a history of arakan (past & present) by dr. mohammed yunus

8/7/2019 A History of Arakan (Past & Present) by Dr. Mohammed Yunus

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@|`c`m jh| `lhut hme kemtu|v$ bhq k`m hme ~e|kefze tb`t @|`c`m khudo mht b`ze ~|e )

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tbe e{t`ldf{biemt hj I|ùc)U ovm`{tv lv [hd`fi`m [b`b-

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|e`{hm qbv tbe Luoobf{t{ hj @|`c`m of{hqm tbf{ mìe tho`v-

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fmte|mekfme jueo letqeem tbe tqh {f{te| khiiumftfe{ em`ldfma tbe Lu|i`m{ khudo le `lde

th deaf{tfif{e tbef| hkku~`tfhm hj @|`c`m fm tbe ~|hke{{ hj a`fmfma fmoe~emoemke hj Lu|i` j|hi L|ftf{b$ bf{th|v f{ |e~dete qftb f||ejut`lde j`kt{ tb`t tbev bò `dq`v{ leem

jh|efam àa|e{{h|{ `mo hkku~`tfhm jh|ke{ fm @|`c`m-

_be Lu|i`m ifmo f{ khm{f{temtdv bùmteo lv tbe `~~|ebem{fhm tb`t hme o`v tbe bf{th|v hj

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tbf{$ tbev b`ze |e{h|teo th qf~fma hut$ tbe ~htemtf`d o`mae| fm tbef| eve{$ tbe Iu{dfi{ hj




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Kb`~te| F ) _be d`mo `mo tbe ~eh~de

Aeha|`~bv

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cfmaohi umtfd `dih{t tbe emo hj tbe efabteemtb kemtu|v q`{ i`fmdv oue th ft{aeha|`~bfk`d ~h{ftfhm-

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e`{t i`cfma ft ` m`tu|`d ~bv{fha|`~bfk umft- Ft b`{ 01: ifde{ dhma i`|ftfie `mo d`mo

lhumo`|v qftb L`madòe{b qbfkb t|òftfhm`ddv {e|ze{ `{ ‒A`te Q`v th tbe J`| E`{t‖ Ft{

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th @|`c`m `mo òg`kemt kh`{t`d |eafhm{ hj qb`t f{ mhq Kbfttàhma jfze kemtu|fe{ e`|dfe|

tb`m i`fmd`mo Lema`d `d{h `tt|flute{ th ft{ aeha|`~bv-

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ifdd{ ih{t hj qbfkb |ei`fmeo qh|cfma |humo tbe kdhkc tbe qbhde ve`|-

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|e{hu|ke{ lut umtfd mhq tht`ddv umt`~~eo-

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Etvihdhav hj @|`c`m

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Ei~f|e,-0

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ft @||`k`m$ @||`khh$ H||`c`m$ @||`c`m `mo Z`m Df{khtem q|fte{ ft @|`c`m qbfkb f{me`|e{t th tbe ihoe|m mìe-<

Hme hj tbe khfm{ jhumo fm @|`c`m `mo ~|e{e|zeo fm tbe Fmof`m Iu{eui$ Kudkutt`$ ifmteo

lv [udt`m L`bòu| [b`b o`teo 6:5 @-B- "0551)52 K-E-& f{ fm{k|fleo fm ê|{f`m qftb

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fm{k|f~tfhm{ hj ifmt mìe @|`c`m q`{ ~|e{e|zeo fm Fmof`m Iu{eui$ K`dkutt`-

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f{ q|fttem `{ @|cb`mc `mo ft{ {dfabt z`|f`tfhm{- Ft ifabt le tb`t tbe te|i eftbe| `{

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ema|`zeo tbe qh|o `{ ifmt mìe,-;

J|hi tbe `lhze fm{k|f~tfhm{ hj tbe khfm{ ft k`m le khmkduoeo tb`t tbe mìe @|`c`m q`{ fmu{e {fmke `t de`{t ifo 0:tb kemtu|v-

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mìe{ hj |fze|{7 C`dò`m "fmteddektu`d&$ M`j "me|ze&$ Cud`~`mg "jfjtv de`|meo iem& `|e `d{h

hj eftbe| ê|{f`m h| @|`lfk h|fafm te{tfjvfma th tbe j`kt hj F{dìfk {q`v hze| tbe |eafhmmhq cmhq `{ @|`c`m- _bu{ tbe te|i{ @|`c`m `mo @|`c`me{e `|e `tt|fluteo th Iu{dfi{-

Umjh|tum`tedv {hie bf{th|f`m{$ pufte if{deòfmadv$ u{e tbe te|i @|`c`me{e {vmhmvihu{

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q`{ hm tb`t khfm `mo ft jeddhq{ tb`t tbe khfmàe hj I|ùc)U q`{ {ul{epuemtdv ihoeddeo-Fm tbf{ q`v @|`c`m lekìe oejfmftedv ` ihoe|m kfzfdf{`tfhm |e{udteo fm ` |em`f{{`mke- _be

khut|v{ a|e`t àe lea`m-;

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|ed`tfhm qftb Lema`d |ei`fmeo ert|eiedv kh|of`d- _be @|`c`me{e ~`fo t|flute th Lema`d

`mo de`|mt bf{th|v `mo ~hdftfk{- Fm 05;0 Ifmlfm "W`luc [b`b& `{kemoeo tbe tb|hme- Qftb

bfi tbe @|`c`me{e a|òu`teo fm tbef| Ih{dei {tuofe{ `mo tbe ei~f|e q`{ jhumoeo-?

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^`df tftde{-

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~|e{emt)o`v L`madòe{b)Lu|i` ofzfoe- _be of{t|fkt hj Kbfttàhma q`{ umohulteodv umoe|




tbe khmt|hd hj Lema`d [udt`m{ tfdd 05?>-

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{ukke{{h| hj Iema [`q Iu`m$ ,ofo mht dhma {ulift th tbe ùtbh|ftv hj tbe cfma hj Lema`d`mo tb`t be thhc ~h{{e{{fhm hj tbe khumt|v `{ j`| `{ \ìu,35 `mo [f| @-^- ^b`v|e{

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hj tbe cfma{ hj Lema`d tbev |et`fmeo Kbfttàhma,-: Lut tbe b`~~emfma{ ou|fma tb`t ~e|fho

oh mht gu{tfjv eftbe| tbe {t`teiemt hj tbe @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde h| tbe {uaae{tfhm h| ^b`v|e-

J|hi 0?;? th 0?56 tbe tb|hme hj Lema`d [udt`m`t bò ~`{{eo à`fm th ` oe{kemo`mt hj Fdf`{ [b`bf ovm`{tv$ [udt`m M`{f|uoofm I`biuo- Ft q`{ ou|fma Fdf`{ [b`bf{ |ude tb`t tbe

cfma hj @|`c`m$ M`|ìefcbd` $ jdeo th Lema`d `mo thhc {bedte| tbe|e- [udt`m M`{f|uooofm

I`biuo q`{ ` {t|hma |ude| `mo jfmo){~ht{ hj bf{ fm{k|f~tfhm{ `mo ifmt)thqm{ iemtfhmeohm bf{ khfm{ {bhq tb`t ou|fma bf{ |efam tbe|e q`{ mh ofifmutfhm hj tbe te||fth|v hj tbe

Lema`d [udt`m`t `mo tb`t be ejjektfzedv ere|kf{eo bf{ gu|f{ofktfhm hze| tbe qbhde hj

Lema`d-

1

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bf{th|fk`d ezfoemke-

J|hi 0?56 th 0?15 \ucumuoofm L`|l`c [b`b {hm hj [udt`m M`{f|uoofm I`biuo |udeoLema`d- E~fa|`~bfk ezfoemke oejfmftedv tedd{ tb`t Kbfttàhma q`{ umoe| tbe ejjektfze

khmt|hd hj tbe Lema`d [udt`m fm 0?1? K-E- `mo ft |ei`fmeo umoe| tbe Aù| hkku~`tfhm tfdd

tbe |efam hj [udt`m [bì{uoofm Vu{uj [b`b "0?1:)0?20 K-E-& tbe {hm `mo tbe {ukke{{h|hj \ucmuoofm L`|l`c [b`b- @m hdo ih{pue fm{k|f~tfhm fm B`tb`w`|f$ kdh{e th Kbfttàhma$

|eò{ tb`t tbe lufdofma qbfkb khmt`fm{ tbe fm{k|f~tfhm q`{ khm{t|ukteo lv \`{tf Cb`m fm0?1? K-E- ou|fma tbe |efam hj [udt`m \ucmuoofm L`|`c [b`b-2

Meftbe| tbe @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde mh| m`v htbe| {hu|ke afze{ {dfabte{t |eje|emke th `mvbh{tfde emaàeiemt letqeem {udt`m L`|l`c [b`b `mo Cfma ` [`q ^|u "C`dfi` [b`b&-

[udt`m L`|l`c [b`b q`{ hme hj tbe a|e`te{t khmpue|h|{ ìhma e`|dv fmoe~emoemt [udt`m{

hj Lema`d- @ ~hqe|jud |ude| `mo ` i`mv {foeo aemfu{ `{ be q`{ tbe [udt`m qhudo mht afzeu~ tbe kd`fi hze| tbe te||fth|fe{ hm qbfkb bf{ ~|eoeke{{h|{ bò judd khmt|hd-6 _be |ude hj

L`|l`c [b`b emoeo fm 0?1: `mo ft q`{ jhddhqeo lv tb`t hj bf{ {hm `mo {ukke{{h|$ [udt`m

[bì{uoofm Vu{uj [b`b qbh |efameo j|hi 0?1?)0?20-

Bf{ {q`v hze| Kbfttàhma f{ ~|hzeo lv `m fm{k|f~tfhm ema|`zeo hm tbe {u|j`ke hj ` q`dd hj

` ih{pue lufdt ou|fma bu{ |ude-0> _be ih{pue f{ {ftu`teo hmdv `lhut < ifde{ th tbe mh|tb

hj \`{tf Cb`m{ ih{pue- _be|e f{ `d{h mh fmofk`tfhm tb`t j|hi 0?2< th 0?6? tbe ihm`|kb{hj @|`c`m "Oùdv` th \`m @uma& eze| fmzòeo Lema`d `{ tbev bò leem khi~`|`tfzedv

qe`ce| |ude|{ tb`m tbef| ~|eoeke{{h|{- Fm 0?6; [udt`m Bu{{`fm [b`b `{kemoeo tbe tb|hme

hj Lema`d- Lejh|e 050; K-E-$ tbe ve`| hj tei~h|`|v _|f~u|` khmpue{t hj Kbfttàhma lvOb`mv` I`mfcv`$ tbe of{t|fkt hj Kbfttàhma q`{ oejfmftedv umoe| tbe bhdo hj [udt`m

Bu{{`fm [b`b j|hi qbhi Ob`mv` I`mfcv` q|e{teo Kbfttàhma- Lut Bu{{`fm [b`b {emt `

d`|ae |efmjh|keiemt khm{f{tfma hj tqedze Lema`d`{ `mo ke|t`fm htbe| `|iv ofzf{fhm{ th|ek`~tu|e Kbfttàhma fm 050?- _be mert ve`| fm 0505 Kbfttàhma q`{ |ehkku~feo lv




[udt`m Bu{{`fm [b`b- Hm tbe ùtbh|ftv hj tbe khmtei~h|`|v ^h|tuaue{e bf{th|f`m{ qeb`ze oejfmfte ezfoemke hj Bu{{`fm [b`b{ hkku~`tfhm hj Kbfttàhma- Ou|fma Gh`h Khedbh

`mo Gh`h [fdze|f`{ zf{ft{ "0501)02& th Kbfttàhma tbe ahze|mh| hj tb`t ~d`ke q`{ `

Iu{dfi-00

Khmtei~h|`|v ^h|tuaue{e bf{th|f`m Oe L`||h{ er~dfkftv q|fte{ tb`t ,tbe Cfmahj @|`c`m q`{ tb`t tfie "0501)02& {ulgekt th tbe Cfma hj Lema`d,- 0< _be i`~ hj Oe

l`||hq{ {bhq{ ` d`|ae t|`kt hj d`mo khi~|f{fma Kbfttàhma$ Bfdd Kbfttàhma `mo mh|tbe|m@|`c`m `{ ~`|t hj tbe cfmaohi hj Lema`d-0;

J|hi 0501 th 05;2 Kbfttàhma |ei`fmeoumoe| judd Aù|f khmt|hd- Fm j`kt$ tbe Bu{{`fm [b`bf ahze|mh|{ hj Kbfttàhma iòe tbef|

bhdo hze| tbe of{t|fkt {h qedd jhumoeo tb`t ft lekìe `dih{t fi~h{{flde jh| eftbe|

@|`c`me{e h| _|f~u|`{ th kb`ddemae tbe beaeihmv hj tbe Lema`d [udt`m`t ezem hm `

~h|tfhm hj tbe of{t|fkt-0?

