvb¨ Avµg‡Yi ciB cwic~Y© weRq AR©b K‡i| Gfv‡eB AvivKv‡bi

¯^vaxbZvi m~h© A¯—wgZ nq|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 77

cÂg Aa¨vq

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LvB‡q †bq|

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†g‡b wb‡Z cvi‡jv bv| G ai‡bi RbMY GKwU ¯vaxb, gy³ I mg„×kvjx

AvivKvb †`Lvi cwie‡Z© we‡`kx‡`i kvmbvax‡b _vKv‡KB AwaK cQ›`

Ki‡jv| ¯^vaxbZv †fvMx‡`i Askx`vi wn‡m‡e gymjgvbivI Gi dj †fvM

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¶wZ nIqvi wg_¨v AvksKvq KÆicšx †e․×iv gymjgvb‡`i AvivKvb n‡Z

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evg©vbiv Giƒc Avk¼vi K_v cÖPvi K‡iwQj| 1942 mv‡ji gymwjg nZ¨vhÁ G

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†_‡K †e․ׇ`i wbKU ¶gZvi cvjv e`‡ji ga¨ w`‡qB AvivKvb cZ‡bi

P~ovš— †mvcvb iwPZ n‡qwQj| GUvi KviY wQj, Bmjv‡gi wk¶vq wkw¶Z DP

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Ki‡Zb| BwZnv‡mi, ivRbxwZ I cÖK…wZ Áv‡bi Dbœqb, cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi

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†`Lv w`j, ZLbB Gi cZb mywbwðZ n‡q co‡jv|

A‡bK BwZnvmwe` Ges Dc¨vL¨vwbK aviYv K‡ib †h, AvivKv‡bi ivRv wQj

†e․× ag©vej¤^x, hw`I Zviv wb‡R‡`i Rb¨ gymjgvb bvg †i‡LwQj Ges Zv‡`i

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gy`ªvq Kv‡jgvi (gymjgvb‡`i wek¦v‡mi ¯^xKv‡ivw³) Qvcv¼b K‡iwQj | Zv‡`i

`vexi †cQ‡b KviYmg~n n‡jvt

cÖ_gZt e‡½i gymjgvb‡`i‡K AvivKvb cybi×v‡i mnvqZv †`qvi Rb¨

Zv‡`i mv‡_ K…Z Pzw³ cwic~Y© Ki‡Z Dc‡ivwj­wLZ mKj cšvB Zviv m¤úbœ

K‡iwQj| Ges H mKj AvivKvb ivRv gymwjg bvg Aej¤b K‡iwQ‡jb hviv

evsjvi `w¶Y c~e© †Rjv PÆMÖv‡gi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQ‡jb|

Dc‡ivwj­wLZ eY©bv mg~‡ni hyw³ LÊb K‡i KwZcq cÖL¨vZ BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨

K‡i‡Qb hv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt

Ò Î‡qv`k kZvwãi g‡a¨ Bmjvg AvwdªKvi AvUjvw›UK mgy`ª DcK~jeZx© AÂj

Ges evsjvi ga¨Kvi RbM‡Yi ü`q I gb‡K Rq Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| GUv

‡m hy‡Mi ¸iZ¡cyY© welqmg~‡ni Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡iwQj|Ó

bviv‡gBLjv (Narameikjhla) Zvi ga¨eZx© eQi¸‡jv †M․o `iev‡i

AwZevwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb †mLv‡b MwYZ I cÖK…wZ weÁv‡bi †¶‡Î •ec­weK

aviYvmg~n wk¶v MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Bmjv‡gi mdjZvi g~j g‡š¿I-

ÒG‡Kk¦iev‡` wek¦vmÓ ÑwZwb Ávb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb|

G BwZnvmwe‡`i g‡Z, bviv‡gBLjv A_ev mvIgyqvb A_ev myjvqgvb kvn-

cybtcÖwZwôZ AvivKvbxq ivRv- mywbwðZ wek¦v‡m gymjgvb wQ‡jb| wKš‧ wZwb

wK evsjvq cjvq‡bi c~‡e© Bmjvg Keyj K‡iwQ‡jb, bvwK wZwb `xN© 24 eQi

evsjvq Ae¯vb Kv‡j Bmjv‡g `xw¶Z n‡qwQ‡jb- Zv GLbI AgxgvswmZ i‡q

†M‡Q|

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Arakans place in the civilisation of the Bay kxl©K, mv¤^ †e․×

m¨vb my¨ ey (San Shane Bu) Gg. Gm. KwjQ (M. S. collis) KZ…©K

cÖ¯‧ZK…Z GKwU HwZnvwmK M‡elYvc‡Î cvIqv hvq †h, b¨viv‡gBLjv gymjgvb

n‡qwQ‡jb Ges Bmjv‡gi wek¦vm‡K mgyybœZ ivL‡Z wZwb AvivKvbxq ivRv

wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| D³ M‡elYvc‡Îi mswk­ó AskUzKz GLv‡b

D‡j­L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

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Ae¯vb K‡ib...| Gici wZwb †e․× Ges cwiwPZ gZev` †_‡K wd‡i G‡m

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ga¨eZ©x hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M, ÔM­vm c¨v‡jm µbxKjm Gi KwíZ cixi †`k

n‡Z ÔGK nvRvi GK iv‡ZiÕ D™¢U Kí Kvwnbx‡Z Avwef©~Z nb|Ó

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g‡½vwjqvb‡`i wbKU †_‡K G gZev` (Bmjvg) wkL‡Z GKkZ eQi †j‡M

†Mj| hLb GUv Lye fvj K‡i Dcjwä‡Z G‡jv ZLb Zviv AvivKvb mvgªvR¨

cÖwZôv Ki‡jv| 1430 mvj †_‡K 1530 mvj ch©š— GKkZ eQ‡ii Rb¨

AvivKvb evsjvi mvgš— wn‡m‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡jv| evsjvi cÖwZ kª×v Rvbv‡jv Zv

†_‡K BwZnvm I ivRbxwZ wkLj| gviK-BD mvgªv‡R¨i 11Rb ivRv G gZev`

AbymiY Ki‡jv| 1531 mv‡j wgb web (RveyK kvn) wmsnvm‡b Av‡ivnY

Ki‡jb| Zvi mv‡_ AvivKvbxqiv Zv‡`i gymwjg wk¶vq DP wWMÖx AR©b

Ki‡jb Ges gymwjg iv‡R¨i wfwË ¯vcb Ki‡jb|

wRI‡d« e¨vivK¬vD (Geofirry Barraclough) KZ©„K m¤úvw`Z Òw` UvBg

GUjvm Ae Iqvì wnm‡UvwiÓ gvbwP‡Î AvivKvb‡K GKwU DËi cwðg evg©v

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Ki‡Z wM‡q eBwU‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q †h, †P․Ï`k I cÂ`k kZvwã‡Z Zv‡`i

gymwjg ivR¨ wQj ¯^vaxb, cieZ©x‡Z GwU evg©v KZ©„K †kvwlZ nq| G gvbwPÎ

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MÖ‡ši †jL‡Ki g‡Z bviv‡gBLjvi evsjvq cjvq‡bi c~‡e© AvivKv‡b

B‡Zvg‡a¨B gymwjg kvmb cªwZwôZ n‡qwQj Ges wek¦ gymwjg BwZnv‡m ¯vb

K‡i wb‡qwQj| 1406 mv‡j AvivKv‡b Avµg‡Yi Rb¨ eg©xq ivRv‡K Avnevb

Kiv, KwZcq wec`Mvgx †e․ׇ`i Rb¨ GUv GKUv DËg KviY n‡Z cv‡i|

Gi wfwˇZ †KD hyw³ †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e bv †h, ivRv ZLbI gymjgvb wQ‡jb bv

hLb Zvi Aaxb¯ AwaKvsk RbMY gymjgvb wQj| hLb BLwZqvi Avj- `xb

gynv¤§` web eLwZqvi evsjv weRq K‡ib ZLb †mLvbKvi msL¨vMwiô RbMY

wQj wn›`y I †e․×| GZ`m‡Ë¡I wZwb †mLv‡b gymwjg kvmb cÖwZôv

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kvwmZ n‡eb|

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AvivKv‡bi cÖK…Z BwZnvm‡K weK…Z K‡i‡Q| G‡Z AvivKv‡bi BwZnv‡m

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AvivKv‡bi DcvL¨vb n‡Z c‡iv¶fv‡e ZË¡ D‡j­L K‡i AvivKvb m¤ú‡K©

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‡gs Lvix ev Avjx Lvb (1434-1459) evsjvi iRvi KZ…©‡Z¡i wbKU †ekx mgq

AvZœmgc©Y K‡ib wb| wZwb †`kwUi KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib, hZ ~i m¤¢e wZwb

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ivgyI AwaKvi K‡ib| Zvi DËim~ix ev m cÖ ev Kvwjgvmv (1459-1482)

cybivq Dˇii w`‡K AMÖmi nb Ges PÆMÖvg kn‡ii KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡ib|

Kvh©Z, H ivRviv hw` evsjvi wPý Qzu‡o †d‡jb, Zvn‡j AvivKvb ivRv‡`i

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Awdwmqvj fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kivi Kx cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q?

cviZc‡¶, myjZvb myjvqgvb kvn †_‡K myjZvb Avjx kvn ch©š— GKkZ eQi

(1430-1530) †h GMvi Rb ivRv AvivKvb kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb evsjvi mv‡_

Zv‡`i mK‡jiB Lye Aš—i½ m¤úK© wQj| Zviv BwZnvm, ivRbxwZ Ges Bmjvg

mewKQzB evsjv †_‡K wk‡LwQjb| GgbwK Zviv gymwjg wk¶vq DP wk¶v MÖnY

K‡iwQ‡jb| evsjvi BwZnv‡m ‡Kv_vI †KD Ly u‡R cv‡e bv †h D‡j­wLZ ivRviv

PÆMÖv‡gi cy‡ivcywi `L‡ji c`‡¶c wb‡qwQj A_ev GUv‡K `Lj K‡iwQj|

GgbwK Zviv BwZnvmwe`M‡Yi KZ©„K evsjvi mvgš— wn‡m‡e †LZve

†c‡qwQ‡jb|

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gymjgvb bvgavix AvivKvb ivRv‡`i cÖK…Z cwiPq LyR‡Z Pvb, hviv PÆMÖvg

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BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb ÔÔ`yÕ eQ‡ii GK msw¶ß kvm‡bi ci wZwb gviv

hvb| Zvici †`․wjqvi cyÎ ivb As ¶gZvq Av‡mb Ges 1494 mv‡j Aí

K‡qK gv‡mi Rb¨ kvmb K‡ib| Zvi c‡i H GKB eQi ivb As Gi gvgv

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PÆMÖv‡gi KZ…©Z¡ wQj gymjgvb‡`i nvZ Qvov|Ó

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wKš‧ Avgiv wewfbœ HwZnvwmK m~Î n‡Z Rvb‡Z cvwi †h, cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡`

ivRviv gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| ivb As Gi gymwjg bvg byix kvn Ges

ZvQv jvs Mv_v Gi gymwjg bvg †kL gayj­vn kvn|

Ab¨ RvqvMvq GKB BwZnvmwe` gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb Ò ivb As †_‡K _vZvQv

(Thatasa) ch©š— AvivKv‡bi mKj kvmK PÆMÖv‡gi Dci Zv‡`i KZ©„Z¡ a‡i

ivL‡Z e¨_© n‡qwQ‡jb G Kvi‡YB Zviv gymwjg bvg MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

Abyfe K‡iwQ‡jb|Ó

G e³‡e¨i wecix‡Z Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, H mKj ivRv gymwjg bvg aviY

Ki‡Zb| Zv‡`i bvg wbgœiƒct

ivb As = byix kvn

‡mwjs Mv_y = †kL gayj­vn kvn

‡gs ivRv = Bwj kvn

Kvmvev`x = Bwjqvm kvn

‡gs m I = Rvjvj kvn

_v‡ZQv = Avjx kvn|

gviK-BD hy‡M AvivKv‡bi yB ivRv Bwjqvm kvn I Avjx kv‡ni cÖvß KwZcq

gy`ªv †_‡K Zv‡`i gymwjg bvg ivLvi cÖK…Z NUbv m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hvq|

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wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni ci bvivcvw`Mx (Narapadigyi) wmsnvmb Rei`Lj

K‡ib| myZivs wZwb gymwjg bvg MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ibwb, hw`I

wZwb PÆMÖvg kvmb K‡iwQ‡jb| bvivcvw`Mxi gy`ªv n‡ZB me© cÖ_g dvm©x/bvMix

fvlv gy‡Q †djv nq Ges Zvi Dfq cv‡kB AvivKvb fvlvi Qvcv¼b Kiv nq|

BwZnvmwe` dvqvix (Phayare) `vex K‡ib †h, 1638 mv‡j PÆMÖvg †gvNj

my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lv‡bi Aaxb¯ nq Ges Gi d‡j dvmx© / bvMix fvlv wejyß

n‡q hvq| wKš‧ HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †hgb Hall (3) cwi®‥vi K‡i †h 1666

mvj ch©š— PÆMÖvg‡K wdwi‡q †bqv nqwb| GUv cwi®‥vi fv‡e Bw½Z K‡i †h

PÆMÖvg wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z bq| eis †m gymjgvb n‡Z cv‡i A_ev bvI

n‡Z cv‡i|

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MÖx (†mwjg kvn), wgb dvjvDs (wmKv›`vi kvn), wgb LvgvDs ( †nvmvBb kvn)

