1
Crossing the Styx:Taming the Underworld
Using Cerberus and PlutoPlus(ITL’s Contributions in the Area of Internet Security)
Sheila FrankelSystems and Network Security Group, ITL
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Unsolved Problems of the 1990s
World Peace A Drinkable Diet Cola Secure Communications over an
Insecure Network
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Types of Security Protection
Data Origin Authentication Connectionless Integrity Replay Protection Confidentiality (Encryption) Traffic Flow Confidentiality
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At Which Network Layer Should Security Be Provided?
Application Layer Transport (Sockets) Layer Internet Layer
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Why Internet Layer Security?
Implement once, in a consistent manner, for multiple applications
Centrally-controlled access policy Enable multi-level, layered approach to
security
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Internet Packet Format
IP
Header
Upper Protocol Headers
and Packet Data
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Authentication Header (AH)
Data origin authentication Connectionless integrity Replay protection (optional) Transport or tunnel mode Mandatory algorithms:
HMAC-MD5 HMAC-SHA1 Other algorithms optional
8
Internet Packet Format with AH
IP
Header
AH
Header
Upper Protocol Headers
and Packet Data
Tunnel Mode
New IP
Header
Old IP
Header
AH
Header
Upper Protocol Headers
and Packet Data
Transport Mode
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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
Confidentiality Limited traffic flow confidentiality (tunnel
mode only) Data origin authentication Connectionless integrity Replay protection (optional) Transport or tunnel mode
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Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (cont’d)
Mandatory algorithms: DES-CBC HMAC-MD5 HMAC-SHA1 Other algorithms optional
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Internet Packet Format with ESP
IP
Header
ESP
Header
Upper Protocol Headers
and Packet Data
Tunnel Mode
New IP
Header
Old IP
Header
ESP
Header
Upper Protocol Headers
and Packet Data
Transport Mode
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Transport vs. Tunnel Mode
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Constructs Underlying IP Security
Security Association (SA) Security Association Database (SAD) Security Parameter Index (SPI)
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
Negotiate: Communication Parameters Security Features
Authenticate Communicating Peer Protect Identity Generate, Exchange, and Establish Keys
in a Secure Manner Delete Security Associations
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (cont’d)
Threat Mitigation Denial of Service Replay Man in Middle Perfect Forward Secrecy
Usable by Ipsec and other domains (e.g., private keys for VPNs)
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Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (cont’d)
Components: Internet Security Association and Key
Management Protocol (ISAKMP) Internet Key Exchange (IKE, aka
ISAKMP/Oakley) IP Security Domain of Interpretation (IPsec
DOI)
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IKE Negotiations - Phase 1
Purpose: Establish ISAKMP SA (“Secure Channel”)
Steps (4-6 messages exchanged): Negotiate Security Parameters Diffie-Hellman Exchange Authenticate Identities
Main Mode vs. Aggressive Mode
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IKE Negotiations - Phase 2
Purpose: Establish IPsec SA
Steps (3-5 messages exchanged): Negotiate Security Parameters Optional Diffie-Hellman Exchange Final Verification
Quick Mode
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IKE Network Placement
DOI
Definition
Security Protocol
(IPsec)
Application Protocol
Application Process
IKE
Socket Layer Protocol
Internet Protocol (IP)
Transport Protocols (TCP/UDP)
Link Layer Protocol
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IKE Peer Negotiation
Application
IKE
Application
IKEApplication Space Application Space
Kernel Space
Kernel Space
IPSEC IPSEC
Physical Network
1
2 4
3 3
5
4
5
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Current Status of IPsec
Most documents in Internet-Draft last call, headed for RFC status
IPsec Working Group disbanded IPsecond Working Group starting up Multiple implementations (Sun, IBM,
Microsoft, DEC, Cisco, Telebit, others) deployed, in beta test, or under development
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Current Status of Ipsec (cont’d)
Periodic interoperability/conformance testing using reference implementations
Auto Industry eXchange (ANX) pushing for early deployment
PKI work underway in IETF, industry, government (NIST et. al.)