_bu{ tbe {uaae{tfhm hj ^b`v|e tb`t Kbfttàhma q`{ umoe| tbe khmt|hd hj @|`c`me{e cfma{

j|hi 0?2<)05;< f{ mht l`{eo hm bf{th|fk`d j`kt{- Ft {eei{ `d{h fddhafk`d th tbfmc$ afzem tbetbem ~|ez`fdfma {ftu`tfma fm tbe e{te|m `mo {hutbe|m j|hmt hj @|`c`m qbe|e tbe Lu|i`m{

`mo Ihm{ bò hmdv |ekemtdv leem o|fzem `q`v$ tb`t tbe @|`c`me{e cfma{ {bhudo |eled

à`fm{t tbef| lemej`kth|{ qftbhut tbe {u~~h|t hj qbhi tbev khudo meze| o|eì hj |ea`fmfma tbef| khumt|v-

W`luc [b`b "05;0)055;&

W`luc [b`b "Ifm Lfm& q`{ hme hj tbe {t|hmae{t |ude|{ fm tbe bf{th|v hj @|`c`m- Be

`{kemoeo tbe tb|hme fm 05;0 `mo jhumoeo qb`t q`{ cmhqm `{ tbe @|`c`me{e ei~f|e- Lv

mhq$ tbe @|`c`me{e bò lekhie ~hdftfk`ddv i`tu|eo b`zfma a|òu`teo fm tbef| Ih{dei{tuofe{-05 _qh k`~ft`d ezemt{ hkku|eo qbfkb a`ze W`luc [b`b meke{{`|v qe`~hm `mo

h~~h|tumftv th khm{hdfo`te `mo emd`|ae bf{ ei~f|e ))) tbe `||fz`d hj ^h|tuaue{e `mo kfzfdq`| fm Lema`d- _be ^h|tuaue{e bò `d|eòv emte|eo @|`c`m ~h|t "0501& jhu|teem ve`|{

lejh|e W`luc [b`b{ `kke{{fhm- W`luc [b`b tu|meo I|ùc)U fmth tbe {t|hmae{t jh|tfjfeo

kftv hj tbe L`v$ ei~dhvfma tbe ^h|tuaue{e th d`v hut bf{ q`dd{ `mo ih`t{ `mo th jh|ae `moihumt bf{ k`mmhm- Be `~~hfmteo tbei `{ ifdft`|v hjjfke|{ th t|`fm `mo epuf~ ` ie|kem`|v

`|iv hj bete|haemehu{ |`ke{$ jh|efam `mo ohie{tfk3 `mo be lufdt qftb tbef| `fo$ ` d`|ae

jdeet i`mmeo qftb bf{ hqm iem$ qbh qe|e b`|odv lh`tiem lut aufoeo `mo {tfjjemeo lv^h|tuaue{e i`|fme|{- W`luc [b`b$ fm tbf{ q`v$ lekìe i`{te| hj ` ~hqe|jud ihoe|m

qe`~hm- _be {ekhmo h~~h|tumftv q`{ tbe kfzfd q`| fm Lema`d- [be| [b`b$ `m @jab`m$

k`~tu|eo Aù| fm I`|kb 05;2 jh| ` qbfde- Lut fm Gudv hj tbe {ìe ve`| tbe Ihabud{ umoe|

Bui`vum emte|eo Aù| `mo tbe @jab`m{ t|`keo l`kc th Lfb`|- Kbfttàhma$ tbe k`~ft`d hj {hutbe`{te|m Lema`d$ bò lekhie ` lhme hj khmtemtfhm letqeem tqh |fz`d ahze|mh|{ hj

I`biuo [b`b hj tbe d`{t Bu{{`fm [b`b ovm`{tv$ Mha`wfd$ tbe aeme|`d hj [be| [b`b `mo

Bui`vum{ `~~hfmtee th ft{ ahze|mh|{bf~- _be khmtemofma ~`|tfe{ jhuabt e`kb htbe||emoe|fma {hutbe`{te|m Lema`d oejemkede{{-

_be ~hdftfk`d kb`mae fm 05;2 `d{h ~ut `m emo th tbe dhv`dtv `mo j|femo{bf~ hj @|`c`me{eCfma{ thq`|o{ Lema`d- _bev lh|e mh ih|`d hldfa`tfhm th le dhv`d th tbe u{u|~e| [be|

[b`b `mo tbe Ihabud er~`m{fhmf{t{ qbh qe|e mht tbef| lemej`kth|{- _`cfma òz`mtàe hj

tbe qe`cemeo ~h{ftfhm hj tbe z`|fhu{ khmtemofma ~`|tfe{ jfabtfma th q|e{t khmt|hd hj Kbfttàhma$ tbe @|`c`me{e cfma W`luc [b`b òz`mkeo mh|tbq`|o{ `mo hkku~feo e`{te|m




Lema`d fmkduofma Kbfttàhma fm 05?>-0:

_be hkku~`tfhm hj Kbfttàhma lv @luc [b`b |e{udteo fm tbe jdfabt hj tbe ^`tt`bm ahze|mh|

hj Kbfttàhma th tbe _|f~u|` Khu|t- _be \`gi`d` fmjh|i{ u{ tb`t tbe ^`tt`bm kbfej hj Kbfttàhma qftb bf{ `|iv hj mht de{{ tb`m hme tbhu{`mo thhc {bedte| fm _|f~u|`- _be

juaftfze ^`tt`bm kbfej ~|`veo jh| fmte|zemtfhm hj tbe _|f~u|` cfma Lfghvi`mfcv` thkhmpue| Kbfttàhma j|hi tbe @|`c`me{e `mo ft q`{ a|`mteo-01

Fm 05?:$ _`lfm [bqebtf$ tbecfma hj Lu|i`$ hj _humahh ovm`{tv `tt`kceo @|`c`m fm tbe khdo qe`tbe|- I`mv hj _`lfm

[beqbtf{ q`| k`mhe{ qe|e q|ekceo hm tbe qe{t kh`{t- Bhqeze|$ `dd bf{ d`mo jh|ke{

`||fzeo lut I|hbùma "I|ùc)U& q`{ ` {t|hma thqm3 ft b`{ oee~ ih`t{ jfddeo qftb tfo`d

q`te|$ `mo tbe hmdv kb`mke hj t`cfma ft q`{ qbem tbe q`dd{ qe|e fm of{|e~`f|-02

W`luc [b`b bò bf{ oejemke{ fm ~e|jekt ~h{ftfhm- Um`lde th hkku~v I|hbùma _`lfm [bqebtf

|etu|meo bhie-

Qbfde W`luc [b`b q`{ tbu{ emaàeo qftb tbe fmzòfma Lu|i`m Cfma fm 05?:)05?1 tbe

_|f~u|` cfma Lfghvi`mfcv` fmzòeo `mo hkku~feo Kbfttàhma- \`gi`d` {t`te{ tb`t tbe

cfma qbh bò leem fm khii`mo hj tqh tbhu{`mo t|hh~{ deo tbe kì~`fam fm ~e|{hm- _Beerfdeo ^`tt`bm kbfej hj Kbfttàhma qftb bf{ tbhu{`mo ^`tt`bm t|hh~{ `mo k`||fàe{ umoe|

_|f~u|` q`wf| jhddhqeo tbe òz`mkfma t|hh~{ umoe| |hv`d khii`mo- _be khilfmeo

h~e`|`tfhm q`{ k|hqmeo qftb {ukke{{ `mo tbe ^`tt`bm kbfej |ea`fmeo bf{ ~h{ftfhm-06

_be @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde{ {t`te tb`t W`luc [b`b mht hmdv |ea`fmeo bf{ dh{t ~h{{e{{fhm{

lut |et`fmeo ft tfdd bf{ oe`tb fm 055;- Lut tbe `{{e|tfhm hj @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde{ {eei{ th

le fmkh||ekt `{ tbe|e f{ mh {u~~h|tfze ezfoemke eftbe| fm _|f~u|` kb|hmfkde{ h| Lema`dbf{th|v th gu{tfjv tbe kd`fi- Fm j`kt {fmke 05?: Kbfttàhma |ei`fmeo umoe| tbe ^`tt`bm

ahze|mh| tfdd ft q`{ à`fm l|huabt umoe| _|f~u|` {ulgektfhm jh| ` qbfde Lut IhbìiòCb`m [u|$ tbe ahze|mh| hj Lema`d qbh ~|hkd`fieo fmoe~emoemke `{{famfma tbe |hv`d tftde

hj [bì{ `d)Ofm @lu `d)Iuw`jj`| Ihbìiò [b`b |ehkku~feo Kbfttàhma j|hi _|f~u|`

khmt|hd qftb tbe khdd`lh|`tfhm hj oe~h{eo ^`tt`bm ahze|mh| hj Kbfttàhma `|humo 055?-<>

W`luc [b`b$ `dtbhuab ` Iu{dfi lv j`ftb q`{ `lde th ju{e ofze|{e edeiemt{ fmth `

~`|tfkud`| {tvde- @|`c`m bò tu|meo fmth ` [ut`m`t- _be khu|t q`{ {b`~eo hm Aù| `moOedbf3 tbe|e qe|e eumukb{ `mo {e|àdfh$ tbe {d`ze{ `mo tbe erekutfhme|- _be|e q`{

`l{hdute j|eeohi hj |edfafhm$ tbhuabt$ ihzeiemt$ kudtu|e m`v `dd tbe jumoìemt`d |fabt{

`mo j|eeohi{- W`luc [b`b eileddf{beo I|ùc)U qftb ih{pue{$ ~àho`{ `mo ihmuiemt{

qbfkb qe|e meftbe| Fmoh)F{dìfk mh| Fmof`m lut hj ` ~`|tfkud`| tv~e kìe th le cmhqm `{Lema`df Iu{dfi `|kbftektu|e hj tbe Iu{dfi Lema`d ~e|fho- W`luc [b`b ofeo fm 055; `mo

tbe tb|hme q`{ u{u|~eo lv ` khiihme| `mìeo Ofcc` qbh{e |efam q`{ i`|ceo qftb

if{|ude tb`t d`{teo jh| mhdv tqh ve`|{ "055;)0555&-<0

_be u{u|~e| {eei{ th le ` Luoobf{tIàb {fmke be lh|e mh Iu{dfi mìe-

[ekhmo Khmpue{t hj @|`c`m lv Lema`d

_be Lema`d [udt`m$ [bì{uoofm @lu Iuw`jj`| Ihbìiò [b`b$ `jte| khmpue|fma

Kbfttàhma fm 055? h|oe|eo bf{ aeme|`d{ th ~|hkeeo ju|tbe| {hutb fmth @|`c`m tbe {ìeve`|- _be aeme|`d{$ fm hleofemke th tbe cfma{ khii`mo$ k`||feo tbef| zfkth|fhu{ l`mme|




fmth @|`c`m `mo jh|keo tbe @|`c`me{e cfma th {ulift th tbe ùtbh|ftv hj Lema`d [udt`m-_h khiieih|`te bf{ zfkth|v hze| @|`c`m$ [bì{uoofm @lu Iuw`jj`| Ihbìiò [b`b

h|oe|eo {t|fcfma hj khfm{ fm @|`c`m fm 6:< @-B-<< "055?)0555&- Qbetbe| be `~~hfmteo `

^`tt`bm ahze|mh| fm @|`c`m h| khudo le i`ce `mv `~~|ekf`lde kb`mae fm @|`c`me{eahze|miemt h| q`{ be {fi~dv {`tf{jfeo qftb tbe {ulif{{fhm hj @|`c`m cfma `{ ` z`{{`d f{

mht cmhqm- [t|`maedv$ tbe khmpue{t hj @|`c`m lv [udt`m Ihbìiò [b`b b`{khi~detedv leem famh|eo lv tbe @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde-<;

_be {ukke{{h| hj Ihbìiò [b`b$ Afv`tbuoofm L`bòu| [b`b "0555):>& `d{h {t|ukc

khfm{ fm bf{ mìe fm @|`c`m ~|hzfma tb`t @|`c`m |ei`fmeo umoe| tbe ejjektfze khmt|hd hj

Lema`d [udt`m tfdd 05:>- _qh ih|e cfma{$ [`q Bd` "0555)05:?& `mo Ifm [eccv` "05:?)0510& `{kemoeo tbe tb|hme hj @|`c`m$ `kkh|ofma th @|`c`me{e kb|hmfkde{- _bev `|e

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th e{k`~e `dih{t `dhme thq`|o{ Kbfttàhma-;?

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`mo th |etu|m th Lbudu`-;5

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Ihabud {e` fmz`{fhm- _bf{ bed~eo tbe ^h|tuaue{e fm i`cfma Of`ma tbef| kbfej ~d`ke hj

{ettdeiemt `mo ` l`{e hj ~f|`tfk`d `ktfzftfe{-

Bu{{`fm [b`b ~|hzeo th le ` a|e`t `mo ih{t {ukke{{jud cfma hj @|`c`m- Be {uloueo tbe

|eled{ hj bf{ cfmaohi$ k|f~~deo tbe ~hqe| hj ^h|tuaue{e$ oejfeo tbe qh|do khmpue|fma

Ihabud `|iv `mo l`jjdeo tbe àa|e{{fze oe{fam{ hj tbe Lu|i`m{-

[`dfi [b`b FF "0:0<)0:;2&

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^h|tuaue{e iem`ke u~hm tbe tb|hme hj @|`c`m mhq |ed`tfzedv ofifmf{beo$ [`dfi [b`b FF

tu|meo ` ldfmo eve th tbef| ~f|`tfk`d `ktfzftfe{ fm deàue qftb tbe @|`c`me{e `{ tbev `|e `m

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a|e`t buifdftv$ ~|`veo tb`t be {bhudo le khm{foe|eo `{ dhv`d z`{{`d `mo be {qh|e lv Aho$

tbe A|e`t$ tb`t be qhudo {e|ze dhv`ddv qbemeze| be qhudo le {uiihmeo jh| `mv qh|c-;:

_bf{ q`{ ie|edv ` of~dhi`tfk ihze hm tbe ~`|t hj tbe @|`c`m |ude| qbh lejh|e dhma

|e{uieo bf{ j`tbe|{ ~hdfkv hj àa|e{{fze |`fo{ fmth Lema`d `{ {hhm `{ [b`b G`b`m |etf|eoj|hi tbe ~|hzfmke$ [b`g`b`m kìe th Lema`d fm |eleddfhm à`fm{t bf{ j`tbe| fm ` ~`d`ke

fmt|faue- [b`b G`b`m{ |eleddfhm$ jhddhqeo lv Lema`d zfke|hv I`b`l`t Cb`m{ khu~$ bò

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Cb`m q`{ `q`v$ be deo `mhtbe| er~eoftfhm fmth Lema`d3 òz`mkeo `{ jh| `{ Ob`c` `mo$

`kkh|ofma th hme `kkhumt$ ,emte|eo tbe kftv$ lu|mt `mo dhhteo ft$ `mo |etf|eo qftb ` d`|aemuile| hj k`~tfze{,-;2

@|humo 0:;>$ tbe @|`c`me{e ahze|mh| hj Kbfttàhma kìe th cmhq tbe ^h|tuaue{e

i`cfma `m umoe|b`mo ~dhttfma qftb tbe Ihabud ahze|mh| hj Ob`c` th hze|tb|hq@|`c`me{e |ude fm Kbfttàhma- Be fmjh|ieo [`dfi [b`b FF th t`ce `~~|h~|f`te {te~{ qbh

h|oe|eo th ~|e~`|e 5>> a`df`{ `mo jh|tv a`ddev{ `mo th ~|hkeeo qftb judd {~eeo th tbe ~h|t

hj Of`ma`-;6

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fm{t|ukteo th d`v ` {feae hm tbei- Ie`mqbfde tbe ^h|tuaue{e |e{foemt{ hj @|`c`m ~|h~e|

aht {kemt hj tbe ~|e~`|`tfhm{ `mo bu||feodv {emt ie{{emae|{ th Kbfttàhma th q`|m tbef|khumt|viem tbe|efm hj tbe fi~emofma o`mae|-

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Gudv <mo$ 0:;> I`m|fpue umoe|thhc bf{ ieih|`lde ghu|mev j|hi Of`ma th @|`c`m- _beif{{fhm q`{ {ukke{{jud fm tbe l`kco|h~ hj Ihabud tb|e`t dhhifma d`|ae fm tbe qe{t `mo

Lu|i`{ |etu|mfma th {t|ematb- _be cfma hj @|`c`m {emt h|oe|{ |ek`ddfma tbe @|`c`me{e

m`zv- I`m|fpue khi~dfeo ieihf|{ hj bf{ ghu|mev th @|`c`m qbfkb khmt`fm |ei`|c{oe|ha`th|v th Iu{dfi{-