Ges w_wi †_v`v¤§v (wØZxq †mwjg kvn) Pv‡ci gy‡L wQ‡jb †h, Zviv gymwjg

bvg ivL‡eb bvwK Zv‡`i c~e©myix‡`i Dci Av‡ivwcZ Z_vKw_Z kZ©¸‡jv c~iY

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kvmb n‡Z weZvwoZ n‡qwQj| GLv‡b hyw³ ms½Z fv‡e Dcmsnv‡i ejv hvq

†h, †h mKj ivRv gymjgvb bvg aviY K‡iwQj Zviv AKzÉwP‡Ë gymjgvbB

wQj|

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ReyK kv‡ni g„Zy¨i ci w`°v (Dikka) bv‡gi GK mvaviY †jvK wmsnvmb

`Lj K‡ib| wZwb R‣bK m njv (Saw Hla) KZ©„K mgw_©Z Ges †gs †m‡°qv

KZ©„K Abym„Z wQ‡jb| Giv mevB wQ‡jb mvaviY ‡jvK| Zv‡`i gymwjg bvg

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•ea DËivwaKvix wgb dvjvDs ev wmKv›`vi kvn (1571-1593) KZ©„K

wmsnvmb cybi×vi nq| Zvici Zvi cyÎ ivRv MÖx ev cÖ_g †mwjg kvn

(1593-1612), Zvici Zvi cyÎ wgb LvgDs ev †nvmvBb kvn, Zvici Zvi

cyÎ w_ wi _y`v¤§v ev wØZxq †mwjg kvn wmsnvm‡b Av‡mb | G‡`i mevB

gymjgvb bvg aviY K‡ib| wØZxq †mwjg kv‡ni g„Zz¨i ci gM †e․×MY KZ…©K

wmsnvmb `L‡ji ga¨ w`‡q AvivKvb mvgªv‡R¨i cZb ïi nq| Zviv `xN© mgq

a‡i AvivKvb kvmb K‡ib| Z‡e G‡`i †KDB gymwjg bvg aviY K‡ibwb|

gviK-BD ivRvi we`vq †_‡K Avgiv ¯úó †`L‡Z cvB †h hviv •ea

DËivwaKvix wQ‡jb ZvivB †Kej gymwjg bvg aviY K‡iwQ‡jb| KviY Zviv

wQ‡jb gymjgvb| Ab¨ w`‡K Rei`LjKvixiv †Kvb gymwjg Dcvax MÖnY

K‡ibwb| ¶gZvi Rb¨ gymjgvb I †e․ׇ`i g‡a¨ cÖwZØw›ØZv mve©¶wYK fv‡e

Pj‡Z _v‡K| 1666-1710 mvj ch©š— Kvgvb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ gymjgvb

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I AvwKqv‡ei wbKU _vivM‡Y Zv‡`i eskaiMY Kvgvb bvg aviY K‡i wU‡K

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Kvwjgv LwPZ K‡i‡Q Ges dvmx© fvlv‡K Av`vj‡Zi fvlv wn‡m‡e e¨envi

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Pj‡Zv †m‡nZz †m mg‡q fviZ‡K wn›`y ivR¨ ejvi Avi †Kvb Dcvq wQj bv|

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Bû`x I Lªxóvb hviv bex Beªvwng ch©š— Zv‡`i c~e© cyil‡`i DrcwË Zvjvk

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hvB †nvK, gymwjg ivRv‡`i PvwiwÎK •ewkó¨ †_‡K eySv hvq †h AwaKvsk

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gy³ K‡ib Ges Zv‡K wZwb Zvi c„ô‡cvlKZvq ivRKwe wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`b|

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wQ‡jb| wZwb wQ‡jb wmwÏKx cwiev‡i Rb¥ jvf Kiv GKRb gymjgvb| wKš‧

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 93

AvivKvb kvmKiv Zv‡K VvKzi Dcvwa w`‡qwQj| AvivKvb kvmKiv DP c`

Kg©KZ©v‡`i‡K Giƒc A‡bK Dcvwa w`Z| gvMb VvKzi Aviex, dvimx, wn›`x

Ges evsjvq Lye cvi`k©x wQ‡jb| Zvi Kvwe¨K iPbv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ïay

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mgmvgwqK Kv‡ji Kwe wQ‡jb †`․jZ KvRx| wZwb AvivKv‡bi KvwPcyi‡K Zvi

(AvjvI‡ji) Rb¥¯vb wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| Zvi eY©bv g‡Z, GKUv

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mvgvwRK Rxeb wb‡q iwPZ|

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`yj­v gRwjk (Dulla Majlish) wk‡ivbv‡g GKwU dvimx iPbvi evsjv Abyev`

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wdwi‡q †`qv nZ bv| bvgvR covi Rb¨ mvw`K bvbv AvwZqvevi KZ©„K †mLv‡b

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GKRb‡K LZxe I Aci Rb‡K Bgvg wb‡qvM ‡`qv n‡qwQj|

lô Aa¨vq

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 95

†ev`vIdvqvi Aax‡b AvivKvb (1784-1824)

gviK-BD kvm‡bi cZb wQj †ivwn½v‡`i Rb¨ GK gvivZ¥K ûgwK, †h‡nZz

gviK-BD Gi cÖ‡Z¨KwU welq wQj ev¯—weKfv‡e I mvs¯‥…wZKfv‡e Bmjvgx

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Kvi‡Y Ges LvwbKUv †m A‡j RbmsL¨v e„w×i Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i‡K ¯vMZ

Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj|

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1811 mv‡j wKs †ewis wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ AvivKvb kiYv_©x R‣bK wQbweqvb

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Ki‡Z m¶g nq| wZwb bZzb iƒ‡c hy× ïi Kivi R‡b¨ mvn‡mi m‡½

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cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡ib| G j‡¶¨ wZwb gvÎ 100wU iYZixi GKwU eni wb‡q AMÖmi

nb| wKš‧ GeviI wZwb civwRZ nb Ges wZwb Zvi ibZixi A‡a©K nvwi‡q

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n‡jv Ges eg©xqiv Zv‡`i AvZœmgc©Y `vex Kij|

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wQbweqvb †Kv¤úvbxi Rb¨ GKUv gv_v e¨v_vi KviY n‡q uvovj| Zv‡K

‡MÖdZvi Kivi wb‡`©k †`qv n‡jv, wKš‧ †KDB Zv‡K AvUK Ki‡Z cvij bv|

1812 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m wQbBweqv‡bi Abymvixiv K·evRvi `Lj K‡i Ges

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cieZ©x Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wZwb †mLv‡b RvnvR wbg©v‡Yi KvR ïi

K‡ib| GKB gv‡m †Kv¤úvbxi evwnbx¸‡jv ivgy‡Z NvwU ¯vcb K‡i Ges

PÆMÖvg n‡Z wQbweqvb evwnbxi Dci GKwU †h․_ AvµgY Pvjvq Ges Zv‡`i‡K

Zv‡`i cÖavb Kvh©vjq †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i| wQbweqvb mxgvš— AwZµg K‡i

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†b․Kv mg~‡ni Dci †Uvj Av‡ivc Kiv nq Ges †Kvb GK NUbvq K‡qKRb

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a‡i bvd b`xi c~e© cv‡k A ¿avix †jvK‡`i mgvMg ïi nq | `w¶Y PÆMÖv‡gi

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†jvKRb fq Ges k¼vi g‡a¨ Zv‡`i w`b AwZevwnZ Ki‡Z _v‡K| 1823

mv‡ji 24 †m‡Þ¤^i iv‡Z kvnvcix Øx‡c Awfhvb Pvjvq| GK nvRvi †jvK

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GLv‡b D‡j­L‡hvM¨t

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Aw wZkxjZv Ae¨vnZ wQj| AvivKvbxq‡`i A‡bK Awf‡hvM wQj: Zviv

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wbKU †_‡K †Rvi c~e©K Puv`v Av`vq QvovI Zv‡`i Dci cvkweK wbh©vZb

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mßg Aa¨vq

weªwUk `L‡j AvivKvb

weªwUk-evg©vb 1g hy× (1823-25)

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•mb¨evwnbx bvd b`x cvi n‡q AvµgY ïi K‡i| B‡Zvg‡a¨ weªwUk •mb¨iv

Av›`vgvb ØxccyÄ †_‡K wbgœ evg©vq GKwU ‡b․ Avµg‡Yi cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i|

weªwUk KZ©„K iv½yb `L‡ji Lei ev›`yjvi fvi‡Zi AMÖmi nIqv‡K _vwg‡q

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 102

w`‡qwQj| iv½yb cybi×v‡ii Rb¨ ci ci yRb eg©xq †Rbv‡ij‡K †cÖiY Kiv

n‡qwQj wKš‧ Zviv e¨_© n‡qwQj Ges nvbv`vi ewn¯‥vi Kivi Rb¨ ev›`yjv‡K

Avnevb Rvbv‡bv n‡qwQj| ev›`yjv 60,000 •mb¨ Ges GKwU Kvgvb eni wb‡q

Awfhvb kyi Ki‡jv| Zvi cÖ_g `ywU AvµgY cÖwZ‡iva Kiv n‡qwQj Ges

`vbyevqy‡Z wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv n‡qwQj| 1825 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj hLb

`vbyevqy `L‡ji c`‡¶c wbwQj ZLb ev› yjv hy‡× wbnZ n‡jv | 1825

mv‡ji ïii w`‡K †ivnvDs `Lj Kiv n‡qwQj| Zvici ªZ †m`yev I

Qv‡›`v‡qI `Lj Kiv nq| AvivKvbiv Kvh©Ki fv‡e weªwUk kvm‡bi Aax‡b

Av‡m 1825 mv‡j|

AvivKv‡bi Dci weªwUk kvmb (1825-1947)

1826 mv‡j hLb weªwUkiv AvivKv‡bi kvmb ¶gZv MÖnY Ki‡jv ZLb

AvivKv‡bi Ae¯v wQj wek„|Ljvc~Y©| hv K‡qK eQi a‡i weivR KiwQj

weªwUk‡`i wei‡× GKwU e¨vcK we‡`ªvn cÖkwgZ Kiv nq 1836 mv‡j Ges

†`kwU cÖK…Z A‡_© kvš— n‡Z ïi K‡i| me©cªª_g AvivKvb Ges Zvbv‡Qwi‡gi

`ywU cÖ‡`k fvi‡Zi MfY©i †Rbv‡i‡ji mivmwi ZË¡veav‡b c„_Kfv‡e kvwmZ

n‡Z _v‡K | wKš‧ AvivKvb `ªZ evsjvi MfY©‡ii Aax‡b ¯vbvš—wiZ nq Ges

Gi mycvwi‡›Ub‡W›U PÆMÖv‡gi Kwgkbv‡ii Aax‡b KvR Ki‡Z _v‡K | †mLv‡b

fviZxq kvmb KvVv‡gv Pvjy Kiv nq Ges fviZxq AwfÁZvi ùziY NUv‡bv

nq| hvB †nvK A‡bK c~‡e© AvivKv‡bi wbR¯ Kwgkbvi wQj Ges kvmb ¶gZv

Zvi Dci b¨¯ — wQj| cÖkvmb cybM©Vb Kiv n‡jv| Kwgkbv‡ii Aax‡b †Rjv

Kg©KZ©v, GKRb †Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU, wePviK Ges Ki Av`vqKvixi `vwqZ¡ cvjb

Ki‡Zv| Zvi Aax‡b Rywbqi mnKvix Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb, whwb ïbvwb Av‡e`b

e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj ¶gZvi PP©v Ki‡Zb| †mLv‡b GKRb ¯vbxq ivR¯^

Kg©KZ©vI wQ‡jb| whwb gv‡qv_y¸B (Myothogyi) wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| wZwb

†Rjvi ivR¯^ welqK Kvh©vejxi Z`viwK Ki‡Zb| gv‡qv_y¸BÕi Aax‡b

†mLv‡b wKq~b-IK&m wQ‡jb| hviv ¯^ ¯^ †Mvθ‡jv †_‡K ivR¯^ Av`vq

Ki‡Zb| wKqyb IKm‡`i Aax‡b Bfv- Ms ev MÖvg cÖavb wQ‡jb| kni¸‡jv‡Z

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UvDbkxc Awdmvi (TO) wb‡qvM Kiv n‡qwQj| Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wU. I wQ‡jb

Zvi GjvKvi g‡a¨ GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ªU, wePviK Ges mnKvix Kv‡j±i|

AvB‡bi kvmb m~wPZ nIqvi d‡j RbM‡Yi e¨vcK Kj¨vY mvwaZ nq|

`vßwiK wbh©vZb Ges Puv`vevR A‣ea †NvlYv Kiv nq| WvKvwZ‡K c~‡e©i

Zzjbvq A‡bK k³ nv‡Z `gb Kiv nq| Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i wbivcËv G bZzb

kvmb Avg‡ji GKwU cwiwPZ •ewk‡ó¨ cwiYZ nq| kvwš— wd‡i Avmvi mv‡_

mv‡_ AvivKvbxq RbMY hviv c~‡e© eg©xq‡`i Øviv weZvwoZ n‡qwQj ev hy‡×i

mgq cvwj‡q wM‡qwQj Ges AwaKvsk PÆMÖvg ‡Rjvi `w¶‡Y Avevm M‡o

Zz‡jwQj Zviv mevB AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i c~‡e©i Ni evox‡Z wd‡i Avm‡Z ïi

