domain eukarya kingdom fungi. anatomy of a fungus most fungi grow as multicellular mycelia made up...
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Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Fungi
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Anatomy of a fungus• Most fungi grow as
multicellular mycelia made up of long, thin filaments called hyphae.
• Most of a fungi will be invisible to us. Only the reproductive structures above ground will be seen.
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Anatomy of a fungus• The hyphae of fungi may or
may not be divided into separate cells by septa
• Septa No septa
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Fungi can be multicellular or unicellular
• Multicellular mycelia: . This mycelium is from the rind of a piece of Melbury cheese.
• The yeast pictured here is baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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HyphaeReproductivestructure
Mycelium
SeptaCell wall
Pore
Fungi are absorptively heterotrophic
• Fungi can break down almost any type of organic substance– secrete enzymes to digest
food outside– absorb nutrients back in– may be saprobes,
detritivores, parasitic, mutualistic, predatory
• Fungal morphology is associated with their mode of nutrition: the fungal mycelium maximizes surface area in relation to volume.
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Fungal decomposition (saprophytic)
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Parasitism
• Although many fungi infect humans, relatively little human disease is due to fungi.
• Parasitic fungi cause major damage to crops such as wheat, corn, and barley.
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Fungi reproduce by producing spores
• The reproductive structures of fungi produce haploid spores
spore
• A new fungal mycelium begins with the germination of a haploid spore
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The Fungal Life Cycle
•‘vegetative’ life form typically haploid
•May reproduce asexually through haploid spores
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The Fungal Life Cycle
•Sexual reproduction through
–cytoplasm fusion --> dikaryotic stage (n + n) or heterokaryotic
–nuclear fusion--> diploid stage
–typically rapid meiosis--> haploid spores
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Four groups of Fungi
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Chytridiomycota
• Mainly aquatic
• Flagellated spores
• Basal group of the
Fungi
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Phylum Zygomycota
• Rhizopus (bread mold), fruit rot
• when two different hyphae join together for sexual reproduction, they form a swollen, thick-walled structure (zygosporangia) that links the hyphae together
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Figure 31.7 The life cycle of the zygomycete Rhizopus (black bread mold)
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Figure 31.7x2 Mature zygosporangium
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Bread mold
Bread Molds, Black Bread Mold, Rhizopus stolonifera, not only grow on Bread, but anywhere there are water and nutrients.
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Phylum Ascomycota
• Sac Fungi
• Fruiting structure called an ascocarp
• Produce spores in sac-like compartments called asci
MorelTruffle
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Figure 31.10 The life cycle of an ascomycete
Asexual spores produced in conidia
Sexual spores produced in ascocarps
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Other Ascomycetes
Baker’s yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Penicillin molds
Chestnut blight
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Phylum Basidiomycota
• Club Fungi: Mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts and smuts, puffballs
• Seldom reproduce asexually.
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Club fungi reproduce sexually by forming spores in a structure called a BASIDIUM (BASIDIA) which can be found lining gills inside the BASIDIOCARP (the mushroom cap).
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Mushrooms PoisonousEdible
Hallucinogenic
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Table 31.1 Review of Fungal Phyla
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“Phylum” Glomeromycota?
• Mycorrhizae are fungi that associate with plant roots and receive sugars from them.
• Two types:– Exomycorrhizae– Endomycorrhizae (also called arbuscular)
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Rootcells
EMF
•Common in colder northern climates (decomposition is slow)
•The fungus breaks down organic material and delivers nitrogen to the plant.
Ectomycorrhizae grow on the surface of plant roots without penetrating the cells.
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AMF
Rootcells
Roothair
•Common in warmer grasslands & forests (decompositionis rapid).
•The fungus delivers phosphorus to the plant.
Arbuscular mycorrhizae penetrate the cells of the plant root.
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Number of AMF species Number of AMF species
Sh
oo
t b
iom
ass
Pla
nt
sp
ecie
s d
iver
sity
0 1 2 4 8 14 0 1 2 4 8 140
0.2
0.8
0.4
0.6
130
110
70
90
Effect of AMF species diversity on plants:
Mutualisms:• Increasing the diversity of mycorrhizae in a given
habitat increases plant species richness and productivity.
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Mutualisms• Lichens
– Lichens are associations of a fungus with either an alga or cyanobacterium.
• Lichens are the dominant species in tundra habitats and are important in breaking down rock to form soil.
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Asexual reproductionoccurs when “mini-lichens”are produced.
Asciproduced byfungus
Fungal layer
Fungal layer
Algal layer
Substrate
Figure 29.11a
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Types of Lichens
•crustose, fruticose, foliose
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Dutch Elm Disease
• Entered the U.S. in the 1930’s
• Has been moving westward ever since
• Chicago lost 119,000 trees in 3 years
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• Entered the U.S. early 20th century
• Before: as many as 1 in 4 trees were chestnuts (e. of Mississippi)
• 100,000s of trees lost (3.5 billion in 40 years?)
• Tree now present as an understory tree produced by sprouting from roots
Chestnut blight
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Cell walls of fungi are made of chitin
(Cell walls of plants are made of cellulose)
Chitin also makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods
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Fungi used to be classified with plants
Plants• Photosynthetic
• Cell wall made of cellulose
• Develop from embryos
Fungi• Heterotrophic
• Cell wall made of chitin
• Develop from spores
…but there are major differences