[fmke tbe tfie hj [`dfi [b`b FF$ ^h|tuaue{e ~f|`tfk`d `ktfzftfe{ fmk|e`{eo fm tbe L`v- _beIàb{ `mo \hbfmav`{ `d{h thhc ~`|t fm tbe |`fo{- Lut tbe ^h|tuaue{e ~f|`te{ thhc `

deòfma ~`|t fm tbe {d`ze bumtfma er~eoftfhm{ `mo tbe ~`|tfkf~`tfhm hj tbe @|`c`me{e fm

{ukb er~eoftfhm q`{ hm de{{e| {k`de tbem tb`t hj ^h|tuaue{e-?> _be ^h|tuaue{e j|eelhhte|{

khiiftteo fmbui`m `t|hkftfe{ fm dhqe| Lema`d- Le{foe{ ~dumoe|fma ft{ qe`dtb `moi`muj`ktu|e{ tbev k`||feo `q`v tbhu{`mo{ hj iem$ qhiem `mo kbfdo|em `mo {hdo tbei `{

{d`ze{ h| jh|kfldv khmze|teo tbei th Kb|f{tf`mftv- Fmmhkemt lh`tiem$ t|òe|{ `mo t|`zedde|{

dfzeo fm khm{t`mt te||h| hj tbe Je|fmaf ~f|`te{-

[`dfi [b`b FF kudtfz`teo j|femodv |ed`tfhm{ `d{h qftb tbe Outkb `t L`t`zf` qbh qe|e fm

u|aemt meeo hj |eaud`| {u~~dfe{ hj |fke `mo {d`ze{ jh| tbef| Fmohme{f`m {ettdeiemt{- _beOutkb h~emeo ` j`kth|v `t I|hbùma th k`||v hut t|òe qftb tbe @|`c`me{e- ?0 Ou|fma

[`dfi [b`b FF{ |efam ` te||flde jìfme zf{fteo @|`c`m fm 0:;0);5 K-E- ?< _be ~|fke {bht u~

th jhu| tfie{ hj tbe mh|i`d ~|fke- _be jìfme q`{ oue th k|h~ j`fdu|e{ hj tbe ~`{t

{ukke{{fze ve`|{-

\eje|emke{ 0- @|`c`m{ ~d`ke fm tbe kfzfdf{`tfhm hj tbe L`v fm Ghu|m`d hj tbe Lu|i` \e{e`|kb

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<- L`madòe{b Of{t|fkt A`wettee|{$ Kbfttàhma$ ~- :;

;- @|`c`m{ ~d`ke fm tbe kfzfdf{`tfhm hj tbe L`v fl Ghu|m`d hj tbe Lu|i` |e{e`|kb

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U{u|~`tfhm hj @|`c`m _b|hme lv M`|`~`tf

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a|e`tme{{ kìe th `m emo `mo tbe ~e|fho hj @|`c`m{ a|e`tme{{ kìe th `m emo `mo tbe~e|fho hj oekdfme lea`m- Be q`{ {ukkeeoeo lv bf{ {hm Iema [`mf lut q`{ iu|oe|eo lv

tbe dhze| hj tbe ohqàe| pueem$ ` khiihme|$ qbh u{u|~eo tbe tb|hme `mo mhq `{{uifma

tbe tftde hj M`|`~`tf-0

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u{u|~`tfhm hj ~hqe| |e{udteo `{ kudifm`tfhm hj ` oee~ |hhteo khm{~f|`kv th a|`l ~hqe|j|hi Iu{dfi{- M`|`~`tf q`{ ` Iàb Luoobf{t khiihme|-

_be d`te cfma{ l|htbe|$ I`t`c \`f "Cì`d&$<zfke|hv hj Kbfttàhma$ tbe|e u~hm oekd`|eo

fmoe~emoemke `mo `ttei~teo th hu{t tbe u{u|~e|- Cì`d j`fdeo fm bf{ `ttei~t$ bhqeze|$

lekù{e hj d`kc hj òepu`te m`z`d ~hqe| `mo q`{ jh|keo th {eec `{vdui qftb tbe Ihabudtb`mò`| hj Lbudu`- @{ Cì`d ~|hkeeoeo thq`|o{ Lbudu` `m @|`c`me{e jdeet hj `lhut<>> q`|)lh`t{ "G`df`{& ~u|{ueo bfi u~ th Jemf |fze| `mo `ttei~teo th ~|ezemt bf{ k|h{{fma

tbe |fze|- _be jh|ke{ hj tbe Ihabud tb`mò`| o|hze l`kc tbe @|`c`me{e jdeet lv fmke{{`mt

aum jf|e{ `mo Cì`d q`{ em`ldeo th k|h{{ tbe Jemf |fze| {`jedv `mo th |e`kb G`b`maf|mà`|

qftb bf{ jìfdv `mo me`|dv 6>>> hj bf{ @|`c`me{e jhddhqe|{-;

M`|`~`tf ofo mht$ bhqeze|$ afze u~ tbe `ttei~t th aet bhdo hj Cì`d `mo jftteo hut ` judd)

{k`de m`z`d er~eoftfhm à`fm{t Lema`d qftb ih|e tb`m :5> ze{{ed{ hj ofjje|emt tv~e{-F{dì Cb`m$ tbe Ihabud ahze|mh| hj Lema`d$ iet tbe tb|e`t lv ihlfdf{fma bf{ `|iv `mo

m`zv me`| tbe ihutb hj tbe |fze| Ieabm`- @dtbhuab tbe @|`c`me{e jdeet bò emte|eo tbe

e{tu`|v hj tbe |fze|$ ft ofo mht o`|e òz`mke ju|tbe| `mo pufkcdv qftbo|eq-

?

Lejh|e Cì`d{ oe~`|tu|e jh| G`b`maf|mà`| tbe ^h|tuaue{e hj Kbfttàhma {foeo qftb bfi-

Bemke hut hj je`| hj M`|`~`tf{ zemae`mke tbev dejt tbe ~d`ke `mo ifa|`teo th htbe|

^h|tuaue{e ~h{{e{{fhm{ fm tbe {ulkhmtfmemt- @{ ` |e{udt `lhut tqedze tbhu{`mo ~eh~de hj Lema`d qbh bò leem jh|kfldv bedo fm {d`ze|v lv tbe ^h|tuaue{e tbe|e mhq e{k`~eo `mo

|etu|meo bhie- Lut tbe ^h|tuaue{e {ul{epuemtdv |etu|meo th Kbfttàhma-5

_bòhifmt|` `mo [`mo` _buoìi`

M`|`~`tf q`{ {ukkeeoeo lv bf{ me~beq _bòhifmt|` fm 0:?5- Ou|fma bf{ |efam |ed`tfhm

qftb tbe Outkb oete|fh|`teo$ hm `kkhumt hj tbe {efwu|e hj ` Outkb j|ee lu|abe| qftb bf{

{bf~ `mo k|eq lv tbe cfma$ jh|kfma th tbe kdh{u|e hj tbe Outkb j`kth|v fm I|hbùma- : _be~eh~de hj @|`c`m {ujje|eo iukb `{ ` |e{udt hj tbe cfma{ if{|ude- _be|e q`{ fmte|m`d

of{tu|l`mke{- Jh| tbf{ |e`{hm$ be bò th |edv hm tbe ^h|tuaue{e jh| tbe ~|htektfhm hj tbe

mh|tbqe{t j|hmtfe| hj Kbfttàhma j|hi Ihabud ~emet|`tfhm- Bf{ erkdu{fze oe~emoemkeu~hm tbe ^h|tuaue{e jh| tbe oejemke hj Kbfttàhma tu|meo tbe ~h|t thqm zf|tu`ddv th `

bùmt hj ^h|tuaue{e j|eelhhte|{-1 _be @|`c`me{e cfma bò `d{h khiiftteo tbe jhddv hj

i`cfma ` m`z`d |`fo fmth tbe {hutbe|m ~`|t hj L`|f{`d of{t|fkt qbe|e be q`{ utte|dv

oeje`teo `mo jh|keo th qftbo|`q- Fm 0:5<$ [`mo` _buoìi`$ {hm hj _bòhifmt|`$lekìe cfma hj @|`c`m- _be Outkb |eh~emeo tbef| j`kth|v `t I|hbùma `jte| khmkduofma

`m à|eeiemt qftb L`t`zf`-

[b`b [bug`!{ jdfabt th @|`c`m

_hq`|o{ tbe emo hj [e~teile|$ 0:51 tbe Ihabud ei~e|h|$ [b`bg`b`m$ jedd {e|fhu{dv fdd-_bf{ `kteo `{ ` {fam`d jh| q`| hj {ukke{{fhm ìhma bf{ jhu| {hm{7 O`|` [b`fcbh$ [bug`$

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@u|`maweo `mo zhqeo th jfabt l`kc lut be q`{ utte|dv oeje`teo `mo ~ut th jdfabt- Fm 0::>um`lde th hjje| ju|tbe| |e{f{t`mke th tbe bht ~u|{uft hj If| Guid`$ tbe `|iv aeme|`d hj




@u|`mawel$ {b`b [bug` {huabt `{vdui fm tbe mefablhu|fma cfmaohi hj @|`c`m- Be kìeth @|`c`m qftb bf{ jìfdv `mo ` |etfmue hj bf{ jhddhqe|{ `{ tbe cfma hj `|`c`m ~|hif{eo

bfi th ~|hzfoe {bf~{ th t`ce bfi th I`cc`b qbe|e be qf{beo th {~emo bf{ d`{t o`v{-

[bug`{ dfje emoeo$ bhqeze|$ fm ` {ò t|àeov- _be Iàb Cfma ~|hzeo j`d{e th bf{~|hif{e- Be q`mteo th i`||v [bug`{ oùabte|$ a|`l bf{ z`du`lde{ `mo t|e`{u|e{ `mo

~d`mmeo th fi~|f{hm bfi- Fm ` oe{~e|`te {t`te [bug` `ttei~teo th ejjekt ` khu~ qftb tbebed~ hj Iu{dfi `|iv `mo khumt|fe{ hj tbe @|`c`m cfma- _be ~d`m{ qe|e oetekteo$bhqeze|$ `mo tbe dukcde{{ ~|fmke `t d`{t t|feo th e{k`~e thq`|o{ êau$ lut q`{ ~u|{ueo

`mo cfddeo$ `mo `dd ieile|{ hj bf{ jìfdv$ fmkduofma bf{ oùabte| qbhi tbe Iàb cfma

bò jh|kfldv i`||feo$ qe|e k|uedv i`{{`k|eo- _be kf|kui{t`mke{ hj bf{ jdfabt `mo oe`tb

kù{eo {hie umke|t`fmdv `mo |uihu|{ th ~|ez`fd jh| {hietfie- _be ~h{ftfhm f{ le{t{uii`|f{eo lv Lemfe| `{ jhddhq{7

,F b`ze be`|o tb|ee h| jhu| tht`ddv ofjje|emt `kkhumt{ hj tbe j`te hj tbe ~|fmke j|hi tbh{eezem qbh qe|e hm tbe {~ht- [hie `{{u|eo ie tb`t be q`{ jhumo ìhma tbe {d`fm$ tbhuab

ft q`{ ofjjfkudt th |ekhamf{e bf{ lhov3 `mo F b`ze {eem ` dette| j|hi ` ~e|{hm `t tbe beò hj

tbe j`kth|v qbfkb tbe Bhdd`moe|{ i`fmt`fm fm tb`t |eafhm$ iemtfhmfma tbe {ìe tbfma-A|e`t umke|t`fmdv ~|ez`fd{$ bhqeze|$ u~hm tbe {ulgekt$ qbfkb f{ tbe |e`{hm qbv qe b`ze

bò {h i`mv `d`|ifma |uihu|{ `t Oebdf- Ft q`{ |e~h|teo$ `t hme tfie$ tb`t be q`{ `||fzeo

`t I`{{f~`tì "I`{`df~`tì&$ `mo tb`t tbe cfma{ hj Ahdchmo` `mo Zf{`~u| "Zfg`~u|&

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khdhu|{$ qftb qbfkb be bò leem ~|e{emteo eftbe| lv tbe cfma hj êau h| [fì- @a`fm qe

qe|e thdo tb`t tbe ~|fmke q`{ fm ê|{f`7 tb`t be b`{ leem {eem fm [kbf|`{ "[bf|`w&$ `mo {hhm`jte|q`|o{ fm C`mo`b`|$ |eòv th fmzòe tbe cfmaohi hj K`lhud ---Lut fm iv h~fmfhm

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[becihoudd`b [b`b-

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|e~|houkeo be|eumoe|-02




@jte| [`dfi [b`b FF$ M`|`~òfavf u{u|~eo tbe tb|hme- Be q`{ ` Luoobf{t- [h be ofo mht

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Kbfttàhma q`{ |etu|meo th tbe Ihabud zfke|hv F{dì Cb`m$ `mo tbu{ afze{ ` |e`{hm jh|

tbe hif{{fhm hj tbe ê|{f`m(Mà`|f$ lut bf{th|fk`d ezfoemke e-a- B`dd ";& f{ kde`| tb`t

Kbfttàhma q`{ mht t`cem l`kc umtfd 0::: @-O- _bf{ fmofk`te{ kde`|dv tb`t tbe cee~fma hj Iu{dfi mìe f{ mht |ed`teo th hme{ khmt|hd hze| Kbfttàhma$ lut tb`t eftbe| hme f{ `

Iu{dfi h| mht-




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fi~h{eo tbe{e khmoftfhm{ bò `d|eòv leem hu{teo j|hi ~hqe| fm Lema`d- _be|ejh|e$ tbe

hmdv dhafk`d khmkdu{fhm f{ tb`t `dd tbh{e cfma{ qbh lh|e Iu{dfi mìe{ bò leem

um|e{e|zeodv Iu{dfi{-

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bf{ Cfmaohi,-

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hj tbe zfkth|fhu{- I`v @dd`b ~e|~etu`te bf{ Cfmaohi,

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@|`c`m qftb ` Luoobf{t Cfmaohi oe{~fte khmje{{fma tb`t ezem `jte| lekhifma

fmoe~emoemt j|hi Lema`d [udt`m{$ tbe @|`c`me{e Cfma{ bò khmtfmueo tbe ~|`ktfke hj

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mht hmdv qf{beo th le tbhuabt hj `{ [udt`m{ fm tbef| hqm |fabt$ fm fiift`tfhm hj tbe

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cfmaohi |ei`fmeo Luoobf{t-<>

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Luoobf{t{-

@dtbhuab tbe i`gh|ftv hj tbe ~eh~de hj ` khumt|v ~|hje{{ ke|t`fm |edfafhm$ ft f{ mht

meke{{`|v jh| tbe |ude| th ledhma th tb`t |edfafhu{ a|hu~- Fmof`$ oe{~fte ih|e tb`m 0>>>

ve`|{ hj Iu{dfi |ude z`{t i`gh|ftv hj tbe ~eh~de |ei`fmeo Bfmou- [fmke tbe |ude|{ qe|e

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te|ieo ` Luoobf{t Cfmaohi-

_be|e f{ mh |e`{hm$ qb`t{heze|$ `{ th qbv tbe Cfma{ {bhudo qf{b th le tbhuabt hj `{