Ki‡jv| AvivKvbxq RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vj‡bi welq¸‡jv‡K BwZnvmwe` dvqvix

msw¶ß AvKv‡i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv GLv‡b Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-

ÒAvivKv‡b †Mvj‡hv‡Mi mg‡q †hmKj †jvK Zv‡`i †`k †Q‡o cvwj‡q hvq

Ges DcK~jxq Øxc PÆMÖv‡gi `w¶Yvs‡k GgbwK evsjvi my›`i eb GjvKvq

emwZ ¯vcb K‡iwQj Zviv mK‡jB ch©vqµ‡g †`‡k wd‡i Avm‡Z jvM‡jv Ges

DËi c~e©v‡j el©v †g․my‡g cyil gwnjv, wkï Zv‡`i mKj m¤ú` mnKv‡i

†b․Kvq K‡i m¤¢eZ evsjv n‡Z Zv‡`i ‣cZ…K f~wg‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| 30 ev

40 eQi c~‡e© Zviv Zv‡`i Avcb f~wg Z¨vM K‡iwQj|Ó

GUv Awf‡hvM Kiv cy‡ivcywi weåvwš—Ki Ac-D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡Yvw`Z †h †ekxi fvM

gymjgvb weªwUk kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj| cÖK…Z NUbv n‡Q †h,

†h mKj †jvK Øviv B‡Zvc~‡e© weZvwoZ n‡qwQj kvwš— ¯vc‡bi ci Zviv

AvivKv‡b Zv‡`i N‡i wd‡i G‡mwQj| wKš‧ 1942 mv‡ji gymwjg we‡ivax

`v½v †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©š— Pjgvb b„-ZvwË¡K DrLvZ Awfhvb Ae¨vnZ

_vKvi d‡j nvRvi nvRvi †ivwn½v‡K AvivKvb Z¨vM Ki‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv

n‡qwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 104

weªwUk miKvi ¶z`ª cwim‡i AvivKv‡b †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯vi Dbœqb K‡i, hvi

Dci wbf©i K‡i AvivKv‡bi e¨vcK K…wl m¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡Zv|

AvivKvb ‡d¬vwUjv ‡Kv¤úvbxi j¸‡jv (w÷g kxc) AvwKqve †Rjv¸‡jvi

Af¨š—ixY †b․c‡_ wbqwgZ PjvPj Ki‡Zv| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjv

kn‡ii m`i `߇ii mv‡_ AvivKv‡b †hvMv‡hvM cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv| G

†Kv¤úvbxwU AvwKqve I AvivKv‡bi cvnvwo †Rjv¸‡jvi m`i `ßi c¨v‡jUfvÕi

gv‡S Ges wKqvKcy Ges mv‡›`v‡q †Rjv¸‡jvi gv‡SI mvwf©m e¨e¯vcbv

eûgvwÎK b`x c‡_i `ib GLvbKvi moK †hvMv‡hvM wQj m‡ívbœZ| AvivKvb

†d¬vwUjv †Kv¤úvbx eyw_WvDs Ges gvDs`vD Gi gv‡S h_vµ‡g gvqy I bvd

b`xi Dci w`‡q GKwU w÷ªg Uªvg c_ ‣Zwi K‡iwQj| GUvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj G

`ywU b`x c‡_ Zv‡`i w÷gvi †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| GQvov AvivKv‡b †Kvb

‡ijc_ wQj bv|

‡hvM‡hvM e¨e¯vi DbœwZi d‡j AvivKvb GKwU mg„×kvjx evwYR¨ †K‡›`ª

cwiYZ n‡jv| cÖ‡Z¨K eQi cÖwZ‡ekx PÆMÖvg n‡Z A‡bK †g․mygx kªwgK

(†deªqvix †_‡K †g) AvivKv‡bi gv‡V KvR Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b Avm‡Zv Ges

Zviv mvaviYZ MÖx¯§Kv‡ji †k‡l evwo‡Z wd‡i ‡hZ | A‡bK e¨emvqx ïay

evwYR¨ Kivi Rb¨B AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡Zv| wKš‧ Zviv c ÖavbZ ivRavbx

bMix AvwKqv‡e Ae¯vb Ki‡Zv| AwaKvsk Awfevmx hviv weªwUk kvm‡bi mgq

AvivKv‡b AbycÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Zviv wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i mgq †`‡k wd‡i hvq Ges

evKxiv wb DBb Gi we‡`k we‡ivax Awfhv‡bi mgq cvwj‡q hvq|

Dcwb‡ek we‡ivax RvZxq Av‡›`vjb

1885 mv‡j weªwUkiv mg — evg©v‡K GKÎ Ki‡Yi KvR mgvß Ki‡jv| iv½yb

K‡j‡Ri wk¶v_©x‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ Bqs †gbm eyw×ó G‡mvwm‡qkb (WMBA) bv‡gi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 105

GKwU msMVb cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj 1906 mv‡j| G msMVbwUi cÖavbZ D‡Ïk¨

wQj †e․×ev` I wk¶vi Dbœqb NUv‡bv Ges mgvR †mev Kiv| WMBA

ivR‣bwZK wm×vš— wb‡Z ïi K‡i 1917 mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K| Zvic‡i WMBA

wb‡R‡K ‡Rbv‡ij KvDwÝj Ae evg©xR G‡mvwm‡qkb (GCBA) G cwieZ©b

K‡ib| hv wQj Av‡iv we¯—…Z Ges eg©xq RvZxqZvev‡`i GKwU bgybv| GCBA

eg©xq‡`i AwaKv‡ii Rb¨ weªwUk miKv‡ii mv‡_ hy× K‡i| BwZg‡a¨ GCBA

Ges Ab¨vb¨ gnj we‡kl K‡i †e․× mb¨vmx KZ©„K wfb †`k we‡ivax cÖPviYv

Av‡iv †Rvi`vi nq| fviZxq‡`i Zvwo‡q †`Iqvi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡`i gvjvgvj

jyU K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv †NvlYv †`qv nq| 1930 mv‡j iv½y‡b fviZ

we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZiY wk¶v_©x‡`i Øviv 1930

mv‡ji w`‡K Wy evgv GwkqvIqvb (Avgv‡`i evg©v msMVb) bv‡gi GKwU bZzb

msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq| ZiY G wk¶v_©xiv wb‡R‡`i‡K _vwKb (gvóvi) e‡j

m‡¤vab Ki‡Zv| Zviv mgMÖ †`k e¨vcx GKwU fviZ we‡ivax AvZ¼ cÖPvi

K‡iwQj| AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v, †K›`ªxq evg©vi Rviev‡`, c~e© evg©vi cvšviv

Ges `w¶Y evg©vi evï‡`i g‡Zv †bwUf gymjgvb‡`i‡K mvaviY fviZxq‡`i

†_‡K Avjv`v Ki‡Z evg©vi †e․× mvaviY e¨_© n‡qwQj| fviZxqiv

Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AvivKv‡b cÖ‡ek K‡iwQj Ges Zv‡`i Dci AhvwPZ

fv‡e AvµgY K‡iwQj|

BwZg‡a¨ evg©vi agx©q I ivR‣bwZK †bZviv AvivKvbxR gMm BbUz _vwKb cvwU©

(Arakanes Maghas into Thakin Party) †K msMwVZ Kivi Rb¨

AvivKv‡b Av‡mb| AvivKvb cvwU©i D‡Ïk¨ wQj weªwUk‡`i Kej †_‡K evg©v‡K

gy³ Kiv| hvB †nvK _vwKb cvwU© evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq AvivKvb gM‡`i

g‡b gymwjg we‡ivax N„Yv mÂvwiZ K‡iwQj| G hy‡×i D‡Ïk¨ wQj ywU fMœx

cÖwZg m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ we‡Q` NUv‡bv| hLb we‡Q‡`i welqwU DV‡jv ZLb

weªwUk miKvi evg©vi wewfbœ m¤cÖ`v‡qi 24wU cÖwZwbwa `j‡K evg©v †Mvj‡Uwej

m‡¤§j‡b Avmvi Rb¨ Avnevb Rvbv‡jv| m‡¤§jbwU 27 b‡f¤i, 1931 mvj

†_‡K 12B Rvbyqvix, 1932 mv‡j jʇb AbywôZ nq| ‡ivwn½v‡`i †Kvb

cÖwZwbwa‡K †mLv‡b Avnevb Rvbv‡bv nqwb| KviY weªwUkiv Zv‡`i‡K fviZxq

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 106

m¤úª`v‡qi g‡a¨ MY¨ Ki‡Zv bv| †e․× gM _vwKb Rbve Zzb As M (Mr. Tun

Aung gyaw) AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡`i †bZ…Z¡ †`q| weªwUk-fviZ †_‡K evg©vi c„_K

nIqv Ges 1937 mv‡j Af¨š—ixY ¯vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b nIqvi d‡j

_vwKbiv kvmb ¶gZvi c~Y© wbqš¿Y cvq| wefvR‡bi gvÎ GK eQi c‡i 1938

mv‡j iv½y‡b Avev‡iv gymwjg we‡ivax `v½vi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U| _vwKb cvwU©i †bZv

As mvb AvivKv‡b GKwU †Mvcb mdi K‡i cÖvq GKB mg‡q| †mLv‡b †g‡evb

kn‡i AbywôZ GKwU m‡¤§j‡b wZwb †hvM †`b| wZwb AvivKv‡bi †ivwn½v‡`i

e¨vcv‡i Zvi bxwZ mn evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi e¨vcv‡i †K․kj wb‡q

AvivKvbxq †e․× †bZv‡`i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| BD‡iv‡c hLb wØZxq wek¦

hy× ïi n‡jv ZLb evg©vi MfY©i KZ©„K evg©v‡K wgÎ kw³i mv‡_ mwµq fv‡e

hy‡× AskMÖn‡Yi †NvlYv †`qv nq| As mvb Ges Zvi 30 Rb mn‡hvMx

†Mvc‡b Rvcv‡b P‡j hvq| Ges †mLv‡b Zviv Rvcvbx‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq evg©v

¯^vaxbZv •mb¨ (Barma Independence Armey) MVb K‡i| 1941 mv‡ji

23 wW‡m¤i Rvcvbxiv iv½y‡b †evgv wb‡¶c K‡i| weªwUkiv evg©v Ges AvivKvb

†_‡K cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i fvi‡Z P‡j Av‡m| mv‡eK †Rbv‡ij wb DBb Gi

†bZ„‡Z¡ we. AvB. G. evwnbxi cÖ_g `jwU gDjwgqvb n‡q iv½y‡b †c․Qvq 1942

mv‡ji ïii w`‡K| Gi d‡j evg©vq fviZxq‡`i Ges AvivKv‡b †ivwn½v‡`i

g‡b gvivZœK AvZ‡¼i m„wó nq| fviZxqiv BwZg‡a¨ m¤¢eci mKj iU w`‡q

evg©v †_‡K cvwj‡q †h‡Z ïi K‡i|

1942 mv‡ji gywmjg nZ¨vhÁ

hLb weªwUkiv m‡i †Mj ZLb AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖkvmb gM ‡e․× BD wKqvI

wKb (Un kyaw Khine) Gi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q coj| Zvi Dci AvivKvb

wefvMxq Kwgkbv‡ii `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡qwQj| G cÖkvmb gM‡`i‡K

AwZgvÎvq Lywk K‡iwQj| _vwKb m`m¨iv wewfbœ ai‡bi `ybx©wZi Kvi‡Y

miKvi KZ…©K hv‡`i Rb¨ c‡ivqvbv Rvix Kiv n‡qwQj- Zv‡`i †Mvcb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 107

Avkªq j n‡Z †ewi‡q Gj Ges cÖKvk¨ jyUZivR I `m~¨e„wË ïi Kij|

gymjgvbiv wQj Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi wPivPwiZ wkKvi| Rvcvbx‡`i Øviv

AvwKqv‡e †evgv wb‡¶‡ci ci †mLvbKvi wewfbœ kni I MÖvg †Q‡o AwaKvsk

gymjgvb Zv‡`i wbR¯ evox-N‡i P‡j hvq| Gi KviY wQj Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU

wg_¨v cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj †h AwZmË¡i AvwKqv‡e GKwU gymwjg we‡ivax

`v½vi cÖv`yf©ve NU‡Z hv‡Q|

Rvcvbxiv 1942 mv‡ji 23 †k gvP© AvwKqv‡e †evgv we‡ùviY NUvq, d‡j

A‡bK weªwUk, †MviLv, wecyj msL¨K AZ¨vaywbK me A ¿ †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q

hvq| KwZcq Kzc_Mvgx Kv‡ib m`m¨ gM ag©v܇`i kw³ Av‡iv e„w× Ki‡Z

Zv‡`i Kv‡Q Gme wewµ Kij A_ev Awdmvi, cywjk Awdmvi Ges cywjk

Kb‡÷ej‡`i mKj A ¿ AvUK Kij, †h mKj A ¿ RbM‡Yi wbivcËv weavb

Ki‡Z weªwUkiv †d‡j †i‡LwQj| AwaKš‧ gM Kwgkbvi BD wKqvI wLb GKwU

†b․Kv †evSvB K‡i A ¿ I †Mvjvevi` wKqvDKZvI Ges wgbweqvq mieivn

Kij|

_vwKb m`m¨iv gymjgvb‡`i jvB‡m‡ÝK…Z mKj A ¿ AvUK Kij| myZivs

_vwKbiv GLb A ¿-k‡¯¿ mymw¾Z n‡jv, Ab¨w`‡K gymjgvbiv Cgv‡bi (wek¦vm)

e‡j ejxqvb n‡q A ¿wenxb Ae¯vq Lvwj nv‡Z c‡o _vKj| Avmbœ aŸshÁ

Abyaveb Ki‡Z gymjgvbiv cy‡ivcywi e¨_© n‡jv| k·`i †gvKv‡ejv Kivi

Rb¨ Zviv AjxK Kíbv †cvlY Ki‡jv| Ges Zv‡`i A‡b‡K GUvB Avkv

Ki‡jv †h, Zv‡`i gM eÜyiv Zv‡`i‡K i¶v Ki‡e| gymjgvbiv msMwVZ wQj

bv Ges Zv‡`i‡K cwiPvjbv Kivi g‡Zv †KD wQj bv|

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B‡Zvg‡a¨ gMiv gymjgvb‡`i Dci AvµgY Kivi mvwe©K cÖ¯‧wZ MÖnY Kij|