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The IETF’s Direction in IP Security
IETF has mandated use of IPsec and IKE wherever feasible
Testing support needed for emerging implementations Need publicly-available sites that are willing
to provide IPsec testing Requested at 38th IETF meeting
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NIST’s Contributions to IPsec
Cerberus - Linux-based reference implementation of Ipsec (http://snad.ncsl.nist.gov/cerberus)
PlutoPlus - Linux-based reference implementation of IKE
IPsec-WIT - Web-based IPsec interoperability test facility (http://ipsec-wit.antd.nist.gov)
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NIST’s Contributions to IPsec (cont’d)
Goals: Enable smaller industry vendors to jump-
start their entry into IPsec Facilitate ongoing interoperability testing of
multiple IPsec implementations
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IPsec - Missing Pieces
Policy specification and control Communication with CAs
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Basic Documents
IP Security Document Roadmap (draft-ietf-ipsec-doc-roadmap-02.txt)
Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol (draft-ietf-ipsec-arch-sec-04.txt)
IP Authentication Header (draft-ietf-ipsec-auth-header-05.txt)
IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) (draft-ietf-ipsec-esp-v2-04.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Authentication Algorithms
The Use of HMAC-MD5-96 within ESP and AH (draft-ietf-ipsec-auth-hmac-md5-96-03.txt)
The Use of HMAC-SHA-1-96 within ESP and AH (draft-ietf-ipsec-auth-hmac-sha1-96-03.txt)
The Use of HMAC-RIPEMD-160-96 within ESP and AH (draft-ietf-ipsec-auth-hmac-ripemd-160-96-01.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts -Cryptographic Transforms
The ESP ARCFOUR Algorithm (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-arcfour-00.txt)
The ESP Blowfish-CBC Algorithm Using an Explicit IV (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-blowfish-cbc-00.txt)
The ESP CAST128-CBC Algorithm (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-cast128-cbc-00.txt)
The ESP CAST5-128-CBC Transform (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-cast-div-00.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Cryptographic Transforms (cont’d)
The ESP CBC-Mode Cipher Algorithms (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-cbc-02.txt)
ESP with Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) (draft-ietf-ipsec-cbc-00.txt)
The ESP DES-CBC Transform (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-des-derived-00.txt)
The ESP DES-CBC Cipher Algorithm With Explicit IV (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-des-expiv-02.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Cryptographic Transforms (cont’d)
The ESP Triple DES Transform (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-des3-00.txt)
The ESP 3DES-CBC Algorithm Using an Explicit IV (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-3des-expiv-00.txt)
The ESP DES-XEX3-CBC Transform (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-desx-00.txt)
The ESP IDEA-CBC Algorithm Using Explicit IV (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-idea-cbc-00.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Cryptographic Transforms (cont’d)
The ESP RC5-CBC Algorithm (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-rc5-cbc-00.txt)
The NULL Encryption Algorithm and Its Use With Ipsec (draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-null-00.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts -Key Management
Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-09.txt, .ps)
The OAKLEY Key Determination Protocol (draft-ietf-ipsec-oakley-02.txt)
The Internet Key Exchange (IKE) (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-oakley-07.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Key Management (cont’d)
The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation for ISAKMP (draft-ietf-ipsec-ipsec-doi-08.txt)
Inline Keying within the ISAKMP Framework (draft-ietf-ipsec-inline-isakmp-01.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts -Additional Key Management Modes
Extended Authentication Within ISAKMP/Oakley (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-xauth-01.txt)
A GSS-API Authentication Mode for ISAKMP/Oakley (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-gss-auth-00.txt)
The ISAKMP Configuration Method (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-mode-cfg-02.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts - Additional Key Mgmt Modes (cont’d)
A revised encryption mode for ISAKMP/Oakley (draft-ietf-ipsec-revised-enc-mode-01.txt)
Revised SA negotiation mode for ISAKMP/Oakley (draft-ietf-ipsec-isakmp-SA-revised-00.txt)
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IPsec Internet Drafts -Additional Documents
Implementation of Virtual Private Network (VPNs) with IP Security (draft-moskowitz-ipsec-vpn-00.txt)
Dynamic remote host configuration over IPSEC using DHCP (draft-ietf-ipsec-dhcp-00.txt)
IPSec Policy Data Model (draft-ietf-ipsec-policy-model-00.txt)