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Iu{dfi cfma-

_be khu|t d`mauàe h| hjjfkf`d d`mauàe hj ` khumt|v {famfjfe{ tb`t ft f{ tbe d`mauàe hj tbe




|ude|{- _be khu|t d`mauàe hj Ihabud Fmof` q`{ ê|{f`m$ `dtbhuab tbe d`mauàe{ fm zhauehj tbe z`{t i`gh|ftv hj tbe Fmof`m{ qe|e mhm)ê|{f`m- [h q`{ tbe khu|t d`mauàe hj Lema`d

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@|`c`m leem mht Iu{dfi{ e{t`ldf{biemt hj ê|{f`m `{ ` khu|t d`mauàe `mo jdhu|f{bfma hj F{dìfk z`due{ qftb j`|)|e`kbfma |e~u|ku{{fhm hm bte {hkfh)kudtu|`d dfje hj tbe ~eh~de hj

@|`c`m qhudo mht b`ze b`~~emeo-

@t ~|e{emt$ fm @|`c`m$ `{ fm htbe| khumt|fe{ `mo ezem fm [t`te{ qftb hze|qbedifma

Iu{dfi i`gh|ftv mht ` {fmade mhm)Iu{dfi khudo le jhumo le`|fma Iu{dfi mìe- Lut

qbem hme f{ khmze|teo th F{dì$ hmdv tbem$ be cee~{ ` Iu{dfi mìe `tt`kbeo th bf{ hdo

`mke{t|`d mhm)Iu{dfi mìe- @ Iàb Luoobf{t hj @|`c`m$ [bqe Du Iùma$ qbhkhmze|teo th F{dì |ekemtdv {e|ze{ `{ ` ahho erì~de- Be f{ mhq ~h~ud`|dv cmhqm qftb

tbe mìe [b`b M`q`w [bqe Du Iùma- _bf{ f{ ` t|òftfhm ~|`ktfkeo {fmke dhma dhma àh-

Hmke k`m jfmo mìe{ {fifd`| th tb`t hj Iu{dfi{ ìhma tbe ~eh~de hj tbe Lhhc hmdv$ f-e-Geq{ `mo Kb|f{tf`m{ qbh `d{h t|`ke tbef| khiihm `mke{t|`d h|fafm th ^|h~bet @l|`bì-

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khmt`fmfma fm tbe Outkb Oàb |eaf{te| fm L`t`zf` |um{ `{ jhddhq{7 ,@mhtbe| fi~h|t`mt

oei`mo f{ jh| tbe ert|òftfhm th L`t`zf` hj `dd tbe kbfdo|em lh|m th tbe Outkb hj

@|`c`me{e ihtbe|{ --- Ft bò leem |e~h|teo `t L`t`zf` tb`t tbe{e kbfdo|em qe|e lefmal|huabt u~ `{ Iu{dfi{ `mo tbe ~fhu{ Outkb K`dzfmf{t{ qe|e ert|eiedv bh||fjfeo,-<0 _be

kbfdo|em hj Outkb qbh{e j`tbe|{ `|e `q`v iu{t b`ze leem umoe| tbe dhzfma k`|e hj tbe

[t`te- Fj tbe |ude|{ qe|e Luoobf{t{$ tbev {bhudo qedd le l|huabt u~ `{ Luoobf{t{- [fmketbev `|e |e~h|teo th le l|huabt u~ `{ Iu{dfi{ tbe |ude|{ hj @|`c`m tbe|ejh|e iu{t b`ze

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fmb`lft`mt{ hj @|`c`m qe|e {`fo th b`ze oe{e|teo tbef| m`tfze d`mo- Fm hme ve`| `dhme$0162$ ` lhov hj mht de{{ tb`m tem tbhu{`mo emte|eo Kbfttàhma jhddhqeo {hhm `jte| lv

i`mv ih|e-? _be E`{t Fmof` Khi~`mv iòe mh hlgektfhm th tbe {ettdeiemt hj tbe{e

~eh~de fm tbe {hutbe|m ~`|t{ hj tbe of{t|fkt$ ~`|tdv hm a|humo hj bui`mftv$ ~`|tdv lekù{etbe of{t|fkt q`{ {~`|{edv ~h~ud`teo `mo `m fmk|e`{e fm tbe muile| hj fmb`lft`mt{ q`{

qedkhie-

Fm 0200$ hme Kbfmlv`m$ `m @|`c`me{e |ejuaee ~h~ud`|dv cmhqm `{ Cfma Le|fma h|a`mf{eo

` |eleddfhm à`fm{t tbe Lu|i`m{- Be iu{te|eo khm{foe|`lde muile| hj jh|ke{$ iòemeke{{`|v ~e|~`|`tfhm fm tbe Khi~`mv{ te||fth|v$ k|h{{eo tbe lh|oe| fmth @|`c`m `mo d`fo

{feae th I|hbùma- @dtbhuab be j`fdeo th t`ce I|hbùma lv jh|ke$ lut be fmoukeo tbea`||f{hm th k`~ftud`te hm tbe khmoftfhm tb`t tbe dfze{ `mo ~|h~e|tfe{ hj ft{ fmb`lft`mt{

{bhudo le {~`|eo-5 Bhqeze|$ `jte| tbe {u||emoe| hj tbe a`||f{hm be ~ut th oe`tb i`mv

Lu|i`m {hdofe|{$ tbef| jìfdfe{ `mo tbef| @|`c`me{e {u~~h|te|{- Lv tbe ifoode hj 0200$tbe qbhde hj Lu|ie{e ~|hzfmke hj @|`c`m kh||e{~hmofma |huabdv th tbe ihoe|m of{t|fkt

hj @cv`l q`{ fm Kbfmlv`m{ b`mo{- _bf{ kù{eo {t|`fmfma hj |ed`tfhm letqeem tbe




Lu|i`m{ `mo tbe L|ftf{b-

@t tbe emo hj tbe |`fmv {e`{hm tbe Lu|i`m{ iòe ~|e~`|`tfhm th |ekhze| tbef| dh{t

ohi`fm- _|hh~{ qe|e lefma khddekteo$ `mo tbe ~|hzfmke hj êau bò leem of|ekteo th~|hzfoe ;>>> ie`m jh| tbe ~u|~h{e- _qh l|foae{ bò leem jftteo hut th k`||v {fr {fr)

~humoe| aum{ `mo tqh bumo|eo iem$ fm òoftfhm th ` {bf~ khii`moeo lv `m Emadf{bi`mmìeo _`vdh|- Hm :tb Oekeile| 0200$ tbf{ jdeet oe~`|teo j|hi \`mahhm$ jhddhqeo `qeec d`te| lv ` jdhtfdd` qbfkb q`{ th ejjekt ` gumktfhm qftb ` {ekhmo jdhtfdd` `t L`{{efm-

_be Lu|i`m d`mo jh|ke$ o|`qm ~`|tdv j|hi êau `mo ~`|tdv j|hi U~~e| Lu|i`$

khmkemt|`teo `t Mea`|f{$ qbemke tbev i`|kbeo th [`mohq`v3 tbe|e tbev eil`|ceo `mo

qemt u~ tbe kh`{t th \ì|ee- _bem tbev {et hut lv {e` th dhhc jh| tbe fm{u|aemt{- _bevjhumo tem tbhu{`mo iem fm ;>> `|ieo lh`t{ ìhma tbe f{d`mo{ me`| Kbeoul`$ umoe| tbe

khii`mo hj Kbfmlv`m- Fm tbe jfabt qbfkb em{ueo tbe @|`c`me{e {u{t`fmeo ` {eze|e

oeje`t$ qftb tbe dh{{ hj <>> lh`t{ `mo Kbfmlv`m i`màeo th |`ddv tbe |eim`mt{ hj bf{jh|ke3 be a`dd`mtdv |etu|meo th |emeq tbe jfabt qftb ` ofzf{fhm hj hmdv 0>> lh`t{$ lut q`{

à`fm oeje`teo qftb tbe dh{{ hj b`dj hj bf{ jdhtfdd`- _be Lu|i`m{ tbem hkku~feo Kbeoul`-

Kbfmlv`m `mo bf{ jhddhqe|{ iòe tbef| e{k`~e `k|h{{ tbe j|hmtfe|-

:

_be Lu|i`m{ qe|e mhq i`cfma j|epuemt fmku|{fhm{ `k|h{{ tbe j|hmtfe| fm bht ~u|{uft hj

tbe |eled{ `mo |ejuaee{- _bev ezem tb|e`temeo tbe Khi~`mv{ ahze|miemt tb`t tbev qhudo

{emo ` d`|ae jh|ke `mo qftb J|emkb `{{f{t`mke hze||um tbe khumt|v j|hi _ecm`j th Ob`cùmde{{ tbe @|`c`me{e |eled kbfej{ `|e {u||emoe|eo- Bhqeze|$ of~dhi`tfk fmftf`tfze q`{

t`cem lv tbe Khi~`mv th ofjju{e tbe tem{fhm qbfde {t|ematbemfma Kbfttàhma- Ih|e

|efmjh|keiemt kìe j|hi Kudkutt`- Qbem tbe |`fm lea`m tbe Lu|i`m{ qftbo|eq thI|hbùma {h q`{ tbe Khi~`mv{ ~h{t{ th \ìu-

_`cfma òz`mtàe hj tbe `l{emke hj t|hh~{ hm lhtb {foe{ hj tbe j|hmtfe| Kbfmlv`m ~d`mmeo

` {ekhmo fmz`{fhm hj @|`c`m- Be k|h{{eo tbe M`j `mo thhc ~h{{e{{fhm hj tbe Lu|i`m

{thkcòe `t Iùmao`q `mo oeje`teo ` {i`dd Lu|i`m oet`kbiemt fm tbe mefablhu|bhho3lut qe|e {hhm |huteo à`fm lv tbe Lu|i`m{- _be @|`c`me{e jdeo qftb tbef| lh`t{ lut

i`mv bò {umc- Hmke ih|e tbe {u|zfzfma @|`c`me{e jdeo th tbe of{t|fkt hj Kbfttàhma-

_be {ftu`tfhm hj ` jeq ihmtb{ lejh|e q`{ mhq |e~e`teo$ tbe @|`c`me{e {eecfma |ejuae$ fmtbe Khi~`mv{ te||fth|v `mo Lu|i`m{ oei`mofma tbef| {u||emoe|-

Kbfmlv`m bò lekhie ` beò`kbe jh| tbe Khi~`mv- Be q`{ h|oe|eo th le `||e{teo lut mh

hme k`m k`tkb bhdo hj bfi- Fm Mhzeile|$ 020< tbe jhddhqe|{ hj Kbfmlv`m hkku~feo Khr{L`w`| `mo iòe tbe thqm tbef| beòpu`|te|{- _be|e be {t`|teo lufdofma {bf~{ jh| bf{ mert

oe{emt hm @|`c`m- Fm tbe {ìe ihmtb tbe Khi~`mv{ jh|ke{ {t`tfhmeo `t \ìu `mo

of{~`tkbeo j|hi Kbfttàhma dùmkbeo ` ghfmt `tt`kc hm tbe jh|ke{ hj Kbfmlv`m of{dhoafmatbei j|hi tbef| beòpu`|te|{- Kbfmlv`m k|h{{eo tbe lh|oe| `mo `{{eildeo bf{ iem `t

Ifmadàvf `mo òz`mkeo fmth @|`c`m thq`|o{ I|hbùma- Lut tbev qe|e fmte|ke~teo lv

tbe Lu|i`m{ `mo oeje`teo- Kbfmlv`m qftb `lhut 05> iem iòe bf{ q`v u~ hme hj tbeu~~e| l|`mkbe{ hj tbe M`j- _be Lu|i`m{ jhddhqeo tbe {k`tte|eo l`mo{ hj bf{ jdeefma iem

th j|hmtfe|3 `mo hmke ih|e ofjjfkudtfe{ `|h{e hze| tbe fmku|{fhm{ hj Lu|i`m t|hh~{ fmth

Kbfttàhma fm ~u|{uft hj tbe |eled{- _be ~|hldei hj Kbfmlv`m `mo Lu|i`m fmku|{fhmkhmtfmueo umtfd Kbfmlv`m ofeo fm 0205-1




@jte| tbe oe`tb hj Kbfmlv`m tbe Lu|i`m{ lea`m ` {e|fe{ hj ~ettv `mo f||ft`tfma hut|àe{

u~hm L|ftf{b {ulgekt{- \e~e`teo `tt`kc{ qe|e iòe u~hm ede~b`mt bumte|{ fm tbe ~uldfk

{e|zfke$ `mo tbe ~eh~de qe|e cfddeo h| k`||feo hjj `mo {hdo `{ {d`ze{$ tbhuab jhddhqfmatbef| `zhk`tfhm{ qftbfm L|ftf{b lhumo`|fe{- @ kd`fi q`{ {et u~ th tbe ~h{{e{{fhm hj tbe

{i`dd f{d`mo hj [b`b`~u|f `t tbe ihutb hj tbe M`j `dtbhuab ft bò leem jh| i`mv ve`|{ fmtbe umof{~uteo hkku~`tfhm hj tbe E`{t Fmof` Khi~`mv- _hdd{ qe|e dezfeo u~hm lh`t{ledhmafma th Kbfttàhma3 `mo fm hme hkk`{fhm$ tbe oei`mo lefma |e{f{teo$ tbe Lu|i`m{

jf|eo u~hm {hie lh`tiem `mo cfddeo hme hj tbei- _bf{ `kt hj zfhdemke q`{ jhddhqeo lv

tbe `{{eildàe hj `|ieo iem hm tbe e`{te|m {foe hj tbe M`j- _be ~eh~de hj {hutbe|m