Zviv wgbweqvq GKwU †Mvcb ‣eVK Ki‡jv Ges •eVK †_‡K Zviv wb‡gœv³

wm×vš— ‡jv MªnY Ki‡jv|

1. wZbwU K¨vUvMwi‡Z _vwKb ‣mb¨iv wef³ _vK‡e| Zv‡`i g‡a¨

GK`j e›`yK, Av‡iK`j Zievwi Ges Ab¨ `j ej­g aviY Ki‡e|

2. G evwnbx¸‡jvi wPd KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb mvb wKqvI As (San

Kyaw Aung), wØZxq KgvÊvi wn‡m‡e _vK‡eb gs wKqvI Ges Zzb njv

As (Tun Hla)| wKš‧ Avµg‡Yi wb‡ ©k Avm‡e †cÖwm‡W›U _vwKb _v

hvb njv (Thakin Tha Zan Hla) Ges fvBm †cÖwm‡W›U BD

†dv wLb Gi c¶ †_‡K|

3. G Avµg‡Yi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡Q wbgœiƒc:

K. AvivKv‡bi ¯^vqZ¡ kvm‡bi Rb¨ hy‡× weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK‡`i wec‡¶

Rvcvbx‡`i mg_©b †`qv|

L. †`k n‡Z mKj Kvjv‡`i‡K- mv`v Kvjv (weªwUk) Ges Kv‡jv Kvjv

(fviZxq)- Zvwo‡q †`qv Ges Zv‡`i ab m¤úwË gM‡`i Kj¨v‡Y ev‡Rqvß

Kiv|

M. ‡ivvwn½v Ges Kvgvb‡`i‡K GLv‡b _vK‡Z AbygwZ †`qv| hviv AvivKv‡b

K‡qK cÖRb¥ a‡i emevm Ki‡Q| wKš—y Zv‡`i‡KI PvUvMvBqv‡`i g‡Zv Zvwo‡q

†`qv hw` Zv‡`i †Kvb Kg©KvÊ AcÖZ¨vwkZ e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq|

†ivwn½v Ges eg©xq‡`i AvivKv‡bi Ae¯v‡bi AbygwZ welqK wm×vš—wU †bqv

n‡qwQj ïaygvÎ gM †e․ׇ`i GKwU `‡ji AvB Iqv‡ki Rb¨| gymjgvbiv

`xN©w`b a‡i Zv‡`i cvkvcvwk emev‡mi d‡j Zviv gymjgvb‡`i cÖwZ D`vi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 109

`„wófw½ †cvlY Ki‡Zv| ev —weK c‡¶, evg©vi _vwKb †bZviv Ges Zv‡`i

AvivKvbxq mn‡hvMxiv AvivKv‡bi mKj gymwjg RbMY‡K wPiZ‡i DrLvZ

Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK w`b Av‡M ‡_‡KB loh‡š¿i Rvj ey‡b AvmwQj| _vwKbiv

†`L‡jv †h, Lye `ªZ evg©vi ¯^vaxbZv wbKUeZ©x nwQj Ges G wek„Lj I

Aw wZkxj cwiw¯wZ‡Z hw` gymjgvb‡`i‡K wbg~©j Kiv bv hvq Zvn‡j Zviv

¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq GKwU ¯vqx gv_v e¨_vi KviY n‡q _vK‡e| AvivKv‡b

gM †e․ׇ`i‡K _vwKbiv cÖ‡eva w`‡qwQj †h, Zv‡`i †e․× a‡g©i Rb¨

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Ges Zviv gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ GK‡Î ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fvM Kivi cwie‡Z© Aax‡b

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G‡Ki ci GK AhvwPZ fv‡e jyU Kiv n‡jv|

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BD mvb wKqvI Ges BD gs wKqvD cÖgyL bv‡gi AvivKv‡bi _vwKb †bZviv

gymjgvb‡`i Dci mvaviY nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi wb‡ ©k w`j| Gfv‡e 1942

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gymjgvb‡`i A ¿¸‡jv wQj ¯vbxq Ges gvÜvZv Avg‡ji| gM Ges Zv‡`i cÖfy

_vwKb‡`i Øviv hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q jyUZivR, nZ¨v, al©Y Aev‡a Pj‡Z

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 110

_v‡K| nvRvi nvRvi wbivciva cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï wbnZ nq| †ivwn½viv

civwRZ nq| A‡bK †jvKRb b`x‡Z Svwc‡q co‡jv Ges A‡b‡K e‡bi g‡a¨

nvwi‡q †Mj| muvZwi‡q hvIqv †jvK‡`i‡K ¸wj K‡i nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv| gM

cïiv Zv‡`i `xN© Zievwi w`‡q Aa© g„Z cyil, gwnjv Ges wkï‡`i‡K wbg©g

fv‡e Mjv †K‡U †dj‡jv| hviv †e u‡P wM‡qwQj Zv‡`i‡K aviv‡jv Qzwi w`‡q

UzK‡iv UzK‡iv K‡i †K‡U †djv n‡jv| †ivwn½v hyeZx Kb¨v Ges igYx‡`i‡K

al©‡Yi ci nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv Ges wb®úvc wkï‡`i‡KI wbôzifv‡e †g‡i †djv

n‡jv| cÖwZ‡ekx gMiv Zv‡`i (†ivwn½v) Mevw`cï, avbPvj GgbwK †cvlvK

cwiQ`I wQwb‡q wb‡q ‡Mj| ¯^Y© †i․‡c¨i gZ g~j¨evb wRwbmcÎ _vwKb

†bZviv wb‡q wb‡jv Ges Ab¨vb¨ e¯‧ mvgMÖx ee©i WvKvZ‡`i‡K w`‡q †`qv n‡jv

| wbivciva f~³ †fvMx‡`i i‡³ †jg‡iv b`xi cvwb †jvwnZ eY© aviY Ki‡jv|

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Zv‡`i evox‡Z wb‡q †Mj Ges wKQzw`b Zv‡`i †h․b evmbv wbevi‡Yi ci

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ce©Z ¸nv| Zv‡`i mKj‡K †mLv‡b nZ¨v Kiv n‡jv|

Pvbwewj Ges wgbevB kniZjxi jygevB †kvi‡K aŸsm Kivi ci _vwKbiv

wg‡evb kn‡ii gymwjg Aa~¨wlZ ivBmvDs Ges cvLv MÖv‡g AvµgY cwiPvjbv

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Ki‡jv 1942 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj| MÖvg `ywUi 15 nvRvi †ivwn½v Awaevmx‡`i

cÖvq A‡a©K‡K nZ¨v Kiv nq| ivgix kn‡ii wbKU wKqvDKwgqvI Rbc‡`I

nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bvi c`‡¶c †bqv n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv A‡j․wKK fv‡e †eu‡P

†Mj| wKqvDKcvD kn‡ii gymjgvbiv KwZcq weªwUk •m‡b¨i mn‡hvwMZvq

wb¯—vi †c‡jb| Aí weªwUk •mb¨ c~e© †_‡KB †mLv‡b N uvwU K‡iwQj| 1942

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†kvwZwj, ev‡M©vqvcvov, bvqvmvi, Avgevox wd`vcvov, AvdvK, KvRxcvov Ges

ivIqvsMvqv cÖf„wZ MÖv‡g AvNvZ nvb‡Z ïi Ki‡jv| AvdvK MÖv‡gi me‡P‡q

abx e¨w³ Av‡e`xb, Zvi ab m¤ú` †d‡j †i‡L cvwj‡q ‡Mj| gM Avµg‡Yi

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_vwKb AvµgY I aŸs‡mi Rb¨ Uv‡M©U Kiv n‡qwQj|

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†`qv nq| eyw_WvDs Gi Dˇi Uvs evRvi Ges Zvi Pvicv‡ki MÖvg¸‡jvI

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gM‡`i Avµg‡Yi wkKvi nq| †j½yBb MÖv‡gi gymjgvbiv gvÎ GKwU wW.we

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†b․Kvq K‡i gvq~ b`x cvi n‡q AvwKqve Øx‡c †c․‡Q| cw_g‡a¨ gMiv Zv‡`i

Dci ¸wj Pvjvq| d‡j A‡bK †jvK b`x‡Z Wy‡e gviv hvq| gwR Ges

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MÖv‡gi e¨vcK msL¨K gymjgvb Zv‡`i MÖvg ‡Q‡o AvwKqv‡e Avkªq †bq|

Avj­vni A‡kl AbyMÖ‡n AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv wb‡R‡`i‡K nvbv`vi‡`i

AvµgY †_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wKQz A ¿ msMÖn K‡iwQj Ges wKQz cÖwk¶Y

MÖnY Kivi my‡hvM ‡c‡qwQj| AvwKqv‡e gymjgvb‡`i AvµgYvZ¥K Ges

cÖwZi¶vg~jK cÖ¯‧wZ AvivKvb‡`i e„nr cwim‡i AvZw¼Z K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j

Zviv gymjgvb‡`i Dci cÖPÊ AvµgY Pvjv‡bvi mvnm †cj bv| wKQz `yó

gM‡K AvwKqv‡ei RveŸvi Mvqvdvivq Zvwo‡q †`qv n‡jv|

eg©xq Av‡›`vj‡bi djvdj gymjgvb we‡ivax nZ¨vh‡Á Drmvn hywM‡qwQj| G

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eyw_WvDs Gi hy×- µvwš—Kvjt

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1942 mv‡ji GwcÖ‡ji †kl mßv‡ni w`‡K, hLb gM‡`i cÖPÊ AvµgY

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evwnbxi mv‡_ †hvM †`q| wKš‧ gymjgvb hviv AvivKv‡bi ga¨eZ©x GjvKvq

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e`jv wb‡Z eyw_WvDs Gi hy‡× ¯^ZtùzZ©fv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡jv|

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cÖwZ‡iva AvµgY Ki‡jv| K‡qKw`b ci hLb eyw_WvDs Gi civRq Pzovš—

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†e․×iv wQbœ wfbœ n‡q co‡jv Ges Zviv cvnv‡oi wfZi cvwj‡q †Mj|

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wcQ‡b Lye †Rv‡i GKUv avIqv w`j| eyw_WvDs Gi civR‡qi Lei c~e©

GjvKvi _vwKb‡`i AMÖhvÎv‡KI _vwg‡q w`j| KvIqvmb Ges iv‡_WvDs

kniZjxi ivvRvi wej ch©š— mgMÖ GjvKv gymjgvbiv ¯^vaxb Ki‡jv|

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G-Gi •mb¨ Ges gMiv MÖvg¸‡jv‡Z Xy‡K c‡o Ges Zviv Mevw` cïmn

gymjgvb‡`i mKj m¤ú` wQwb‡q wb‡q hvq| wKš‧ AvwKqv‡e Rvcvbx •mb¨‡`i

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Dcw¯wZ y®K…wZKvix I WvKvZ‡`i nvZ †_‡K †jvKR‡bi Rxeb i¶v Ki‡Z

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mymw¾Z wQj| m„ó †kvi‡Mv‡ji g‡a¨ nVvr K‡iB e›`y‡Ki ¸wji AvIqvR

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 117

Rb¨ m¤¢eci mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wf-‡dvm© Gi msM„nxZ Z‡_¨i Dci

wfwË K‡i Zviv cieZ©x‡Z ¶z`ª ¶z`ª Awfhvb Pvjvq| kZKiv 99 fvM

AvivKvbx gymjgvb weªwUk‡`i mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|KviY Rvcvbxiv wQj

Zv‡`i wPi ykgb gM‡`i eÜz| KwZcq Ggb gymjgvbI wQj hviv †Mvc‡b

Rvcvbx‡`i mv‡_ KvR Ki‡Zv|

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cÖmvix cÖfve m„wó K‡iwQj| mv¤cÖ vwqK `v½vi Kvi‡Y AvivKv‡bi A‡bK

gymjgvb‡K DËiv‡j P‡j †h‡Z n‡qwQj| AvivKvb •mb¨evwnbx‡Z Kg©iZ

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 119

Avgiv Zv‡`i‡K myLx gvbyl evwb‡qwQ Ges Zv‡`i Rb¨ AvivKv‡bi evB‡i

GKwU my›`i ivóª evwb‡qwQ| †h †Kvb †m․Rb¨, AbyMÖn Ges fv‡jvevmv nvRvi

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wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GK‡Î kvwš—c~Y©fv‡e emevm Kivi hw` BQv _vK‡Zv Ges

gM‡`i hw` Aax‡b _vKvi BQv bv _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j AvivKv‡bi ¯^vaxbZv GKwU