Kbfttàhma ~`{{eo tbef| o`v{ fm je`| `mo khm{te|m`tfhm- Hm tbe mfabt hj <?tb [e~teile|$02<; tbe Lu|i`m{ ~|hkeeoeo th emjh|ke tbef| kd`fi th [b`b`~u|f3 ` tbhu{`mo i`m d`moeo

hm tbe f{d`mo3 hze|~hqe|eo tbe au`|o$ cfddeo `mo qhumoeo {eze|`d hj tbe ~`|tv$ `mo o|hze

tbe |e{t hjj tbe f{d`mo-

_be khmoftfhm hj @|`c`m ou|fma Lho`q~b`v`{ |ude f{ {uii`|f{eo fm mut{bedd lv B`|zev

q`{ jhddhq{7

,J|hi tbe ze|v jf|{t ve`| hj ft{ khmpue{t$ 0125$ @|`c`m bò leem fm tu|ihfd- Ft q`{ mh

umu{`d tbfma jh| ` Lu|ie{e hut~h{t th b`ze th |um jh| tbef| dfze{3 te||flde |e~|f{`d{ qe|e

er`kteo lut tbe t|hulde khmtfmueo- _be @|`c`me{e bò ze|v erku{e7 tbev qe|e |eleddfmamht à`fm{t ahze|miemt lut à`fm{t tv|`mmv- _bu{ tbev qhudo le k`ddeo fm th tbe z`|fhu{

a`||f{hm beòpu`|te|{ hm tbe ~|etert hj of{`|ifma tbei `mo qbem tbev `||fzeo tbe

Lu|ie{e qhudo qhumo tbei u~ `mo i`{{`k|e tbei- Pufte `~`|t j|hi erth|tfhm`te|ezemue$ tbe|e qe|e khmtfmu`d er`ktfhm hj bui`m k`ttde- _bu{ ;>>> iem qe|e k`ddeo th

qh|c hm tbe Iefctfd` d`ce `mo mhme eze| |etu|meo- :>>> qe|e o|àaeo `q`v th {e|zeà`fm{t Kbf`mai`f$ qbe|e tbev ofeo hj of{e`{e fm muile|{- Qbem fm 0161$ <>>> ih|e

qe|e |epuf|eo th qh|c hm tbe Ifmaum ~àho`$ tbe ~eh~de le`t tbe q`| o|ui `mo |h{e

qbhde{`de- Ve`| `jte| ve`| tbe jfabtfma meze| ke`{eo$ qbfde tbhu{`mo{ jdhkceo fm te||h|`k|h{{ tbe Emadf{b j|hmtfe| th Kbfttàhma$ qbe|e jhdc khudo ah th leo `t mfabt qftbhut

qhmoe|fma fj tb|h`t{ qe|e ahfma th le kut fm tbe ih|mfma- @|`c`m bò meze| leem

~h~udhu{$ `mo mhq ft lekìe ` oe{e|t3 tbe thqm{ qe|e oe{e|teo `mo hze|a|hqm qftb gumade$ `mo tbe|e q`{ mhtbfma th le {eem lut ,utte| oe{hd`tfhm ------ ih|`{{$ ~e{tfdemke `mo

oe`tb,-2

\eje|emke

0- \hbfmav`{ Hutk|v `mo Oei`mo{ lv [bì{uoofm @bieo L-@-$ D-D-L- "@dfa-&<- Hutdfme hj Lu|ie{e bf{th|v lv A-E- B`|zev$ ~- 0?2

;- Lu|i` lv O-A-E- B`dd$ ~- 6:

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:- Flfo ~- ?5:

1- Lu|i` lv O-A-E- B`dd$ ~- 0><

2- Hutdfme hj Lu|ie{e bf{th|v lv A-E- B`|zev$ ~~- 05?)055




Kb`~te| ZFF ) @|`c`m umoe| L|ftf{b Hkku~`tfhm

_be Jf|{t @madh)Lu|i`m Q`| "02<;)<5&

_be Lu|i`m jh|ke{ `l`mohmeo [b`b`~u|f f{d`mo `jte| tei~h|`|v hkku~`tfhm- @m `ttei~tlv tbe L|ftf{b th {et u~ `m @madh)Lu|ie{e j|hmtfe| khiif{{fhm j`fdeo-0 _bem fm G`mu`|v$

02<? Lu|i`m aeme|`d L`mohhd` thhc hze| tbe khii`mo fm @|`c`m `mo lea`m th

khmkemt|`te t|hh~{ jh| ` i`|kb hm Kbfttàhma- _be Lu|i`m{ bò leem deo a|h{{dv thumoe|e{tfi`te L|ftf{b ~hqe|- _bev j`fdeo th |e`dfwe tb`t tbe Fmof`m {ftu`tfhm q`{ tbe |e`d

kù{e hj tbe qe`cme{{ {bhqm fm tbe Kbfttàhma `|e`$ `mo tb`t$ umtfd tbe I`|`tb`{ qe|e

oekf{fzedv oeje`teo$ tbe Ahze|miemt hj Fmof` q`{ mht fm ` ~h{ftfhm th t`ce ` {t|hma dfme hm

ft{ e`{te|m j|hmtfe|-

_be Lu|i`m @|iv umoe| L`mohhd` lea`m h~e|`tfhm{ lv k|h{{fma M`j `mo |hutfma ` {i`dd

oet`kbiemt hj Khi~`mv‖{ t|hh~{- Ie`mqbfde L|ftf{b t|hh~{ {tàeo ` {e`)lh|me fmz`{fhmhj Dhqe| Lu|i` j|hi `m `{{eildv ~hfmt fm tbe @moì`m f{d`mo{ qftbhut ` ldhq th tbe

khi~dete {u|~|f{e hj tbe Lu|i`m{- _be meq{ hj tbe L|ftf{b k`~tu|e hj \`mahhm ~ut ` {th~

th L`mohhd`‖{ òz`mke fm Fmof`- _qh Lu|i`m aeme|`d{ qe|e {emt {ukke{{fzedv th |et`ce\`mahhm lut j`fdeo `mo L`mohhd` q`{ k`ddeo th er~ed tbe fmzòe|{- L`mohhd` i`|kbeo

qftb `m `|iv hj :>‖>>> iem `mo ` khm{foe|`lde `|tfdde|v t|`fm- Bf{ tqh i`fm `tt`kc{ qe|e

|e~ud{eo `mo q`{ jh|keo th |et|e`t th O`mulvu- Hm 0{t @~|fd 02<5$ qbfde `ttei~tfma thbhdo O`mulvu$ L`mohhd` q`{ cfddeo fm `ktfhm-< E`|dv fm 02<5 I|hbùma q`{ t`cem `mo{hhm `jte|q`|o{ Kbeoul` `mo [`mohq`v hkku~feo-; _bu{ @|`c`m kìe umoe| tbe

ejjektfze {q`v hj tbe L|ftf{b fm 02<5-

L|ftf{b |ude hze| @|`c`m "02<5)06?1&

Fm 02<:$ qbem L|ftf{b `{{uieo tbe t`{c hj |udfma @|`c`m khmoftfhm{ qe|e um{ettdeo `mo

|ei`fmeo {h jh| {hie ve`|{- @ qfoe{~|eò |ezhdt à`fm{t L|ftf{be|{ q`{ ~ut ohqm fm

02;:?

`mo tbe khumt|v lea`m |e`ddv th {ettde ohqm- @t jf|{t tbe tqh ~|hzfmke{ hj @|`c`m`mo _`mm`{{e|fi qe|e {e~`|`tedv òifmf{te|eo umoe| tbe of|ekt {u~e|zf{fhm hj tbe

Ahze|mh|)Aeme|`d hj Fmof`3 lut @|`c`m q`{ {hhm t|`m{je||eo th tbe Ahze|miemt hj

Lema`d `mo ft{ [u~e|fmtemoemt {ulh|ofm`teo th tbe Khiif{{fhme| hj Kbfttàhma- _beFmof`m {v{tei hj òifmf{t|`tfhm q`{ fmt|houkeo tbe|e qftb `dih{t erkdu{fzedv Fmof`m

er~e|femke- Lejh|e dhma$ bhqeze|$ @|`c`m bò ft{ hqm Khiif{{fhme| `mo q`{ ~d`keo

umoe| `t bf{ of{~h{`d-5 _be òifmf{t|`tfhm q`{ |eh|a`mf{eo- Umoe| tbe Khiif{{fhme| tbe

of{t|fkt hjjfke|$ {tvdeo {emfh| `{{f{t`mt th tbe Khiif{{fhme| hj @|`c`m$ `mo mhq k`ddeoOe~utv Khiif{{fhme|$ ~e|jh|ieo tbe outfe{ hj ` Of{tf|kt Iàf{t|`te$ Guoae `mo

Khddekth|3 umoe| bfi q`{ Gumfh| @{{f{t`mt Khiif{{fhme|$ qbh ere|kf{e{ {fifd`| ~hqe|{

erke~t tbh{e hj be`|fma `~~e`d{- _be|e q`{ `d{h ` m`tfze |ezemue hjjfke| cmhqm `{ Ivhtbuavf qbh {u~e|fmtemoeo `dd |ezemue `jj`f|{ hj tbe of{t|fkt- Umoe| tbe Ivhtbuavf$

tbe|e `|e Cvum)hc{ qbh khddekt |ezemue j|hi tbef| |e{~ektfze kf|kde{- Umoe| Cvum)hc{ `|eVq`)aùma h| zfddàe beò- _bf{ `||`maeiemt q`{$ bhqeze|$ |eh|a`mf{eo j|hi tfie thtfie- _hqm{bf~ hjjfke|{ "_-H-& qe|e `~~hfmteo jh| e`kb thqm{bf~{ `mo eze|v _-H- q`{




Iàf{t|`te$ Guoae `mo @{{f{t`mt khddekth| qftbfm bf{ gu|f{ofktfhm-:

_be fmt|houktfhm hj |ude hj d`q ofo khmt|flute iukb th tbe qedj`|e hj tbe ~eh~de- Hjjfkf`d

h~~|e{{fhm `mo erth|tfhm lekìe fddea`d$ l`moft|v q`{ j`| ih|e eme|aetfk`ddv {u~~|e{{eotb`m lejh|e$ `mo {eku|ftv hj dfje `mo ~|h~e|tv lekìe ` |ekhamf{eo je`tu|e hj tbe meq

|eafie- Qftb tbe |etu|m hj ~e`ke @|`c`me{e ~eh~de qbh bò e`|dfe| leem o|fzem hut lvtbe Lu|i`m{ h| e{k`~eo ou|fma tbe q`| `mo {ettdeo fm ih{tdv {hutbe|m of{t|fkt hj Kbfttàhma$ {t`|teo th |etu|m th tbef| jh|ie| bhie{ fm @|`c`m- _b`t ~bemhiemhm hj

ihzeiemt hj @|`c`me{e ~eh~de q`{ {uii`|f{eo lv ^b`v|e `{ jhddhq{7 —Muile|{ hj

oe{kemo`mt{ hj tbh{e qbh jdeo fm t|huldhu{ tfie{ j|hi tbef| khumt|v `mo {ettdeo fm

{hutbe|m ~`|t hj Kbfttàhma$ tbe f{d`mo{ hj tbe kh`{t$ `mo ezem tbe [umo`|l`m{ hj Lema`d`|e a|òu`ddv |etu|mfma3 `mo ou|fma tbe mh|tbe`{t ihm{hhm lh`t{ jfddeo qftb iem$ qhiem

`mo kbfdo|em$ qftb `dd tbef| qh|dodv ahho{$ i`v le j|hi Lema`d$ th |etu|m th tbe d`mo hj

tbef| j`tbe|{ `l`mohmeo tbf|tv h| jh|tv ve`|{ lejh|e’-1

Ft f{ tht`ddv if{deòfma `mo fdd)ihtfz`teo th `ddeae tb`t ludc hj tbe Iu{dfi{ emte|eo

@|`c`m ou|fma L|ftf{b e|`- _be j`kt f{ tb`t i`mv Iu{dfi jìfdfe{$ qbh bò e`|dfe| leemo|fzem hut lv tbe Lu|i`m{$ b`ze |etu|meo th tbef| bhie{ fm @|`c`m qbem ~e`ke ~|ez`fdeo

tbe|e `{ er~d`fmeo lv ^b`v|e- Lut$ {fmke 06?< `mtf)Iu{dfi |fht tfdd tho`v `{ ` |e{udt hj

khmtfmuhu{ etbmfk kde`m{fma h~e|`tfhm{$ `{ i`mv `{ ` ifddfhm \hbfmav`{ b`ze leem jh|keo

th de`ze @|`c`m-

_be L|ftf{b ahze|miemt fi~|hzeo khiiumfk`tfhm {v{tei hj @|`c`m th ke|t`fm ertemt$ hm

qbfkb oe~emoeo tbe er~dhft`tfhm hj ft{ z`{t à|fkudtu|`d |e{hu|ke{- _be @|`c`m Jdhtfdd`Khi~`mv‖{ dùmkbe{ "{teì {bf~{& ~dfeo `dd hze| tbe fmd`mo q`te|{ hj @cv`l of{t|fkt

khiiumfk`tfma @cv`l qftb eze|v thqm{bf~ beòpu`|te|{ "fmkduofma Iùmao`q ~`|tdv lv|hò&- _bf{ Khi~`mv `d{h i`fmt`fmeo {e|zfke{ letqeem @cv`l `mo ^`detq`$ tbe

beòpu`|te|{ hj tbe bfdd of{t|fkt{ hj @|`c`m$ `mo tbe of{t|fkt{ hj Cvùc~vu `mo [`mohq`v-

_be d`mo khiiumfk`tfhm q`{ ~hh|dv oezedh~eo hqfma th tbe iudtf~dfkftv hj q`te|q`v{-@ {teì t|ì dfme q`{ khm{t|ukteo letqeem Lutbfoùma hm I`vu `mo Iùmao`q hm M`j$

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`mo th khmjf{k`te tbef| ~|h~e|tfe{ jh| tbe qedj`|e hj Iàb{ `mo

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tbe ~h{t)fmoe~emoemt Lu|i`- _be Iàb Luoobf{t{ hj @|`c`m bò leem oeduoeo lv tbe




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|ì~àfma tbe zfddàe{ hj I`bìumf$ ^`cthdv "^ùct`q&$ {bhtfdv "Ifmkbùma&$

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Whd`~`|`$ Wfw` `mo Cfi qe|e t`|aeteo lv _b`cfm{ jh| ~fddàe `mo oe{t|uktfhm-

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fm tbe l`ttde jh| Lutbfoùma-

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Ie`b lekìe beò hj tbe ê`ke Khiifttee{-

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~e`ke ~|ez`fdeo `|humo @cv`l `|e`-

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em{ufma emkhumte| L|ftf{b `~~hfmteo q`|tfie Khiif{{fhme|$ U Cv`q Cbfme$ q`{ {bht

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tbe {u~~h|t hj tbe Iu{dfi{ hj \`tbeoùma$ Lutbfoùma `mo Iùmao`q ft qhudo le ze|v

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Mùma$ Bh V`m Cfm `mo Lh Ivh Mvumt `mo {hie htbe| Iàb{$ q`{ {emt th Iùmao`q

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oh {h-

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`d|eòv th tbe qe{t hj M`j |fze|-

L|ftf{b |e)emt|v fmth @|`c`m

_be L|ftf{b bò tbef| jh|q`|o hut~h{t{ `t Khr‖{ L`w`| `mo _ecm`j- @ dhk`d fmteddfaemkeh|a`mf{`tfhm cmhqm `{ ‒Z jh|ke‖ q`{ |`f{eo qftb |ek|uft{ j|hi dhk`d Iu{dfi{ hj @|`c`m-




@dtbhuab tbev qe|e$ fmftf`ddv umt|`fmeo d`te| `dhma tbe qbhde j|hmt Z jh|ke lekìe `mfi~h|t`mt `mo ze|v z`du`lde ~`|t hj tbe fmteddfaemke j|ìeqh|c jh| tbe L|ftf{b-0: Lejh|e

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[t`|tfma j|hi Oekeile| 0:$ 06?< L|ftf{b t|hh~{ iòe ` i`gh| òz`mke thq`|o{ @cv`l hm

lhtb {foe{ hj tbe I`vu |`mae$ `dhma tbe {e`)kh`{t `mo `{t|foe tbe I`vu |fze| qftb `jd`mcfma oet`kbiemt {tfdd j`|tbe| e`{t fm tbe C`dò`m z`ddev- @dtbhuab fm tbe leafmmfma ft

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G`~`me{e lumce|{- Fm tbe {ul{epuemt l`ttde{ tb`t |àeo tbe L|ftf{b bò th qftbo|`q tbef|jh|ke{ th tbe mh|tb hj Iùmao`q)Lutbfoùma d`te|`d |hò dvfma `k|h{{ I`vu |`mae qftb

be`zv dh{{e{- _be L|ftf{b jh|ke{ à`fm iòe meke{{`|v ~|e~`|`tfhm{ `mo lv Mhzeile|$

06?; tbev qe|e |eòv th òz`mke jh| @cv`l- _be qbhde ve`| hj 06?? {`q `ktfhm{letqeem tbe tqh @|ife{ fm mh|tb @|`c`m$ {h jfe|ke `mo |`|e$ fm tbe `mm`d{ hj ifdft`|v

bf{th|v- L|ftf{b `mo G`~`me{e jh|ke{ jhuabt b`mo th b`mo `t i`mv ~d`ke{- _be L|ftf{b

jh|ke{ `|e$ i`m th i`m$ mh i`tkb th tbe G`~`me{e fm tbe gumade q`|j`|e lut tbe @ddfeo

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i`|kbeo fmth @|`c`m `mo k`~tu|eo @cv`l$ Cvùc~vu `mo [`mohq`v `|humo tbe emo hj

06??- Fm 06?5 lejh|e @uau{t Dhqe| Lu|i` q`{ kde`|eo hjj hj tbe G`~`me{e- _bu{ Lu|i`lekìe à`fm umoe| khi~dete khmt|hd hj tbe L|ftf{b- Hm @uau{t :tb$ tbe jf|{t @thifk

Lhil q`{ o|h~~eo hm Bf|h{bfi` `mo hm tbe 6tb tbe {ekhmo jedd `t Mà`{`cf- Hm <mo[e~teile|$ 06?5 tbe G`~`me{e {u||emoe|eo-

_be L|ftf{b qftbo|`q`d `mo {ul{epuemt `mtf)Iu{dfi |fhtfma `mo q`| letqeem tbe tqha|e`t ~hqe|{ jhuabt hze| @|`c`m |e{udteo fm fiiem{e dh{{ th tbe Iu{dfi{ qftb j`|

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khiium`d |fhtfma{- @ L|ftf{b hjjfke| qbh q`{ fm tbe @|`c`m j|hmt q|hte7 —_be @|`c`mlejh|e tbe q`| bò leem hkku~feo hze| ft{ emtf|e dematb lv lhtb Iu{{`di`m `mo Iùab-

_bem fm 06?0 tbe tqh {ekt{ {et th `mo jhuabt- _be |e{udt hj tbf{ q`| q`{ |huabdv tb`t tbe

Iùab{ thhc hze| tbe {hutbe|m b`dj hj tbe khumt|v `mo tbe Iu{{`di`m tbe mh|tbe|m’- 01

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`mo ofdfaemt ~eh~de --- qe|e tbev th aet thaetbe|$ qe|e tbev th le |eafiemteo `mo t|`fmeo$ F

qhudo ah {h j`| `{ th {`v tb`t F qhudo {hhm t`ce ` l`tt`dfhm hj tbei fmth tbe jfabtfma dfme`{ `mv htbe| M`tfze L`tt`dfhm tb`t F‖ze {eem h| jhuabt qftb$ tbev `|e dfzfma fm ` bh{tfde

khumt|v `mo b`ze leem jh| bumo|eo{ hj ve`|{$ `mo vet tbev {u|zfze- _bev `|e ~e|b`~{ th le

khi~`|eo qftb tbe Geq{ …--’02

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jhuabt `mo ofeo jh| tbe L|ftf{b ~e|b`~{ tbfmcfma tb`t tbef| jutu|e dfe{ fm tbe zfkth|v hj tbeL|ftf{b- _be {ìe ùtbh| |eze`deo bf{ jeedfma `lhut tbe fiiem{e khmt|flutfhm hj tbe{e




~eh~de th tbe {ukke{{ hj tbe L|ftf{b `{ jhddhq{7 —Qftbhut tbe{e ~eh~de qe qhudo b`zeleem ldfmo `mo oe`j- Qftb tbei qe b`ze eve{ `mo e`|{ `mo khmtfmu`d emte|t`fmiemt- _bev

i`ce qhmoe|jud i`te|f`d jh| tbe j`f|)ifmoeo `mo j`|){eefma khdhmfwe| …- tbef| jutu|e f{ fm

hu| b`mo{- Qe b`ze ` kb`mke hj i`cfma ` b`~~v ~eh~de `mo ` j`f| {t`te hut hj tbe @|`c`m-@mv j`f|me{{$ `mv cfmome{{ qfdd le |e~`fo u{ hme bumo|eo jhdo- F qhudo ze|v hjtem qhmoe|

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{ukke{{h|{ `|e ezem oemvfma \hbfmav`{ th le tbe m`tfze{ hj @|`c`m-

@|`c`m `t tbe eze hj fmoe~emoemke hj Lu|i`

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bf{ khumt|v {qftkbeo `ddeaf`mke fm j`zhu| hj tbe @ddfeo jh|ke{ fm tbe d`{t o`v{ hj tbe

L|ftf{b |e)emt|v fmth Lu|i`- @jte| tbe G`~`me{e {u||emoe| fm 06?5 `mo tbe zfkth|v hj @ddfeo jh|ke{ fm tbe q`| t`dc{ hm a|`mtfma fmoe~emoemke th Lu|i` |e{uieo fm judd {qfma-

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Khm{tftuemt @{{eildv-

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@{ tbe khifma hj fmoe~emoemke q`{ o|`qfma me`| Iu{dfi deòe|{ hj ~|h~e| Lu|i`

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k`ddeo _be Lu|i` Iu{dfi Khma|e{{ "LIK&-<>

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Aeme|`d Khumkfd hj Lu|i` Iu{dfi @{{hkf`tfhm "AKLI@& qftb hmdv hme zhte- I|- \`w`c

q`{ edekteo tbe ^|e{foemt hj LIK-<0

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khmtfmueo th ihze hm ft{ hqm jh| {e~`|`te khiiumftv |e~|e{emt`tfhm- _be \hbfmav`{ hj @|`c`m hm `kkhumt hj tbef| {e~`|`te etbmfkftv$ bf{th|fk`d l`kca|humo `mo tbe ~|ez`fdfma




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hj Luoobf{t @|`c`me{e `mo u{e ft{ fmjduemke th a|`mt tbei |eafhm`d ùthmhiv-

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`dd tbe m`tfhm`dftfe{ hj Lu|i` `{ ` ~|ekhmoftfhm jh| a|`mtfma fmoe~emoemke- @uma [`m

thu|eo tbe qbhde khumt|v3 t`dceo qftb deòe|{ hj ofjje|emt m`tfhm`dftfe{ `mo erkb`maeo

zfeq{ qftb tbei- Be ~|hif{eo tbei judd j|eeohi `mo au`|`mteeo tbef| {eku|ftv `mo~|e{e|z`tfhm hj tbef| kudtu|e `mo |edfafhm umoe| tbe jh|iud` hj ‒Umftv fm Ofze|{ftv‖- Lut

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Qftb iukb ofjjfkudtv$ bhqeze|$ @uma [`m bò leem `lde th khmzeme ` khmje|emke `t ^`ma

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tbe Iàb |e~|e{emt`tfze hj @|`c`m ce~t {fdemt- _be |e{udt q`{ tb`t @|`c`m |ei`fmeo

umoe| tbe |ude hj Lu|i`m ohifm`teo Kemt|`d ahze|miemt fm ~h{t)fmoe~emoemt Lu|i`-

@{ tbev qe|e edlhqeo hut j|hi tbe ~hdftfk`d ~|hke{{ `mo mhtbfma kìe hut ~h{ftfzedv

j|hi tbe {foe hj tbe L|ftf{b ahze|miemt tbe \hbfmav`{ bò oekfoeo th {emo ` oedea`tfhmth P`fo)e)@wì Ihbìiò @df Gfmm`b qbh q`{ jfabtfma jh| tbe fmoe~emoemke hj

^`cf{t`m- _be Iu{dfi oedea`tfhm {et hut jh|i Iùmao`q `mo iet I|- Gfmm`b `t D`bh|e

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k`{e bò ahme fm oejùdt- _be Iu{dfi{ q`fteo fm je`| `mo tb|fdd tbe khifma hj

fmoe~emoemke th Lu|i`-




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tbe ^ZH qftb tbe o|eì hj a`fmfma fmoe~emoemke hj @|`c`m-

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[t`te{ qftb a|e`t jh|ke-<

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~|eje||eo th |ei`fm umoe| tbe Kemt|`d ahze|miemt deo lv tbe Lu|i`m{ fm tbe ~h{t)

fmoe~emoemt e|` tfdd tbe Iu{dfi ~|hldei f{ juddv t`kcdeo- Lv 06:< tbe {ftu`tfhm jh|

a|`mtfma ‒[t`te th tbe @|`c`me{e lekìe ih|e j`zhu|`lde3 mhq tb`t Iug`bfo |eleddfhm




bò `d|eòv leem k|u{beo `mo tbe Iàb Luoobf{t{ bò òz`mkeo iukb fm {hkfhekhmhifk$eouk`tfhm `mo ~hdftfk`d {~be|e{ hj @|`c`m- @{ ludc hj tbe Iu{dfi{ qe|e `d{h khmjfmeo

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oel`te{ khmke|mfma a|`mtfma hj ‒[t`te‖ th @|`c`m `{ iemtfhmeo be|eumoe|7

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mht a`fm ‒[t`te‖-

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_be Iug`bfo fm{u||ektfhm

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`mo {u|zfz`d f{ fm a|e`t o`mae|-




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thhc ~d`ke letqeem tbe Iug`bfo{ `mo tbe ahze|miemt jh|ke{-

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\`tbeoùma-2




Fm tbe ie`mtfie tbe ahze|miemt thhc ` {t|hma ~hdftfk`d fmftf`tfze th f{hd`te tbe Iug`bfo{j|hi tbe Iu{dfi i`{{e{- Hm <5tb [e~t- 065? `t 27>> ~- i-$ tbe tbem ^|fie ifmf{te| hj

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etbmfk khiiumftv-6

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hj tbe Iu{dfi{$ emkhu|àeo tbe ~eh~de th t`ce {foe qftb tbe ahze|miemt- _be Iug`bfo{$

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tbei{edze{ j|hi Iug`bfo erke{{e{-

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Ahze|miemt-

^hdftfk`d `ktfzftfe{ hj tbe @|`c`me{e ou|fma ^`|dfìemt`|v oeihk|`kv ~e|fho "06?2)

06:<&

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th @|`c`m fm tbe ~`|dfìemt lut fmftf`ddv tbev qe|e mht {e|fhu{- _be \ee{ Qfddfì{

Khiif{{fhm {et u~ fm 06?1 th erìfme tbe meke{{ftv hj a|`mtfma ‒[t`te{‖ th ofjje|emt`|e`{$ e`|dfe|$ ce~t `{foe tbe pue{tfhm hj a|`mtfma {t`tebhho th @|`c`m-0< _b|ee ih|e

\eafhm`d @uthmhiv Khiif{{fhm{)\eafhm`d @uthmhiv Khiif{{fhm beòeo lv ifmf{te|

U Mvh _um "` Iàb& jh|ieo fm I`|kb 06?2$ [f| L` Hh Khiif{{fhm jh|ieo fm Hkthle|06?2 `mo Ceddev{ Khiif{{fhm jh|ieo fm 065> ‟ erìfmeo tbe pue{tfhm hj a|`mtfma

[t`te th @|`c`m-

_be \eafhm`d @uthmhiv Khiif{{fhm beòeo lv Ifmf{te| U Mvh _um khm{f{teo hj ;htbe| ieile|{$ U Cv`q Ifm$ @kkhumt`mt Aeme|`d$ U _fm `mo U _fm ^bet- _be

Khiif{{fhm$ fm{teò hj k`||vfma hut fmpuf|fe{ jh| \eafhm`d @uthmhiv$ {uliftteo `m

fmte|fi |e~h|t th tbe ahze|miemt {uaae{tfma tbe jhddhqfma fiieof`te {te~{ jh| @|`c`m-0;

0- th h~em ^`cf{t`mf khm{ud`te fm @cv`l `mo Lu|ie{e khm{ud`te fm J`{t)^`cf{t`m jh|ejjektfzedv ku|lfma fddea`d fiifa|`tfhm3

<- th {u~~|e{{ tbe fm{u|aemkv ih|e fmtem{fzedv3

;- th `~~hfmt hjjfkf`d{ {uft`lde jh| @|`c`m khmoftfhm{7?- th ejjektfzedv t`ce `ktfhm à`fm{t ahze|miemt hjjfkf`d{ fmoudafma fm kh||u~tfhm{

`mo5- th |e)erìfme tbh{e `||e{teo umoe| tbe ûldfk D`q `mo H|oe| @kt$ kdù{e 5$ `mo th

|ede`{e tbh{e qbh `|e huabt th le |ede`{eo-

_be [f| L` Hh Khiif{{fhm q`{ jh|ieo lv ^|fie ifmf{te| U Mu umoe| tbe Kb`f|i`m{bf~

hj tbe tbem Kbfej Gu{tfke$ [f| L` Hh$ fm Hkthle|$ 06?2 umoe| qbfkb tb|ee {ul)khiifttee{

jh| oe`dfma qftb tbe pue{tfhm hj C`|em$ Ihm `mo @|`c`me{e m`tfhm`d{ |e{~ektfzedv qe|ejh|ieo- E`kb {ul)khiifttee f{ khm{tftuteo lv hme |e~|e{emt`tfze j|hi tbe [t`te$ tb|ee

Lu|i`m |e~|e{emt`tfze{ `mo jhu| m`tfhm`d |e~|e{emt`tfze{ j|hi tbe khmke|meo `|e`-0? _be

?)ieile| @|`c`me{e m`tfhm`d |e~|e{emt`tfze{ `|e U Cv`q Vfm$ U [`m _um @uma$ U _b`_um `mo I|- [udt`m @bieo- _bev {uliftteo tbef| h~fmfhm hm <6tb Hkthle|$ 06?2 `{

jhddhq{705

0- th `~~hfmt `m @|`c`me{e `jj`f|{ ifmf{te| `mo fmkduoe ft `{ ` D`q fm tbe

Khm{tftutfhm3

<- th khm{tftute `m @|`c`me{e `jj`f|{ khumkfd th `{{f{t tbe @|`c`me{e `jj`f|{ ifmf{te|`mo fmkduoe ft `{ ` D`q fm tbe Khm{tftutfhm3