¯^cœ wn‡m‡e Avi _vK‡Zv bv| wbwðZ GUv ev¯—‡e cwiYZ n‡Zv| A_ev

Kgc‡¶ cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q GUv ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb jvf Ki‡Zv Ges cieZ©x‡Z GUv

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AvivKv‡bi ivR‣bwZK †K․k‡ji e¨vcv‡i wfbœ gZ †cvlY Ki‡jv| 1945

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(All Barma Barmes Muslim Conferance) AbywôZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b mKj

eg©xq gymwjg msMVb¸‡jv‡K GKwU gvÎ msMV‡b iƒc †`qvi e¨vcv‡i wm×vš—

M„nxZ nq| †h msMVbwUi bvg n‡e The Barma Muslim Congress (BMC)|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 121

Kv‡ib, KvwPb, mvb, Kvqvn cÖf„wZ m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ AvivKv‡bi Ab¨ mKj

RvwZ eg©xq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Zv‡`i AZx‡Zi wZ³ AwfÁZv‡K wemR©b w`‡q As

mvb †K evg©v BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ †hvM w`‡Z me©vZœK mg_©b Ki‡jv bv| Zviv c~Y©

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miKvi ¯vaxbZv Aby‡gv`‡bi c~e© kZ© wn‡m‡e As mvb‡K evg©vi mKj RvwZi

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Ges wewfbœ RvwZi †bZ…e„‡›`i mv‡_ K_v ej‡jb Ges Zv‡`i mv‡_ gZ wewbgq

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wbðqZv w`‡jb| Ges •ewP‡Î¨i HK¨ dg~©jvi Aax‡b Zv‡`i ms¯‥…wZ I ag©

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wZwb gymjgvb †bZ…e„›`‡K ¯^vaxbZv DËi evg©vq Zv‡`i h_vh_ AwaKvi

msi¶‡Yi wbðqZv w`‡jb| BD As Rvb Iqvwn Ges myjZvb gvngy‡`i ‡bZ…‡Z¡

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†hvM †`qv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡jv|

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m¤úª`v‡qi Ae¯v wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ cvs js G GKwU m‡¤§jb Av‡qvRb

Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQ‡jb| HwZnvwmK cvs js m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq 1947

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Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv Ki‡jv| wKš‧ AvivKv‡bi gM cÖwZwbwa bxie _vKj|

djvdj wQj †h AvivKvb eg©xq kvm‡bi Aax‡bB i‡q †Mj| ¯^vaxbZv DËi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 122

evg©v †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ…©K wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv| †h‡nZz Zviv ivR‣bwZK c Öwµqv

n‡Z weZvwoZ wQj Ges weªwUk miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K fv‡jv †Kvb wKQzB Zv‡`i

Rb¨ Avm‡Zv bv, d‡j †ivwn½viv ZLb Kv‡q`-B-Avhg gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni

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co‡jv Ges 1947 mv‡j jv‡nv‡i Rbve wRbœvni mv‡_ †`Lv Ki‡jv| Zviv

ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi msL¨v Mwiô wn‡m‡e `w¶Y AvivKvb‡K cvwK¯—v‡bi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 123

Aóg Aa¨vq

AvivKvbxiv †Kb ÔivóªÕ AR©b Ki‡Z cvij bv?

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 124

c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý (Pang long Conference) iv‡óªi bv‡g AvÂwjK

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n‡qwQj| Pxb AÂj mg~n we‡kl wWwfkb gh©v`vq Aby‡gvw`Z n‡qwQj| Dc‡i

D‡j­wLZ c`gh©v`v †h mKj ¸Yvejxi wfwˇZ cÖ`v‡bi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj

†m¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡j­L Kiv n‡jv-

1. GKwU ¯^Q †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLv _vKv|

2. eg©xq‡`i Zzjbvq Ab¨ Avjv`v GKwU fvlv _vKv|

3. GKwU ¯^Zš¿ HwZnvwmK †cÖ¶vcU _vKv|

4. GKwU Avjv`v mf¨Zv _vKv|

5. A_©‣bwZK fv‡e mg_©¨evb wkí‡`¨vM Ges A_©‣bwZK fv‡e AvZœ-

wbf©ikxj GKwU m¤cÖ`vq _vKv|

6. GKwU mymsMwVZ weivU Rbmgwó _vKv|

7. GKwU Avjv`v BDwbU wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ cwiwPwZ

†g‡b Pjvi AvMÖn _vKv|

Dc‡i ewY©Z ¸Yvejxi Av‡jv‡K Ges Dc‡i ewY©Z †`k¸‡jvi Zyjbvq

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¸‡Y ¸YvwšZ nIqvi Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi Zzjbvq Gi Av‡iv A‡bK BwZevPK I

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wQ‡jv, †Kbbv c¨vs js Kbdv‡i‡Ý Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwaiv GUvi Rb¨ `vexB

†Zv‡jwb| hv‡nvK, AvivKvb cÖwZwbwa‡`i c¶ †_‡K AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU

Avjv`v I ¯^Zš¿ ivóª MV‡bi `vex bv Kiv, AvivKv‡bi AwaKvsk RbM‡Yi

AvKv¶vi cÖwZdjb n‡Z cv‡i bv| evg©vi Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Av‡›`vj‡bi ïi

†_‡KB AvivKvbx †e․×iv GKwU Avjv`v iv‡óªi `vex‡Z Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e GKUv

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 125

fv‡jv Ae¯v‡b wQj| A_ev Zviv G `vexUv h_vh_ †dviv‡g Dc¯vcb K‡i‡Q|

wKš‧ G wel‡q Zviv KLbI we‡klfv‡e wQj bv| jʇb AbywôZ Òevg©v

†Mvj‡Uwej m‡¤§j‡bÓ wg: Zzb As MvI (Mr. Tun Aung Gyan) Gi ‡bZ…‡Z¡

cwiPvwjZ AvivKvbx †e․× cÖwZwbwa‡`i AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKUv Avjv`v ivóª

`vex Kivi mKj my‡hvM wQj| hvB †nvK, eg©xq †Wwj‡MU‡`i cxovcxwo‡Z

Zviv bxie _vKj, wKš‧ Ab¨ w`‡K kvb Ges KvwPb cÖwZwbwa `‡ji m`m¨iv

Zv‡`i iv‡óªi Rb¨ †Rviv‡jv hyw&³ Dc¯vcb Kij|

e¯‧Z: A‡bK c~‡e©B As mvb Ges AvivKvbx †e․× †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ GKwU

†Mvcb Pzw³ m¤úvw`Z n‡qwQj| G g‡g© †h, AvivKv‡b gymjgvb mgm¨v

gxgvsmv Kiv ch©š— AvivKvbxiv ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vex Ki‡e bv Ges G mgm¨v

mgvav‡bi ciB †Kej eg©xqiv AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`b Ki‡e|

AvivKv‡b gymwjg msL¨v Mwiô RbM‡Yi Dcw¯wZ AvivKvbx †e․× Ges eg©xq

Df‡qi wbKUB GKUv ev¯—e mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`Lv w`‡qwQj| Zviv †f‡ewQj †h

AvivKvb hw` GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cvq Zvn‡j GUv Zv‡`i ¯^v‡_©i

wec‡¶ hv‡e| ZvB †mLvb †_‡K gymjgvb RbMY‡K Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ me ai‡bi

c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡qwQj| Zviv GUv fv‡jv K‡iB Rvb‡Zv †h

eg©xq‡`i mg_©b Qvov ïay AvivKvbx †e․×iv G KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| mg‡qi

e¨eav‡b hLb Zv‡`i G j¶¨ AwR©Z n‡e ZLbB AvivKvb †e․×iv Zv‡`i

wbR¯ ivóª cv‡e| G bxj b·vi m~Î a‡iB 1942 mv‡j gymwjg we‡ivax

nZ¨vhÁ Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj| Gi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AwaKvsk gymjgvb RbMY‡K bvd

b`xi Icv‡i Zvwo‡q †`qv| GKUv wba©vwiZ cwim‡i Zviv mdjKvgI

n‡qwQj| GK j¶ (1,00,000) wbnZ n‡qwQj Ges Kvjv`vb b`xi c~e©cv‡k¦©i

GjvKv gymwjg msL¨vjN y A‡j cwiYZ n‡qwQj| wKš‧ Zviv Zv‡`i Uv‡M©U

cy‡ivcywi AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb| gymjgvb‡`i‡K cybivq iv‡_Wvs Gi Icv‡i

Zvwo‡q †`qv hvqwb Ges wecyj msL¨K gymjgvb AvwKqve Øx‡c Ges gvq~

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 126

DcØx‡cI †_‡K wM‡qwQj| hy‡×i mgq e„wUk‡`i †_‡K cÖvß A¯¿ e‡j Zviv

ZLb Lye kw³kvjx n‡q D‡VwQj| ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vex

Kivi cwiw¯wZUv AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i wbKU fxwZKi g‡b n‡qwQj| myZivs

gymjgvb mgm¨v cy‡ivcywi mgvavb nIqv ch©š— hy× cieZx© mgq¸‡jv‡Z Zviv

eg©xq‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ cwiPvwjZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Aax‡b _vKv‡KB cQ›` Kij|

1962 mv‡ji g‡a¨ AvivKvbx‡`i cÖwZ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ `vexi cwiw¯wZ

Av‡iv †ekx AbyK~j n‡jv, ZLb gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn B‡Zvg‡a¨B mg~‡j DrcvwUZ

n‡q‡Q Ges gM †e․×iv AvivKv‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK, ‣kw¶K Ges ivR‣bwZK

†¶‡Î Av‡iv †ekx AMÖmi n‡qwQj| †h‡nZz gymjgvb‡`i weivU Ask GKwU

mxgvš—eZx© †mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b e›`x wQj ZvB gymjgvb k¼v Avi †ekx ¯vqx

nqwb| BD b~ (U Nu) wm×vš— wb‡q‡Qb †h, GUv wQj AvivKvb †e․ׇ`i `xN©

cÖwZ¶xZ cÖwZÁvi cÖwZ m¤§vb †`Lv‡bvi mgq| wKš‧ bx DBb (Ne Win) Gi

†mbv Af~¨Ìvb Zv‡`i G `vex ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv wKQz mgq wejw¤^Z

K‡iwQj| evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖvKKv‡j AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ AR©‡b

AvivKvb †e․× †bZv‡`i Abxnv m‡›`nvZxZ fv‡e cÖgvwYZ nq Ô AvivKv‡b ivóªÕ

Aby‡gv`b msµvš— msm`xq weZ‡K©| G wel‡q wb‡gœ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|

22 †deªqvix, 1956 mv‡j ivgix msm`xq Avm‡bi cÖwZwbwa BD ev wgqvs (U

Ba Myain) KZ©„K msm‡` `vwLj K…Z AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`b msµvš—

msweavb ms‡kvab we‡ji Rev‡e miKv‡ii gš¿x †ev wLb gvDs †MBj (Bo

Khin Maung Gale) e‡j‡Qb Ò1947 mv‡j ewMIK As mvb Gi g„Zz¨i c~‡e©

wZwb ivLvBb wefv‡Mi ivLvBb RvwZi welq m¤ú‡K© we‡ePbv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb

ivLvBb †bZ…e„›`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb, Zviv wb‡RivB G wel‡q wm×vš— wb‡Z cv‡i †h,

Zviv kvb Ges LvwP‡bi b¨vq ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ MÖnY Ki‡e bv wK e„nr evg©vi Aax‡b

_vK‡e| †mB mgqKvi ivLvBb †bZ…e„›` gvBIwQj wKqvI BD (Myochit Kyaw

U) Ges BD wcwbqv (U Pinnya) g‡b Ki‡Zb †m ivLvBb‡`i Rb¨ GKUv c„_K

ivóª _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| ZvB Zviv AvivKvb‡K GKwU wefvM (Division)

K‡i ivLvi e¨vcv‡i me©m¤§wZ w`‡qwQ‡jb| Avi G m¤§wZ w`‡qwQj †m mg‡q

hLb msweavb Lmov nwQj|

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iv-Uv-bvqv (ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msMVb) m`m¨ BD njv Uzb c Ö (U Hla Tun

Pru) 19 †deªqvix, 1958 mv‡j AvivKvb ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ msweavb

ms‡kvabx wej †ck Kivi mgq msm`‡K e‡j wQ‡jb †h Ò‡evwMIK As mvs

(Bogyoke Aung San) AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ ¯Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`b w`‡Z m¤§Z

n‡q‡Qb|Ó Zvi G e³e¨ †cvbvwRqvb GjvKvi msm` m`m¨ BD c w_b (U Paw

Thin) KZ…©K mgw_©Z n‡qwQj| wZwb `vex Ki‡jb †h, †evwMIK As mvb

AvwKqv‡ei GKwU MÖvg wK‡qU wLb Uvb G AbywôZ GKwU wgwUs G e‡jwQ‡jb

†h, GKwU ¯Zš¿ ivóª jvf Kivi Rb¨ AvivKvbx‡`i me©‡gvU PviwU •ewkó¨

wQj| AvivKvb miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ BD njv Uzb

(U Hla Tun) KZ…©K msweav‡bi cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabxi Rev‡e gš¿x BD ev m (U

Ba Saw) msm`‡K e‡jwQ‡jb †h hLb wZwb KjKvZvq Rvcvb wec­‡ei

welq¸‡jv wb‡q KvR KiwQ‡jb ZLb wZwb BD †_Bb †c gvB›U (U Thein Pe

Myent) Gi mv‡_ †`Lv K‡i AvivKvb A‡ji fwel¨r wb‡q Av‡jvPbv

K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zvi mv‡_ Avjvc K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU

¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ wbR¯ miKvi MÖnY Kiv wK †m A‡ji †jvKR‡bi Rb¨

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Myent) ej‡jb †h, AvivKvb wefvR‡bi ci †_‡KB AvivKvbx RbMY

HwZnvwmKfv‡e Ges †f․‡MvwjK fv‡e GKwU Avjv`v ¯^Ë¡v wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ

n‡Q &Ges GKwU wb‡R‡`i miKvi `vex Kiv Zv‡`i •ea AwaKvi| hvB †nvK,

ïi †_‡KB ivLvBb RbMY Ges eg©xq RbMY G‡ZvUvB Avš—wiKZv mnKv‡i

KvR KiwQj †h Zviv my‡L `yt‡L evgv©i cÖwZ `vqe× wQj| G AwaKvi †fvM

Kivi gva¨‡g ivLvBbiv †ekx DcK…Z n‡Z cvi‡e bv Ges eZ©gvb mn‡hvwMZv

Ae¨vnZ ivLvi d‡j Zv‡`i ¯^vfvweK mdjZvI e¨vnZ n‡e| BD ev m (U Ba

Saw) Zvi Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb G e‡j †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j evgv©i

¯^vaxbZvi c~‡e© hLb msweavb Lmov Kiv nwQj ZLb wZwb iv-Zv-bvqvÕi

(Ra-Ta-Nya) mfvcwZ Ges Ggwc BD ev gvBqvs (U Ba Myaing) Gi mv‡_

mv¶vZ K‡ib| Zvi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ‡jb †h AvivKvb wefv‡Mi AMÖMwZ

I mdjZvi Rb¨ wKfv‡e msweavb iPbv Kiv hvq| Gi Rev‡e BD ev gvBs (U

Ba Myaing) BD †_Bb †c gvB›U Gi b¨vq GKB DËi w`‡jb| BD ev m Zvi

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Av‡jvPbv Pvwj‡q †M‡jb †h, 1946-1947 mv‡j ivLvBb G Gd wc Gd Gj

(AFPFL) m`m¨ Ges iv½yb G emevmiZ ivLvBb eyw×Rxex‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU

mfv AbywôZ n‡qwQj| G mfvq G Av‡jvPbv n‡qwQj †h kvb, KvwPb Ges

Kv‡ib AÂj mg~‡ni RbMY GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi Rb¨ `vwe RvbvwQj|

Avgv‡`i ivLvBb‡`i Rb¨ eZ©gvb Ae¯vq _vKvB Kj¨vYKi n‡e, bv wK

¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ miKv‡ii Rb¨ `vex KivB Kj¨vYKi n‡e? Gi Rev‡e ZrKvjxb

Ggwc, BD †KqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min) e‡jb, GUv Kiv n‡j AvivKv‡bi wbR¯

†Kvb dvÊ _vK‡e bv| hw` Avw_©K †Kvb dvÊ bv _v‡K Zvn‡j †mLv‡b wKQzB

Kiv hv‡e bv| Dc‡iv‡j­wLZ msm`xq weZK© †_‡K Avgiv mn‡RB G hewbKv

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cvij bv|

hvB †nvK, evg©vi ¯^vaxbZvi ci †h‡nZz ivLvBb‡`i Ae vi w`b w`b DbœZ

nwQj ZLb Zviv AvivKv‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ iv‡óªi `vex Kij| AvivKvb

ivóª AR©‡bi Rb¨ hLb msm‡`i evB‡i Av‡›`vjb ïi n‡jv ZLb DËi

AvivKv‡bi gymjgvb Gg.wcÕiv AvivKv‡b GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q

gZ cv_©‡K¨ Rwo‡q coj|

beg Aa¨vq

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evgv©q ¯^vaxbZv Avmvi d‡j AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ wgkª cÖwZwµqv m„wó

n‡qwQj| gymjgvb we‡ivax gM ‡e․×iv Lywk n‡qwQj| Zviv fvej †h Zv‡`i

†Nvi kÎ gymjgvb‡`i mv‡_ †gjv‡gkvi †¶‡Î Zviv DËg Ae¯v‡b i‡q‡Q|

Zviv wPš—v Kij †h, hv Zviv weªwUk Avg‡j Ki‡Z cv‡i wb GLb Zviv Zv

Aev‡a Pvwj‡q †h‡Z cvi‡e| Zviv G †e․×ev‡`i weRq Dj­vm e‡j we‡ePbv

KiZ| hvB †nvK, Zv‡`i ga¨Kvi GKwU †QvU `j, `ytL Abyfe Kij| †Kbbv

AvivKv‡bi ivRv Ges cÖRv meviB GKwU ¯^vaxb AvivKv‡bi `xN©w`‡bi ¯^cœ

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Av‡Mi †P‡q Av‡iv civnZ n‡jv e‡j Abyf~Z n‡Q| Zviv Dcjwä Ki‡Z

cvij †h, Zviv GLb GKwU bZzb wKš‧ †Mvcb K‡jvbxi Aax‡b P‡j †Mj|

gyRvwn` we‡ ªvn

¯^vaxbZvi ¶wYK c‡iB Òd¨vwmev`x we‡ivax RbM‡Yi ¯vaxbZv msNÓ

(AFPFL) kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯v GKwU weivU msL¨K gymjgvb Kg©KZ©v

Kg©Pvix‡K PvKixPz¨Z K‡i Ges Zv‡`i v‡b AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i‡K wb‡qvM

‡`q, hviv µgea©gvb nv‡i gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi wei‡× •elg¨ m„wó K‡i

Zv‡`i‡K g‡bvKó w`‡Z jvMj| Zviv Zv‡`i eo‡`i‡K Dcnvm Ki‡Zv Ges

Zv‡`i mv‡_ ‣¯ivPvix AvPiY Ki‡Zv| wKš‧ †ivwn½v‡`i wei‡× fyj

ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ KZ…©c¶ Av‡`․ †Kvb c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwb| Bwg‡MÖkb

(Awfevmb) KZ „©c¶ gvDs`vI, (Maungdow) eyw_WvDs (Buthidaung) Ges

iv‡_WvDs (Rathedaung) AÂj n‡Z AvwKqve ch©š— gymjgvb‡`i ZrciZvi

Dci mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc K‡i| nvRvi nvRvi gymjgvb kiYv_©x hviv 1942

mv‡j fvi‡Z cjvqb Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡qwQj Zviv †mLv‡b wd‡i hvevi AbygwZ

†cj bv| Zv‡`i ab-m¤úwË ev‡Rqvß Kiv n‡jv|

1942 mv‡ji nZ¨vh‡Á AvnZiv ZLbI my¯ n‡q I‡V wb, hLb eg©xq

gymjgvbMY wegvZv myjf AvPi‡Y AwZô n‡q eg©xq KZ…©K 1947 mv‡j

wefvwRZ n‡qwQj| DËß KovB †_‡K Av¸‡b wb‡¶c Kivi gZ Av‡iv bZzb

kvw — Ges b„ksmZv gymjgvb‡`i Dci Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv

Gfv‡e Av‡iv msL¨vjNy nwQj| GLb Zv‡`i Aw¯—Z¡ Ges wU‡K _vKv gnv

wec‡`i g‡a¨| R‣bK ‡gvnv¤§` Rvdi whwb KvIqvj Rvdi wn‡m‡e e¨vcK

cwiwPZ Ges whwb wQ‡jb Rvcvbx cÖwk¶YcÖvß GKRb †ivwn½v, wZwb RbMY‡K

msMwVZ Ki‡Z ïi Ki‡jb| wZwb fviZ-Dcgnv‡`kxq Kwe Avj­vgv

BKev‡ji MxwZ KweZv †M‡q ‡M‡q gymjgvb Rbmvavi‡Yi †PZbv‡K D¾xweZ

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K‡ib Ges wZwb Zv‡`i wek¦vm, m¤§vb Ges gvnvZ¡‡K i¶vi Rb¨ Zv‡`i Rxeb

I ab-m¤ú` DrmM© Ki‡Z AvnŸvb K‡ib| gymjgvbiv me©vZœKfv‡e Zvi G

Avnev‡b mvov †`q| Rvdi gymjgvb‡`i‡K Aš—f©~³ Ki‡Z I cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z

ïi Ki‡jb| wKš‧ 1949 mvj ch©š— gyRvwn`‡`i I miKvix evwnbxi g‡a¨

D‡j­L‡hvM¨ †Zgb †Kvb msNl© nqwb|

1949 mv‡j evg©vi bZzb cÖkvmb ¯vbxq Awaevmx‡`i mgš‡q GKwU mxgvš—eZx©

wbivcËv evwnbx MVb K‡i, hv evg©v AvÂwjK evwnbx (BTF) bv‡g cwiwPZ|

AvivKv‡b wewUGd (BTF) Gi beŸB fvM MwVZ n‡qwQj AvivKvb †e․ׇ`i

wb‡q, we‡kl K‡i hviv gymjgvb‡`i wPi ykgb wQj| AvwKqve †Rjv cÖkvmK

wKqvI BD (Kyaw U) Gi wb‡`©kbvq wewUGd (BTF) mgMÖ DËi AvivKv‡b

GKwU mš¿vmx ivR¨ cÖwZ&ôv K‡i| †gwkb Mv‡bi ¸wj‡Z gymjgvb bi-bvix

wkïiv e¨vcK cwigv‡Y nZvnZ nq| nvRvi nvRvi eyw×Rxex, MÖvg cÖavb Ges

Ijvgv‡K KzKzi-Bu y‡ii gZ nZ¨v Kiv nq| cÖvq mKj gymjgvb MÖvg‡KB gvwUi

mv‡_ wgwk‡q †`qv nq| wewUGd b„ksmZv cÂvk nvRv‡iiI †ekx kiYv_x©‡K

ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯ —v‡b Awfevmb wb‡Z eva¨ K‡i|

gymjgvb‡`i `vexmg~n wQj AwePvi¸‡jv ms‡kvab Kiv| AvBb Abymv‡i

Zv‡`i‡K eg©xq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e emevm Kivi AbygwZ †`qv Ges •¯^ivPvix

Ges Ryjygkvnxi Aaxb Zv‡`i‡K civaxb bv Kiv| Zv‡`i G `vex¸‡jv

gyRvwn` we‡`ªvn‡K evavMÖ¯— K‡iwb eis Av‡iv `ªZ MwZkxjZv I cÖmviZv

†c‡qwQj| †K›`ªxq miKvi G we‡`ªvn `gb Kivi Rb¨ e¨¯— n‡q co‡jv, hv

evg©vi Ab¨vb¨ ¯v‡b cÖv`yf©ve n‡qwQj Ges GUv‡K evg©vq wb‡qvwRZ Kiv Am¤¢e

n‡qwQj|

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hvB †nvK miKvi ZLb we‡ ªvnx‡`i mv‡_ mg‡SvZv-Avjvc Ki‡Z †ek wKQz

c`‡¶c MÖnY Kij| miKv‡ii GKwU cÖwZwbwa `j Zv‡`i Kv‡Q G‡jv, Zv‡`i

`vex-`vIqvi K_v ïb‡jv wKš‧ G Av‡jvPbv cwi‡k‡l †Kvb djvdj e‡q wb‡q

G‡jv bv| 1949 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m BDwbqb wgwjUvix cywj‡ki 26Zg

e¨vUvwjqvb AvivKv‡b NuvwU ¯vcb K‡i we‡ ªvn †NvlYv Kij Ges Zviv

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(Sandoway) Ges G‡`i †Rjv m`i¸‡jvi cZb wb‡q Av‡m| Gfv‡e †Kej

AvwKqve e›`‡i miKvix wbqš¿Y n«vm †c‡qwQj| Ab¨w`‡K gyRvwn`iv mg¯—

DËi AvivKv‡bi AwaKvi wb‡qwQj| Ges AvivKvb †e․× we‡`ªvnx‡`i Aci

`j¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ †Rjv¸‡jv‡Z Zv‡`i wbqš¿Y wb‡qwQj|

1951 mvj †_‡K 1954 mvj ch©š— miKvwi evwnbx¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡`i wei‡×

evrmwiKfv‡e wekvj Avw½‡K A‡bK Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj| kni Ges

cywjk duvwo †h¸‡jv gyRvwn`‡`i wbqš¿‡Y wQj, †m¸‡jv Avevi miKvwi

evwnbx‡`i Øviv cybi×vi n‡qwQj| G Awfhvb¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK msL¨K

†emvgwiK †jvK‡K •¯^iZvwš¿Kfv‡e AvUK Kiv n‡qwQj, Zv‡`i Dci wbh©vZb

Pvjv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj| we‡`ªvnx‡`i Av¯—vbv

m‡›`‡n A‡bK evox-Ni, R¡vwj‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q| †bZ…‡Z¡i cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Ges

`jMZ hy‡×i Kvi‡Y gyRvwn`iv wKQz mg‡qi Rb¨ †m GjvKvi Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y

nviv‡jv| 1951 mv‡ji w`‡K gyRvwn`-B-Avhg Rvdi KvIqvj ivR‣bwZK

cÖwZwnsmvi ekeZx© n‡q wbg©gfv‡e wbnZ nb Ges cieZx©‡Z Rbve AveŸvm

bvgK GK e¨w³ ¶gZv `Lj K‡ib| Rvdi KvIqv‡ji Aax‡b Kg©iZ GKRb

¸iZ¡c~Y© †jd‡U‡b›U K‡Y©j iwk` †ei n‡q Av‡mb Ges eyw_WvDs Gi `w¶Y-

c~e© wdDBgvjx GjvKvq Zvi `j cÖwZôv K‡ib| Aci GKRb y`©vš— KgvÊvi

Kvwkg whwb cieZx©‡Z Kvwkg ivRv bv‡g e¨vcK cwiwPwZ jvf K‡ib wZwb

wb‡R‡K †NvlYv ‡`b| †mLv‡b miKvwi evwnbx Ges gyRvwn`‡`i wewfbœ `‡ji

g‡a¨ msNl© PjwQj| 1954 mv‡ji ci Kvwkg miKv‡ii Rb¨ GKwU ¸iZi

fxwZi KviY n‡q `vuovq| Ges gvIs`vI, eyw_WvDs Ges iv‡LWvDs Gi

AwaKvsk GjvKvq gyRvwn`iv Zv‡`i cÖvavb¨ cybtwe¯—vi K‡iwQj| mg‡qi g‡a¨

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gyRvwn`‡`i mvaviY gymjgvb RbZv †_‡K c„_K Kivi Rb¨ miKvi GKwU

kw³kvjx ivR‣bwZK c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib| 25 †m‡Þ¤i, 1954 mvj, mܨv

8.00 Uvq evg©vi ZrKvjxb cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) Zvi †iwWI fvl‡Y

†ivwn½v‡K GKwU Avw` b„ZvwËK m¤cÖ`vq wn‡m‡e †NvlYv †`b| ¶z`ª cwim‡i

†ivwn½v‡`i †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi cybtcÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| miKvi gymjgvb

†bZ…e„›` Ges msm` m`m¨‡`i eySv‡Z †Póv Ki‡jb †h we‡ ªv‡n hvIqvUv wQj

GKUv e„_v cÖ‡Póv †h‡nZz †ivwn½v‡`i AwaKvi BwZg‡a¨B cybtcÖwZwôZ

n‡q‡Q| gyRvwn`‡`i g‡a¨ `jxq hy‡× e¨_© n‡q ivRbxwZwe`iv miKv‡ii Dci

hy‡× †Kvb weRq †`L‡Z e¨_© n‡jb| Ges gymjgvb‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kvg©Kv‡Ê

DbœwZ †`L‡Z †c‡jb d‡j Zviv RbMY‡K miKv‡ii c¶vej¤b Ki‡Z DØy×

Ki‡jb| Af¨š—ixY hy‡× wQbœ-wfbœ gyRvwn`‡`i c‡¶ Rb m¤§wZ jvf Kiv

KwVb n‡q coj| RbM‡Yi cÖwZ wek¦vm nvwi‡q Zviv wewfbœ ai‡bi AcKg©

Ges wb‡R‡`i †jvK‡`i Dci AwePvi Kij| gyRvwn`‡`i evovevwo †_‡K

wb‡R‡`i i¶v Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK MÖvgevmx kn‡i ¯vbvš—wiZ n‡jv|

G ai‡bi my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i 1954 mv‡ji b‡f¤i †_‡K miKvi gyRvwn`‡`i

bxwZgvjvi wei‡× Acv‡ikb gbmyb (Operation Monsoon) bv‡gi GKwU

we —…Z Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i| gyRvwn`‡`i ¸iZ¡c~Y© †K›`ª¸‡jv `Lj n‡q

hvq Ges Zv‡`i KwZcq †bZv wbnZ nq| Kvwkg ZLb c~e© cvwK¯—v‡b cvwj‡q

†Mj| gyRvwn` Afy¨Ìv‡bi †gi`Ê †f‡½ ‡Mj| Zv‡`i `jxq KvVv‡gv‡Z

wewQbœZv NUvi d‡j cieZx©‡Z gyRvwn` Av‡›`vjb Avev‡iv `ye©j n‡q coj|

wKš‧ GUv `xN©¯vqx n‡jv| miKvi evwg©R Avwg©iv hv‡`i‡K gyRvwn`‡`i wei‡×

e¨envi Ki‡Zv, †mB mKj gymjgvb‡`i mnvqZvq ¯vbxq gymjgvb‡`i mgš‡q

GKwU †¯^Qv‡mex evwnbx MVb K‡ib| gyRvwn`‡`i‡K Avev‡iv wewQbœ Kivi

D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖavbgš¿x BD by Ges cÖwZi¶v gš¿x BD ev my (U Ba Swe) 1959

mv‡j eyw_WvDs Ges gvDsWvI kni mdi K‡ib| Zviv †mB kni¸‡jv‡Z eo

eo ivR‣bwZK Rbmfv K‡ib, †mLv‡b Zviv kvb, KvwPb Ges Kv‡ib

m¤cÖ`v‡qi gZ †ivwn½v m¤cÖ`vq‡K evg©vi GKwU Avw` b„ZvwË¡K †Mvwó wn‡m‡e

D‡j­L K‡ib| Zviv Zv‡`i‡K evg©vi bvMwiK‡`i mgvb AwaKvi cÖ`v‡biI

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 133

cÖwZÁv K‡ib| B‡Zvg‡a¨ gyRvwn` `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avev‡iv wefvRb NU‡jv|

†h‡nZz DËi AvivKv‡b ¯vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvmb mnKv‡i GKwU Ògymjgvb RvZxq

GjvKvÓ (Muslim National Area) cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii cÖ¯—v‡ei wei‡× wfbœ

AwfgZ DwÌZ n‡jv| P~ovš—fv‡e gyRvwn`iv Zv‡`i A ¿ mgc©Y Ki‡Z wm×vš—

wb‡jv Ges 1961 mvj †kl nIqvi c~‡e©B AwaKvsk gyRvwn` miKv‡ii Kv‡Q

AvZœmgc©Y Ki‡jv|

msm`xq MYZš¿Kvjxb AvivKvbx‡`i ivR‣bwZK Kg©KvÊ (1948-

1962 Lªx)

Av‡MB D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔKbw÷Uy‡q›U G¨v‡m¤^jx (Gwm) Gi Rb¨ gvDs`vD

Ges evw_WvDs Gi `ywU GjvKv ev‡` mgMÖ AvivKvb Ry‡o mvaviY wbe©vPb

AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b gymjgvb †fvUvi wQj- mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi 98 fvM|

hvB‡nvK, ¯^vaxbZvi ci ‡mLv‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡jv Ges Rbve myjZvb

Avn‡g` I Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi G yB wbe©vPbx GjvKv †_‡K msm` m`m¨

wbe©vwPZ n‡jb| G. wm. wbe©vPb †_‡K ïi K‡i 1960 mv‡ji †mbv Af~¨Ìvb

ch©š— Dfq msm‡`i Rb¨ wZbwU mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq h_vµ‡g 1951,

1956 Ges 1960 mv‡j| 1951 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b gymjgvbiv 5wU

Avm‡b weRqx nq| Gi g‡a¨ 3wU Avmb wbgœ nvD‡R Ges 1wU Avmb DP

nvD‡R wQj| G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. weRqx nq 3wU Avm‡b Ges evKx

Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq iv-Uv-bvqv ev ivLvBb RvZxq hy³ msN|

gymjgvb‡`i wbR¯ †Kvb ivR‣bwZK `j wQj bv| Zviv †Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯^Zš¿

wn‡m‡e uvwo‡q Avevi KL‡bv ev G. Gd. wc. Gd. Gj. Gi mv‡_ mg_©K `j

wn‡m‡e wbe©vP‡b Ask †bq| 1956 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b DËi AvivKv‡bi

5wU AvmbB cybi×vi K‡i gymjgvbiv| iv-Uv-bvqv mvwe©K Avm‡bi gvÎ GK

Z…Zxqvsk Avm‡b weRqx nq Ges evKx Avmb¸‡jv `Lj K‡i †bq G. Gd. wc.

Gd. Gj.| 1956 mv‡ji msm` wbe©vP‡b †h mKj gymjgvb Ggwc wn‡m‡e

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 134

wbe©vwPZ n‡qwQ‡jb Zvivy n‡jb- Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`, Rbve Aveyj Lv‡qi,

Rbve BRnvi wgqv, Rbve Aveyj evkvi Ges Rbve Avãyj Mvd&dvi| iv-Uv-

bvqvÕi wbe©vwPZ weL¨vZ m`m¨iv n‡jb, BD wKqvI wgb (U Kyaw Min), BD

gvDs wKqvI Rvb (U Maung Kyawa Zan), BD njv Zzb cÖ (U Hla Tun Pru),

BD mvb Zzb w_b (U San Tun Khaine), BD ev †mBb (U Ba Sein), BD

As wKqvI LvBb (U Aung Kyaw Khine), BD c †_Bb (U Paw Thein) cÖgyL|

1957 mv‡j eyw_WvDs DËi wbe©vPbx GjvKvi Rb¨ GKwU Dcwbe©vPb AbywôZ

nq, †h‡nZz Rbve BRnvi wgqvi wbe©vPb evwZj K‡i Zvi wei‡× ivq cÖ`vb

Kiv nq| mv‡eK msm`xq †m‡µUvix Rbve myjZvb gvngy weªwUk-fviZ AvBb

mfvq m`m¨ wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ nb Ges wZwb BD by (U Nu) gš¿x cwil‡`i

¯^v¯¨gš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY K‡ib|

cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ivLvBb (†e․×) m`m¨iv Zv‡`i wb‡R‡`i g‡a¨ ¯^vaxb AvivKvbx

ms‡kvaxq `j (IAPG) bv‡gi GKwU msMVb Kv‡qg Ki‡jv| Zviv AvivKv‡bi

Rb¨ GKwU ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ cvj©v‡g‡›U `vex †ck K‡i| cÖv_wgK

ch©v‡q Zviv †ekx g‡bv‡hvMx wQj bv| wewfbœ GjvKvq ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi

wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v Kivi Rb¨ 1947 mv‡j ixR DBwjqvgm& Kwgkb ¯vwcZ

n‡qwQj| B‡Zvc~‡e© AvivKv‡bi ivóªZ¡ Aby‡gv`‡bi cÖkœ `y‡i ivLv n‡qwQj|

Av‡iv wZbwU AvÂwjK kvqZ¡kvwmZ Kwgkb AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi

wel‡q cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡iwQj | †m wZbwU Kwgkb n‡jv 1948 mv‡j MwVZ

gwš¿ BD bvBI (U Nyo) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Kwgkb, 1948

mv‡ji A‡±ve‡i MwVZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb Ges 1950 mv‡j

MwVZ †K‡jBm Kwgkb|

gwš¿ BD bvBI Zzb (U Nyo Tun) Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ AvÂwjK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb

Kwgk‡bi Aci wZb m`m¨ n‡jb G¨vKvD›U¨v›U †Rbv‡ij BD wKqvI wgb ( U

Kyaw Min) BD wZb (U Tin) Ges BD Zwb †dZ (U Tin Phet)| AvÂwjK

¯^vqZ¡kvm‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kivi cwie‡Z© D³ Kwgkb AvivKv‡bi Rb¨

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 135

wb‡gœv³ Zvr¶wYK c`‡¶c¸‡jvi civgk© w`‡q miKv‡ii wbKU GKwU ga¨eZx©

wi‡cvU© †ck Kij|

1. A‣ea Awfevmb Kvh©Ki fv‡e `gb Kivi Rb¨ AvwKqv‡e cvwK¯—vbx

Kbmy ‡jU `ßi Ges cwðg cvwK¯ —v‡b evwg©R Kbmy¨‡jU `ßi

†Lvjv|

2. Av‡iv AwaK Kvh©Kvifv‡e we‡`ªvn `gb Kiv|

3. AvivKvb cwiw¯wZi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM †`qv|

4. miKvwi `yb©xwZ civqb Kg©KZ©v‡`i wei‡× Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MÖnY

Kiv|

5. AvUKZK…‡`i cvewjK j GÊ AW©vi Gi 5 Gi Ab y‡Q‡`i AvIZvq

G‡b cybt cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv Ges hviv gyw³ cvIqvi †hvM¨

Zv‡`i‡K †Q‡o †`qv |

6. ZrKvjxb cÖavb wePvicwZ m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo)Õi mfvcwZ‡Z¡

1948 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) KZ…©K m¨vi ev I

Kwgkb MwVZ nq| G Kwgk‡bi Aax‡b wZbwU Dc-KwgwU MwVZ

n‡qwQj| G¸‡jvi KvR wQj h_vµ‡g Kv‡ib, †gvb Ges AvivKv‡bi

RvZxq welqvw` wb‡q Z`viKx Kiv|

cÖ‡Z¨K Dc-KwgwU MwVZ n‡qwQj GKRb ivóªxq cÖwZwbwa, wZbRb cÖwZwbwa

Ges PviRb mswk­ó GjvKvi cÖwZwbwa wb‡q| Pvi m`m¨ wewkó AvivKv‡bi

RvZxq cÖwZwbwaiv n‡jv BD wKqvI Bb (U Kyaw Yin), BD mvb Zzb As (U

San Tun Aung), BD _v Zzb (U Tha Tun) Ges Rbve myjZvb Avn‡g`|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 136

Zviv 1948 mv‡ji 29 †k A‡±vei Zv‡`i wbR¯ gZvgZ †ck K‡iwQ‡jb hv

wb‡gœ Dc vcb Kiv n‡jv|

1. AvivKvb welqK GKRb gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡bi

AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—f©y³ Kiv|

2. AvivKvb welqK gš¿x‡K mnvqZv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU AvivKvb welqK

KvDwÝj MVb Kiv Ges GUv‡K msweav‡b AvBb wn‡m‡e Aš—fy©³

Kiv|

3. msweav‡bi 12 Aby‡Q` Abyhvqx, AvivKvb RbM‡Yi BQvbymv‡i

AvivKvbx welqK gš¿Yvjq I AvivKvb welqK KvDwÝj KZ„©K

AvivKvb GjvKvi hveZqx Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq weavb