;- `kkh|ofma th kdù{e 0< hj tbe Khm{tftutfhm$ th i`ce |ude{$ |eaud`tfhm{ `mo d`q{ th

le `lde th ~e|jh|i `dd `ktfzftfe{ hj @|`c`m |eafhm lv tbe @|`c`me{e `jj`f|{




ifmf{te| `mo @|`c`me{e `jj`f|{ khumkfd fm `kkh|o`mke qftb tbe qf{b hj @|`c`m~eh~de3 `mo

?- `jte| jfze ve`|{ tbf{ {kbeie oe~emofma u~hm ft{ |e{udt{ {b`dd eftbe| le |e)erìfmeo

`mo ìemoeo fm `kkh|o`mke qftb tbe qf{b hj @|`c`m ~eh~de h| te|ifm`teo-

U [bqe L`q$ _be @|`c`me{e "\`cb`fma& |e~|e{emt`tfze hj tbe Khiifttee {uliftteo tbejhddhqfma ~|h~h{`d{70:

0- th er~dhft tbe m`tu|`d |e{hu|ke{ hj @|`c`m `mo fi~|hze fmou{t|f`df{`tfhm3

<- th fi~|hze tbe q`te|$ d`mo `mo |`fdq`v khiiumfk`tfhm{ hj @|`c`m3

;- th u~a|òe eouk`tfhm {t`mo`|o fmkduofma bfabe| `mo tekbmhdhafk`d eouk`tfhm3?- th fi~|hze tbe be`dtb `mo t|e`tiemt j`kfdftfe{3

5- th fi~|hze tbe à|fkudtu|`d `mo `pu`tfk emte|~|f{e{3:- th oe~dhv hme h| tqh \`cb`fma l`tt`dfhm{ fm ~e|i`memt @|iv th k`||v hut d`q `mo

h|oe| fm k`{e `mv lh|oe| ~|hldei `|f{e{ fm Lu|i`‖{ mh|tbqe{t j|hmtfe|3

1- th afze meke{{`|v ~hqe|{ jh| |eb`lfdft`tfma tbe \`cb`fma m`tfhm`d{ dfzfma fm

‒Lhi`ma [t`te‖ "Kbfttàhma Bfdd _|`kt& `mo @q` Cvum "[umo`|lhm{&32- th `q`|o tbe ~hqe| hj i`cfma d`q{ `mo khddektfhm hj |ezemue `mo

6- th a|`mt [edj |ude‖ fm eze|v `jj`f|{ hj @|`c`m ofzf{fhm-

_be Lu|i`m ieile|{ hj tbe Khiifttee |egekteo tbe foe` hj [e~`|`te [t`te lut

|ekhiiemoeo tb`t @|`c`m {bhudo le iòe ` ofzf{fhm umoe| ~|h~e| Lu|i` qftb tbe |fabthj [edj |ude3 tbe ~hqe| hj jh|i`tfhm hj @|iv {bhudo le ze{teo fm tbe m`tfhm`d ^`|dfìemt

hmdv `mo |`tbe| tb`m `~~hfmtfma `m @|`c`m `jj`f|{ ifmf{te| `mo khumkfd @|`c`m ofzf{fhm

khumkfd {bhudo le jh|ieo qbfkb qhudo le ih|e ejjektfze-01

@jte| jhu| ve`|{ hj empuf|v$fm 065<$ `dtbhuab [f| L` Hh Khiif{{fhm khudo {ulift ft{ |e~h|t hm C`|em `mo Ihm

@jj`f|{$ tbe |e~h|t hj @|`c`me{e @jj`f|{ khudo mht le {uliftteo jh| |e`{hm{ le{t cmhqm th

tbei-

02

_be Ceddv Khiif{{fhm q`{ jh|ieo umoe| tbe Kb`f|i`m{bf~ hj @|`c`m Ofzf{fhm`dKhiif{{fhme|$ I|- Ceddv$ hm <:tb Gudv$ 065> th empuf|e `lhut tbe ~h{{flfdftv hj a|`mtfma‒[t`te‖ th @|`c`m-

06Ertem{fze fmpuf|fe{ `mo fmze{tfa`tfhm{ qe|e iòe- Lut tbe |e~h|t hj

tbe Ceddev Khiif{{fhm q`{ mht hjjfkf`ddv `mmhumkeo- [h tbe pue{tfhm hj a|`mtfma ‒[t`te‖

th @|`c`m dfmae|eo hm qftbhut `||fzfma th ` oekf{fhm-_b|huabhut tbef| ^`|dfìemt`|v

temu|e tbe \`)_`)Mv` ieile|{ `kteo fm `m umj|femodv i`mme| à`fm{t tbe \hbfmav`{-

_bev l|`moeo \hbfmav`{ `{ ‒C`d`{‖ h| Kbfttàhmf`m{ `mo ofo mht |ekhamf{e \hbfmav`{ `{tbef| epu`d{- _bev `dq`v{ t|feo th of{th|t tbe fiàe hj tbe \hbfmav`{ `mo ezem `kku{eo

Iu{dfi I^{ hj i`{te|ifmofma fddea`d emt|v hj d`|ae muile| hj Kbfttàhmf`m{ fmth

@|`c`m qftb tbe t`kft `~~|hz`d hj @J^JD th qfm edektfhm{-<>

_bev qe|e `dde|afk thkftfwem{bf~ pue{tfhm hj \hbfmav`{- _bev fmkfteo Luoobf{t ihmc{ hj @|`c`m th {tàe

bumae| {t|fce à`fm{t Iug`bfo fm{u||ektfhm `mo th u{e jh|ke à`fm{t tbe Iu{dfi @|`c`me{e

I^{ hm tbe pue{tfhm hj i`cfma Luoobf{i [t`te |edfafhm hj Lu|i`- _be bh{tfde `ttftuoe hj tbe \`)_`)Mv` ieile|{ thq`|o{ \hbfmav`{ kù{eo Iu{dfi I^{ th |ei`fm `dhhj j|hi

tbei `mo khh~e|`te$ |`tbe|$ qftb Lu|i`m ~hdftfkf`m{-

Qbem @J^JD q`{ ofzfoeo fmth tqh j`ktfhm{ fm 0652 tbe ~|h{~ekt{ hj `kbfezfma @|`c`m

[t`te lekìe ze|v l|fabt- ^|fie Ifmf{te| U Mu oekd`|eo tb`t fj be qfm{ fm 06:> edektfhm{$

be qhudo a|`mt @|`c`m ‒[t`te- Lhtb tbe j`ktfhm{ hj @J^JD qhheo tbe F@^K th tbef|




|e{~ektfze {foe{- Lut tbe \`)_`)Mv` oekfoeo th {u~~h|t U Mu j`ktfhm `jte| aettfma bf{khiiftiemt-

_be pue{tfhm hj a|`mtfma ‒[t`te‖ th @|`c`m q`{ t`cem {e|fhu{dv lv ih{t hj tbe Iu{dfi{ `{tbev je`|eo tb`t tbe Iàb{ qhudo k|e`te ` 06?<)dfce {ftu`tfhm fj tbev khie th ~hqe| fm

@|`c`m- Fm |e{~hm{e$ tbe Iu{dfi{ hj mh|tb @|`c`m oei`moeo ‒ùthmhiv‖ hj tbef| |eafhmth le of|ektdv khmt|hddeo lv tbe Kemt|`d ahze|miemt fm \`mahhm qftbhut tbe fmzhdzeiemthj `mv Iàb hjjfkf`d{ h| tbef| fmjduemke qb`t{heze|- _bef| ifmfi`d oei`mo q`{ tbe

k|e`tfhm hj ` {e~`|`te of{t|fkt ahze|meo lv tbe Kemt|e-<0 Iu{dfi I^{ |`f{eo tbf{ oei`mo

`d{h ou|fma tbe oel`te{ fm ^`|dfìemt `mo fm tbe ~|e{{- I`mv \hbfmav` [hkfh)kudtu|`d

h|a`mf{`tfhm{ fmftf`teo j|`mtfk `ktfzftfe{ qftb |eje|emke th tbe Iu{dfi {t`tu{ fm @|`c`m-<<

@jte| qfmmfma tbe edektfhm U Mu `~~hfmteo `m empuf|v khiif{{fhm th {tuov `dd tbe

~|hldei{ fmzhdzeo fm tbe pue{tfhm hj @|`c`m-<; _be \hbfmav` Gìf`tud Udì` {uliftteo

th tbf{ empuf|v khiif{{fhm ` dhma `mo er~d`m`th|v ieih|`moui hm tbe ~h{ftfhm hj tbeIu{dfi{ hj mh|tb @|`c`m-<? _bev oei`moeo e{t`ldf{biemt hj ` {e~`|`te of{t|fkt qbfkb

b`ze ` of{t|fkt khumkfd hj ft{ hqm `mo {b`dd le ze{teo qftb dhk`d ùthmhiv- @{ `khi~|hif{e {hdutfhm tbe ùtbh|{ hj tbe ieih|`moui à|eeo th tbe of{t|fkt lefma ` ~`|t hj tbe @|`c`m [t`te3 bhqeze| tbev fm{f{teo tb`t tbe Beò hj tbe [t`te q`{ th le khum{eddeo

lv tbe khumkfd fm tbe `~~hfmtiemt hj hjjfkf`d{ `mo fm tbe i`tte|{ khmke|mfma tbe of{t|fkt

`mo ft{ ~|hldei{-

_be \hbfmav` Vhutb @{{hkf`tfhm fm ` |e{hdutfhm hj tbe ieetfma bedo hm Gudv ;0$ 06:0k`ddeo u~hm tbe ahze|miemt mht th a|`mt ‒[t`te‖ th @|`c`m lekù{e hj tbe khiiumftv

tem{fhm{ {tfdd erf{tfma letqeem Iu{dfi{ `mo Luoobf{t{ {fmke tbe 06?< |fht{-<5 @ {fifd`|

|e{hdutfhm q`{ t`cem lv tbe \hbfmav` [tuoemt @{{hkf`tfhm$ qftb tbe òoftfhm`d q`|mfmatb`t fj ft f{ oekfoeo oe{~fte `dd ~|hte{t$ th {et u~ tbe [t`te3 tbf{ qhudo |epuf|e tbe ~`|tftfhm

hj @|`c`m `mo tbe `q`|ofma hj {e~`|`te ùthmhiv th tbe Iu{dfi{-

Iu{dfi ieile|{ hj ^`|dfìemt dfceqf{e ~etftfhmeo tbe ahze|miemt `mo tbe empuf|v

khiif{{fhm mht th fmkduoe tbef| |eafhm fm tbe ~d`mmeo @|`c`m ‒[t`te‖- <: _bev b`ze mh

hlgektfhm th tbe k|e`tfhm hj {ukb ` {t`te$ lut hmdv qftbhut tbe of{t|fkt{ hj Lutbfoùma$

Iùmao`q `mo ~`|t hj \`tbeoùma qbe|e tbe Iu{dfi{ `|e fm i`gh|ftv ……… _be{eof{t|fkt{ iu{t le jh|ieo fmth ` {e~`|`te umft fm h|oe| th em{u|e tbe erf{temke hj tbe

\hbfmav`- Jh|kfma tbe k|e`tfhm hj ` {fmade [t`te u~hm `dd hj @|`c`m qhudo le dfcedv th

deò th tbe |emeqeo {~fddfma hj ldhho-

Lut tbe @|`c`me{e Iu{dfi H|a`mf{`tfhm "@IH& ofjje|eo fm tbef| h~fmfhm thq`|o{

a|`mtfma ‒[t`te‖ th @|`c`m- Fm ` ieih|`moui th tbe empuf|v khiif{{fhm [udt`mI`bihho$ I- ^-$ Kb`f|i`m hj @IH$ er~d`fmeo tb`t tbev qhudo {u~~h|t tbe ‒[t`te‖ hmdv

hm tqh khmoftfhm{7 fj tbe @|`c`me{e Luoobf{t{ qhudo {u~~h|t tbef| oei`mo{ `mo fj tbe

Khm{tftutfhm hj tbe ‒[t`te‖ qhudo fmkduoe$ {~ekfjfk`ddv$ |edfafhu{$ kudtu|`d$ ekhmhifk$~hdftfk`d$ òifmf{t|`tfze `mo eouk`tfhm`d au`|`mtee{ hj tbe Iu{dfi{- _be Beò hj tbe

[t`te hj tbe meq ‒[t`te‖ hj @|`c`m qhudo `dte|m`te3 hmke ` Iu{dfi$ tbe {~e`ce| hj tbe

[t`te Khumkfd qhudo le ` mhm)Iu{dfi$ lut bf{ oe~utv$ ` Iu{dfi3 `mo zfke ze|{`- _be

{ìe `||`maeiemt qhudo `d{h le fm ejjekt fm tbe `~~hfmtiemt{$ khiifttee{ `mo htbe|




lhofe{- Mh de{{ tb`m hme)tbf|o hj tbe [t`te‖{ ifmf{te|{ qe|e th le Iu{dfi{- Mh D`qejjektfma Iu{dfi{ qhudo le ~`{{eo umde{{ `mo umtfd tbe i`gh|ftv hj tbe Iu{dfi ieile|{

hj tbe Khumkfd zhteo jh| ft- Fm tbe i`tte| hj `~~hfmtiemt{ th ghl{ fm Iu{dfi `|e`{$ tbe

Kbfej hj ‒[t`te‖ qhudo `kt hm tbe òzfke hj tbe Iu{dfi ieile|{ hj bf{ k`lfmet- Fm `dd`~~hfmtiemt{ th ahze|miemt ~h{t{$ th ~uldfk {e|zfke{$ th iumfkf~`d ~h{ftfhm{ `mo tbe dfce$