I AvBb Kvbyb •Zwi Kiv|

4. cuvP eQi ci G Kg© cwiKíbvi djvd‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡i

AvivKvbx RbM‡Yi BQvbyhvqx GUv cybivq cix¶v-bxix¶v Ges

ms‡kvab Kiv n‡e| A_ev GUv cy‡ivc ywi evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e|

D³ KwgwUi AvivKvbx (ivLvBb) cÖwZwbwa BD k bvI (U Shwe Baw) wb‡gœv³

cÖ —ve¸‡jv †ck K‡ib|

1. AvivKv‡bi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`¸‡jv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv Ges wkí

KviLvbvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv|

2. AvivKv‡bi Rbc_, jc_ Ges †ijc‡_i Dbœqb NUv‡bv|

3. DP wk¶v I KvwiMix wk¶vmn AvivKv‡bi gvbm¤§Z wk¶ve¨e¯vi

Av‡iv DbœwZ mvab Kiv|

4. ¯^v¯¨ I wPwKrmv e¨e¯vi DbœwZ Kiv |

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 137

5. K…wl Ges evwYR¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb Kiv |

6. evg©vi DËi cwðg mxgv‡š— †h †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡¶¨ Ges

AvBb k„Ljv cwiw¯wZ wVK ivL‡Z GK A_ev `yÕ e¨vUvwjqvb ivLvBb

Avwg©‡K ¯vqx •mb¨ evwnbx‡Z †gvZv‡qb ‡`qv|

7. †evgvs †÷U (PÆMÖvg cvnvox GjvKv) Ges AvIqv wKDb (my›`ieb)

GjvKvq emevmiZ ivLvBb RvwZ‡K cybev©m‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq

¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

8. AvBb cÖYqb I ivR¯^ Av`v‡qi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

9. AvivKvb wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU wel‡q ¯^vqZ¡ kvmb Aby‡gv`b Kiv|

KwgwUi eg©xq m`m¨iv Avjv`v iv‡óªi aviYv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kij| wKš‧ Zviv

mycvik Ki‡jb †h, ¯^vqZ¡kvmbmn AvivKvb‡K evg©vi Aax‡b GKwU wefvM

evbv‡bv DwPZ| AvivKvb welqK gwš¿ wb‡qvM †`qvi cwie‡Z© ïay RvZxq

cvj©v‡g‡›U Avwg© MV‡bi ¶gZv †`qv Ges †m ai‡bi AvivKvb wefvMxq

KvDwÝj MVb Kiv DwPZ hv n‡e Av‡iv †ekx Kvh©Ki|

Z`‡š—i Pvi eQi ci 1952 mv‡j m¨vi ev I (Sir Ba Oo) Kwgkb hw`I

Kv‡ib Ges gb wi‡cvU© †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv ZeyI Zv‡`i Rvbv g‡Z ¸iZ¡c~Y©

Kvi‡Yi Rb¨B AvivKvb welqK wi‡cvU© †ck Kiv nqwb|

1950 mv‡ji 26 †k RyjvB AvivKvb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi wg. †Kjxi

mfvcwZ‡Z¡ †Kjx (Kelly) Kwgkb MwVZ n‡qwQj g~jZ AvivKv‡b ¯^Zš¿ ÔivóªÕ

Aby‡gv`‡bi m¤¢ve¨Zv AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨| G wel‡q AbymÜvb Ges Z`š—

Kiv n‡jv| wKš‧ †Kjx Kwgk‡bi wi‡cvU© miKvixfv‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡jv bv|

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myZivs AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi wel‡q P~ovš— wm×v‡š— Avmvi cwie‡Z© `xN©

m~wÎZvq wbcwZZ n‡jv|

cy‡iv msm`xq †gqv` a‡iB Uv-bvqv (Ta-Naya) m`m¨iv †ivwn½v‡`i wei‡×

kÎfvevcbœ AvPiY K‡i‡Q| Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K KvjvP (Kalas) ÔPvUMvBq¨vÕ

e‡j Acev` w`‡Zv Ges Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K Zv‡`i mgK¶ e‡j ¯^xK…wZ w`Z

bv| Zviv me©`v †ivwn½v‡`i fveg~wZ© weK…Z Ki‡Z †Póv Ki‡Zv| GgbwK Zviv

gymjgvb Ggwc †`i‡K Awfhy³ Ki‡Zv| Zviv wbe©vP‡b weRqx nIqvi Rb¨ G

Gd wc Gd Gj Gi †g․b Aby‡gv`b wb‡q e¨vcK msL¨K PÆMÖvgevmx‡K A‣ea

fv‡e AvivKv‡b cvVv‡bvi cwiKíbv K‡iwQj| Zviv †ivwn½v‡`i‡K bvMwiKZ¡

†`qvi e¨vcv‡i weiƒc g‡bvfve †cvlY Ki‡Zv| Zviv †e․× wf¶z‡`i‡K gyRvwn`

Af~¨Ìv‡bi wei‡× Abkb ag©NU cvjb Ki‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Zv| Ges GKwU

wn›`y ag© wfwËK ivóª cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Zviv gymjgvb Ggwc‡`i wei‡× Pvc cÖ‡qvM

Ki‡Zv| †ivwn½v‡`i cÖwZ iv-Uv-bvqv m`m¨‡`i Giƒc we‡Ølc~Y© g‡bvfv‡ei

Kvi‡YB eg©xq ivRbxwZwe`iv gymjgvb Ggwc‡`i †_‡K Zv‡`i mvnvh¨

mn‡hvwMZv ~‡i mwi‡q wb‡jv| 1958 mv‡j ÔGd wc Gd GjÕ hLb `yÕwU MÖ‡c

wef³ n‡q coj, ZLb AvivKvb ivóª AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv A‡bKUv D¾¡j n‡q

DV‡jv| cÖavbgš¿x BD by (U Nu) †NvlYv Ki‡jv †h hw` 1960 mv‡ji mvaviY

wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m AvivKvbivóª‡K Aby‡gv`b w`‡e| G Gd

wc Gd Gj Gi Dfq MÖ‡cB Zv‡`i ¯^ ¯^ w`‡K AvB G wc wR (IAPG) ‡`i

mg_©b jv‡fi †Póv Kij| wKš‧ iv-Uv-bvqv (Ra-Ta-Naya) BD by Gi Iqv`v

cvIqvi ci Zv‡KB mg_©b †`qvi wm×vš— wb‡jv| AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi

welqwU AwaKvsk gymjgvbB Lye ¸iZ¡ mnKv‡i wb‡qwQj, †h‡nZz Zviv AvksKv

†eva Ki‡Zv †h gNiv hw` AvivKv‡bi ¶gZvq Av‡m Zvn‡j Zviv 1942

mv‡ji b¨vq Av‡iKwU fxwZKi cwiw wZ •Zwi Ki‡e| GiB mg_©‡b DËi

AvivKv‡bi gymjgvbiv Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ iv‡óªi `vex Rvbv‡jv|

†h GjvKvwU n‡e gN Kg©KZ ©v ev Zv‡`i cÖfvewenxb iv½yb †K›`ªxq miKvi

KZ…©K mivmwi wbqwš¿Z| Zv‡`i by¨bZg `vex wQj ‡K›`ªxq miKvi kvwmZ

GKwU ¯Zš¿ †Rjv •Zwi Kiv| gymjgvb GgwcivI cvj©v‡g‡›U Ges MYgva¨‡g

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 139

GKB `vex Dc¯vcb K‡iwQj| gymjgvb gh©v`vi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L A‡bK

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Zv‡`i ‡Kvb AvcwË †bB| wKš‧ ïaygvÎ eyw_WvDs gvDs`vI Ges iv‡_WvDs

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 140

†Rjvi Ask e¨ZxZ †hLv‡b gymjgvbiv wQj msL¨vMwiô| †ivwn½v‡`i Aw¯—Z¡

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 141

PvB‡j Zvi wbR¯ agx©q cÖwZóvb ¯vcb Kivi AbygwZ cv‡e Z‡e Zv miKvi

KZ…©K Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e|

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e¨vcv‡i Ges Zv‡`i ag© m¤cÖmviY Ki‡Z m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb n‡e| gymjgvb‡`i

welq¸‡jvi Rb¨ GKRb we‡kl Kg©KZv© wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e hvi KvR n‡e

gymjgvb‡`i Awf‡hvM Ges mgm¨v¸‡jv Z`š— Kiv Ges †m¸‡jvi wel‡q ivóª

cÖav‡bi Kv‡Q wi‡cvU© Kiv| AvivKvb ivóª cÖwZôvi cieZ©x 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨

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wePvi e¨e¯vq cwiewZ©Z n‡e|

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cwðgvs‡k GKwU we‡kl gvq~ mxgvš—eZ©x cÖkvmb (MFA) cÖwZôv Kivi †NvlYv

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Kvh©KvwiZv ïi nq 31 gvP©, 1961 mvj †_‡K| vbxq gymjgvb‡`i Aš—

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gymjgvb‡`i `vexi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L gvq~ †Rjv ev` iv‡L| †mbv wec­e

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evwZj K‡ib| wKš‧ gvq~ †Rjv ZLbI we‡kl kvmbvax‡b †_‡K hvq, hv 1964

mv‡ji 1jv †deªqvix ¯^ivóª welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖwZôv Kiv n‡qwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 143

`kg Aa¨vq

†mbv kvm‡bi Aax‡b AvivKvb

AvivKv‡b †mbv Af~¨Ìv‡bi cÖfve

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Avi. wmÕi Dci ¶gZv cwiewZ©Z nIqvq Avi, wm AvivKv‡b ivóª Aby‡gv`‡bi

e¨vcv‡i cÖwZÁv Ki‡jv Ges AvivKv‡bi AwbðqZv ax‡i ax‡i †K‡U †Mj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 144

1963 mv‡ji †deªqvix gv‡m Avi,wm miKvi †`‡ki mgMÖ e¨vsK Ges

e¨emvwqK cÖwZôvb‡K RvZxqKiY Kij| AvivKv‡b AwaKvsk evwYwR¨K

¯vcbv wQj gymjgvb‡`i Aax‡b| G bZzb miKv‡ii Avg‡j gymjgvbMY

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Kiv|

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Awfevmb K‡i‡Q| 1964 mv‡j Avi,wm cÖkvmb we‡kl gvq~ cÖvwš—K cÖkvmb

(Gg Gd G) wejyß K‡i †`q Ges †m GjvKvq ¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq wbqš¿Yvaxb

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mKj mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK msMVb¸‡jv wbwl× Kiv nq| G mKj

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QvÎ msMVb (RURSA) †ivwn½v Rv‡gqvZzj D‡jgv (RJU) AvivKvb RvZxq

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wKQz msL¨K gymjgvb e¨emvqx hviv Zv‡`i Rxeb evwR †i‡L e¨emv-evwYR¨

cwiPvjbv KiwQj, Zv‡`i‡K Zv‡`i jv‡fi meUzKzB Zv‡`i e¨emvi

myweav‡fvMx †e․× Askx`vi‡`i Rb¨ †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡qwQj| †mbv miKvi

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kw³kvjx n‡jv| A‡bK `wi ª AvivKvbx †e․× gymjgvb‡`i m¤ú‡` ivZvivwZ

abx n‡q †Mj, evg©vi wewfbœ b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi Aš—M©Z cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³ hLb

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Pvjv‡bvi w`Kwb‡ ©kbv ‡`qv n‡qwQj Ges Zv‡`i‡K b¨vq wePvi cvevi

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 148

Abyhvqx GK w`b n‡Z K‡qK gvm ch©š— e„w× Kiv n‡qwQj Ges Zv eûhyM

Av‡MB AwZevwnZ n‡qwQj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 149

Gd Gi †bZ…‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡fvi MÖnY Ki‡jb| ZLb Rbve myjZvb 1970 mv‡j

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 150

c‡` Ges vbxq AvivKvbx †e․ׇ`i‡K cÖkvm‡bi wb‡gœi c`¸‡jv‡Z wb‡qvM

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 151

Ki‡Z Zv‡`i‡K c~Y© ¯^vaxb ¶gZv †`qv n‡qwQj| gymjgvbiv µgea©gvb nv‡i

c‡_ Nv‡U, nv‡U-evRv‡i Ges Kg©‡¶‡Î Zv‡`i Avµg‡Yi wkKvi n‡Z jvMj|

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 152

wKs WªvMb Awfhvb (1978)

20 eQi †gqv`x †ivwn½v wbg©~j cwiKíbvi Afxó j‡¶¨ †cu․Qvi Rb¨ AvivKvb

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 153

(3,00,000) Qvwo‡q ‡Mj Ges Zviv mevB evsjv‡`kx KZ©„c¶ KZ…©K wbwg©Z

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AvivKv‡bi BwZnvm : AZxZ Ges eZ©gvb 154

(2,00,000) †jvK Zv‡`i evox N‡i wd‡i hvq| Ab¨w`‡K Pwj­k nvRvi ‡jvK

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AvivKv‡b Gm. Gj. I. Avi. wm Gi wbh©vZb

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AvKw¯§K fv‡e S.L.O.R.C Gi †bZ…e„›` †NvlYv Ki‡jv †h Zviv ¯^vaxb Ges

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