Iu{dfi{ qhudo emghv ` gu{t ~|h~h|tfhm fm `kkh|o`mke qftb tbef| ~e|kemtàe fm tbe~h~ud`tfhm- Fm jfddfma tbe `~~hfmtiemt{ `ddhtteo th tbe Iu{dfi{$ tbe Iu{dfi k`mofo`te{qhudo khi~ete ìhma tbei{edze{- _be ahze|miemt qhudo `ttemtfzedv ieet tbe

eouk`tfhm`d `mo ekhmhifk meeo{ hj tbe Iu{dfi{- Mh ~u~fd qhudo le jh|keo th ~`|tfkf~`te

fm |edfafhu{ kd`{{e{ mht hj bf{ hqm |edfafhm- Eze|v |edfafhu{ {ekt qhudo le `ddhqeo

t|`fmfma fm bf{ hqm |edfafhm fm `dd fm{tftutfhm{ hj de`|mfma- Eze|v `mo `mv |edfafhu{ {ektqhudo le ~e|iftteo th {et u~ bf{ hqm eouk`tfhm`d fm{tftutfhm{ tb`t qhudo le |ekhamf{eo lv

tbe ahze|miemt- Iu{dfi{ qhudo le khi~detedv j|ee th oezedh~ tbef| hqm {~ekf`d

\hbfmav` d`mauàe `mo kudtu|e$ `mo th {~|eò tbef| |edfafhm- @ {~ekf`d hjjfke| jh| Iu{dfi@jj`f|{ qhudo le `~~hfmteo qbh{e ghl ft qhudo le th fmze{tfa`te khi~d`fmt{ `mo

hl{t|uktfhm{$ `mo th |e~h|t hm tbei th tbe kbfej hj ‒[t`te‖- Jh| ` ~e|fho hj tem ve`|{ j|hi

tbe o`te hj e{t`ldf{biemt hj tbe ‒[t`te‖ tbe |fabt qhudo le |e{e|zeo th eze|v of{t|fkt ‟`mo e{~ekf`ddv th tbh{e hj mh|tbe|m @|`c`m‟ th {ekeoe j|hi tbe ‒[t`te‖ `mo t|`m{je| ft{edj

th tbe of|ekt gu|f{ofktfhm hj tbe Kemt|`d ahze|miemt fm \`mahhm-<1

@t dhma d`{t$ tbe ahze|miemt oekd`|eo th {et u~ ` {~ekf`d ‒I`vu J|hmtfe| @oifmf{t|`tfhm‖"IJ@& fm tbe ~|hzfmke{ hj Iùmao`q$ Lutbfoùma `mo qe{te|m ~h|tfhm hj \`tbeoùma

umoe| tbe of|ekt khmt|hd hj tbe Kemt|`d ahze|miemt- Lut ft q`{ mht ùthmhiv jh| ft qhudo

le òifmf{te|eo lv @|iv hjjfke|{3 {fmke ft q`{ mht ~d`keo umoe| tbe gu|f{ofktfhm hj @|`c`m$ bhqeze|$ tbe meq `||`maeiemt e`|meo tbe à|eeiemt hj tbe \hbfmav` deòe|{-<2

_be `ktu`d fi~deiemt`tfhm hj tbe òifmf{t|`tfhm thhc ~d`ke qftb ejjekt j|hi I`|kb ;0$06:0- @ {~ekf`d ~hdfke jh|ke cmhqm `{ ‒I`vu Ve‖ q`{ |`f{eo qftb |ek|uft{ j|hi dhk`d

Iu{dfi{ `mo tbe d`q `mo h|oe| {ftu`tfhm {t`|teo th fi~|hze- @t tbe leafmmfma hj 06:< tbe

ahze|miemt ~|e~`|eo ` o|`jt d`q jh| tbe e{t`ldf{biemt hj tbe ‒[t`te‖ hj @|`c`m `mo fm`kkh|o`mke qftb Iu{dfi oei`mo$ erkduoeo tbe I`vu of{t|fkt- _be ifdft`|v |ezhdutfhm

thhc ~d`ke fm I`|kb 06:<- _be meq ahze|miemt k`mkeddeo tbe ~d`m th a|`mt ‒[t`te‖ th

@|`c`m- Lut tbe ‒I`vu Of{t|fkt‖ |ei`fmeo {ulgekt th tbe {~ekf`d òifmf{t|`tfhm tb`t bòleem {et u~ jh| ft tfdd ft q`{ ~ut umoe| tbe ifmf{t|v hj Bhie @jj`f|{ fm Jel|u`|v 0$ 06:?-

\eje|emke

0- _be Iu{dfi{ hj Lu|i`$ lv Ih{be Vea`| ~- 6:

<- Flfo ~-62;- Flfo

?- Flfo ~- 61

5- Flfo:- _be Umfhm hj Lu|i` lv Buab _fmce| ~- ?1

1- _be Iu{dfi{ hj Lu|i` lv Ih{be Vea`| ~- 66

2- Flfo6- @ {bh|t Bf{th|v hj @|`c`m `mo \hbfmav` lv M`tfhm`d Oeihk|`tfk ^`|tv jh|

Bui`m \fabt{ ~- ;0




0>- _be Iu{dfi{ hj Lu|i` lv Ih{be Vea`| ~- 6600- @ {bh|t Bf{th|v hj @|`c`m `mo \hbfmav` lv MO^B\

0<- _be Umfhm hj Lu|i` lv Buab _fmce| ~- <?

0;- Umfhm hj Lu|i` ^vftbu Bdut`q "^`|dfìemt& [e{{fhm ^|hkeeofma{ Mh- 0$ ieetfmaMh- "1&$ \`mahhm Ahze|miemt ^|e{{$ 065<$ ~~- 0>:)0>1

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0:- Flfo ~- 020

01- Flfo ~- 02<?2;

02- Flfo ~- 02;

06- Ieile|{ hj tbe Khiif{{fhm `|e U ^fmmv` _bfb`$ @|`c`m @J^JD Kb`f|i`m$ U[`m _bu @uma$ Lutbfoùma @J^JD Kb`f|i`m$ I|- [udt`m @bieo$ I-^-$ I|-

@loud A`jj`| I^-$ I|- Ju|uc @bieo$ Bfab)a|òe ~deòe|$ D`te| U ^fmmv` _bfb`$

U [`m _um @uma$ I-^- `mo Lutbfoùma @J^JD Kb`f|i`m Qftbo|eq j|hi tbeKhiif{{fhm- _bev qe|e |e~d`keo lv U L` Iv`fma$ U Iùma [efm `mo U [`m _um

Cb`fma-

<>- @|`c`me{e Luoobf{t deòe|{ fmkduofma Ieile|{ hj ^`|dfìemt bò `dq`v{of{th|teo tbe t|ue j`kt{$ `{ tbe Lu|i`m{ oh$ lv kd`fifma tb`t tbhu{`mo{ hj

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th t`kcde tbe a|hqfma C`d` ~|hldei hj @|`c`m-1

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mh|tb @|`c`m- [hhm$ tbe Màìfm teì khm{tftuteo lv @|iv$ ^hdfke `mo Fiifa|`tfhm

~e|{hmmed |e`kbeo Lutbfoùma `|e` qbe|e tbev det dhh{e ` |efam hj te||h|- Lutbfoùma




lekìe tbe qh|{t {keme hj Màìfm oez`{t`tfhm- Bumo|eo{ hj Iu{dfi iem `mo qhiemqe|e tb|hqm fmth tbe g`fd i`mv hj tbei lefma th|tu|eo `mo cfddeo- Iu{dfi qhiem qe|e

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Me Qfm‖{ Meq Kftfwem{bf~ D`q

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hut e`{fdv-

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`mo i`mv kemtu|fe{ hdo ih{pue{ qe|e oeihdf{beo umoe| tbe {kbeie hj ‒jh|keo

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khie ohqm `mo {ettde hm tbe ~d`fm d`mo{ khmjf{k`teo j|hi tbe Iu{dfi{- I`mv Luoobf{tIàb{ j|hi htbe| ~`|t{ hj @|`c`m `mo `d{h j|hi L`madòe{b `|e {ettdeo fm tbe Iu{dfi

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Qbem tbe {ftu`tfhm {eeieo th le ahfma hut hj khmt|hd$ Me Qfm$ lv ` kdeze| khmt|fz`mke th

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tbe lh|oe| fmth tbe mefablhu|fma khumt|fe{ h| ghfmeo `mtf)ahze|miemt |ezhdutfhm`|v

a|hu~{ l`{eo `dhma tbe lh|oe|-

Fm @|`c`m Iu{dfi{ b`ze th le`| tbe l|umt hj [DH\K‖{ q|`tb- _be [DH\K {t`|teo th t`ce

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h~e|`te fm{foe @|`c`m- _be IHU$ `kkh|ofma th UMBK\ hjjfkf`d{$ ~|hzfoe{ dfjtfma hj `dd

ld`kc d`q{ fi~h{eo u~hm tbe \hbfmav`{ `mo |ekhamf{fma tbei `{ kftfwem{ hj Lu|i`- Lutafzem tbe [DH\K‖{ ~`{t bv~hk|ftfk`d |ekh|o{ `mo tbef| khmtfmuhu{ l`|l`|hu{ h~~|e{{fhm

u~hm tbe \hbfmav`{$ tbef| jutu|e |ei`fm{ `{ umke|t`fm `{ eze|-

\eje|emke




0- _be te|i C`d`‖ f{ aeme|`ddv `~~dfeo th ie`m etbmfk Fmof`m{ f||e{~ektfze hj |edfafhm- Ft `d{h fi~dfe{ tbe ie`mfma hj jh|efame| `mo k`||fe{ ` {em{e hj {`|k`{i-

<- @ {bh|t Bf{th|v hj @|`c`m `mo \hbfmav` lv MO^B\$ ~- ?<

;- \hbfmav` d`mauàe ~|ha|ìie q`{ |eaud`|dv l|hòk`{teo j|hi Lu|i`L|hòk`{tfma [e|zfke "LL[&$ \`mahhm j|hi 05)5)06:0 tfdd ft{ `lhdftfhm hm 0)0>)

06:5-?- Hut|àe$ Lu|i`{ [t|uaade jh| Oeihk|`kv lv Le|tfd Dfmtme| ~- 565-5- Flfo ~- :;

:- Mh dea`d ~|hkeeofma{ qe|e k`||feo hut à`fm{t tbh{e Iu{dfi{ qbh qe|e ezfkteo

j|hi tbef| bhu{e{- _bev qe|e jh|keo th lh`|o hm lh`t{ lhumo jh| Lutbfoùma

thqm{bf~- @dd tbef| fiihz`lde ~|h~e|tfe{ qe|e khmjf{k`teo lv tbe ùtbh|ftfe{-1- U Cbfm Iùma D`v "I|- Ihbìiò W`c`|f`&$ ` \hbfmav`$ er)Beò hj tbe

Lht`mv Oe~t- `t @cv`l Khddeae bò tbe h~~h|tumftv th `ttemo tbe ieetfma `{ `

a`wetteo |`mc hjjfke|$ fmzfteo umcmhqfmadv tb`t be f{ ` \hbfmav`-2- Aemhkfoe fm Lu|i` à`fm{t tbe Iu{dfi{ hj @|`c`m$ ~uldf{beo lv \hbfmav`

^`t|fhtfk J|hmt$ 0612-

6-

_be 0612 \hbfmafg` |ejuaee fmjdur o|eq tbe `ttemtfhm hj tbe qh|do thq`|o{@|`c`m jh| tbe jf|{t tfie {fmke tbe j`fdu|e hj iug`bfo fm{u||ektfhm hj 5>{-

0>- @dtbhuab tbe L[^^ ahzt- oemfeo d`|ae){k`de erhou{$ d`te| ft `kke~teo l`kc `dd tbe

|ejuaee{ qbh h~teo th |etu|m l`kc th tbef| khumt|v-

00- I|- J|`mkhf{ Bùabte|$ ` ghu|m`df{t j|hi J|`mke$ zf{fteo _hmal|h lh|oe| `|e` fm0612 qbe|e be ~e|{hm`ddv qftme{{eo Lu|ie{e `|iv aummeo ohqm ; Iu{dfi{ hm

tbe htbe| {foe hj tbe lh|oe| {e~`|`teo lv ` {i`dd {t|eì

I`~{

I`~ Mh- "0& ) @|`c`m `mo ft{ mefablhu|{-




I`~ Mh- "<& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma !Hfd fm [hutbe`{t @{f` `mo @j|fk`! o|`qm lv Meq

Vh|c l`{eo @ktfhm Khiifttee hm Khh~e|`tfhm hm Jh{{fd Jued hj tbe A|hu~ hj 11

fmofk`tfma @|`c`m `{ `m hfd ~|houkfma |eafhm-




I`~ Mh- ";& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma tbe hdo qh|do `{ cmhqm th tbe Iu{dfi{ j|hi tbe 2tb

th tbe 05tb kemtu|v @-O- `{ `~~e`|eo fm tbe lhhc !Iu{dfi Khmt|flutfhm th

Aeha|`~bv! fmofk`tfma @|`c`m ` qedd cmhqm |eafhm th tbe Iu{dfi{ {fmke 2tb

Kemtu|v K-E-




I`~ Mh- "?& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma {~|eò hj F{dì fm Fmof` `mo J`| E`{t tb`t `~~e`|eo

fm tbe lhhc !F{dì fm tbe qh|do! fmofk`tfma F{dìfk {q`v hze| @|`c`m fm 05>> K-E-




I`~ Mh- "5& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma Kudtu|`d ofzf{fhm hj [hutbe`{t @{f` fm 05>> K-E- `{

`~~e`|eo fm !_be _fie{ @td`{ hj Qh|do Bf{th|v! fmofk`tfma @|`c`m `{ `m F{d`ifk

[t`te-




I`~ Mh- ":& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma [hutbe`{t @{f` @-O- 5>> ) 05>> `{ `~~e`|eo fm !_be

_fie{ hj Qh|do Bf{th|v! fmofk`tfma @|`c`m `{ `m fmoe~emoemt Iu{dfi Cfmaohi-

I`~ Mh- "1& ) @ i`~ {bhqfma lhumo`|fe{ hj @|`c`m umoe| L|ftf{b hkku~`tfhm-




^d`te{

^d`te Mh- "0& ) _be hme)ohie ku|fhu{ Ih{pue L`o| I`p``i){ftu`teo hm tbe |hkcv

kh`{t fm tbe {hutbe|m ~`|t hj @cv`l q`{ {`fo th le jhumoeo lv tbe e`|dv @|`l{ fm tbe

d`te| ~`|t hj tbe 1tb kemtu|v @-O-




^d`te Mh- "<& ) _be a|`mo G`i)e)Ih{pue hj @cv`l lufdt fm tbe 01tb kemtu|v f{ hme hj

tbe lfaae{t ih{pue{ fm @|`c`m- Ft{ Q`pj d`mo hm ft{ mh|tbe|m {foe b`{ leem t`cem

hze| lv jh|ke-

^d`te Mh- ";& ) [`mofcb`m ih{pue lufdt fm 0?;; K-E- lv Aem- [`mofcb`m `t ^`ttb`|f

Pfdd`b "I|hb`uma&-




^d`te Mh- "?& ) \ufmeo {t|uktu|e hj Iu{` Ih{pue lufdt fm tbe 0?tb kemtu|v {ftu`teo

`t ^`ttb`|f Pfdd`b "I|hbùma&-

^d`te Mh- "5& ) @ {thme ~d`te qftb @|`lfk fm{k|f~tfhm{ jhumo fm{foe tbe _befmavftùma

~àho` `t ^`ttb`|f Pfdd`b "I|hbùma&-




^d`te Mh- ":& ) @mhtbe| {thme ~d`te qftb @|`lfk fm{k|f~tfhm{ jhumo ema|`zeo fm ` q`dd

`t M`m|`ahme$ ^`ttb`|f Pfdd`b "I|hb`uma&-




Khfm{

Khfm{ {t|ukc lv tbe cfma{ hj @|`c`m j|hi 05<; K-E- th 012< K-E-


a history of arakan (past & present) by dr. mohammed yunus

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