in introduction to plant diseases, part ii-fungi bacteria publications... · fungi fungi are...

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I N I NTRODUCTION TO P LANT I N I NTRODUCTION TO P LANT D ISEASES , P ART II-F UNGI & B ACTERIA B ACTERIA

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Page 1: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANTIN INTRODUCTION TO PLANTDISEASES, PART II-FUNGI & BACTERIABACTERIA

Page 2: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

FUNGIFUNGI

Fungi are composedFungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae

Need an outside food source

Pathogens of plants and animals, sometimes 

300,000 species of f i d ib dfungi described; most are not plant pathogens

Page 3: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

THE HUMONGOUS FUNGUSARMILLARIA GALLICAARMILLARIA GALLICA

In 1992, ,Armillaria gallica, a fungus found near Crystal Falls, MI covered 37MI covered 37 acres, was estimated to weigh 10 tons and age was estimated at 1,500 yrs old. You may have seenmay have seen this graphic on Uhaul trucks.  Since then larger, older Armillariaspp. have been noted in CO and OR.

Page 4: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

FUNGI THE GREATDECOMPOSERS

Fungi recycleFungi recycle nutrients by breaking down dead plant material.  Fungi that live on dead plant material are calledare called saprophytes.  

Page 5: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

MEET THE TROPH FAMILYMEET THE TROPH FAMILY

Autotrophs

Biotrophs

Necrotrophs

Page 6: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS

S th i th i t iti l d Synthesize their own nutritional needs (photosynthesis)

Example: Green Plants

Page 7: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BIOTROPHSBIOTROPHS

A i th t l li d An organism that can only live and reproduce on another living organism

Example: powdery mildews, downy mildews, rust fungi

Biotrophs areBiotrophs are also called obligate parasites.

Page 8: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

NECROTROPHS A parasite that kills and obtains its A parasite that kills and obtains its 

nutrition from dead host cells

Example: Sclerotium rolfsii causesrolfsii, causes southern blight/southern stem rot. Thisstem rot. This fungus survives by producing spherical presting structures called sclerotia.

Page 9: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

EXAMPLES OF FUNGALDDISEASES

Mildews (Powdery and Downy)

Rusts and smuts

Vascular wilt diseases Vascular wilt diseases

Root and stem rots

Leaf spots and blights

Page 10: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

POWDERY MILDEWS

E il Easily identified by white Powdery mildew mycelium

Resistant 

ycan be managed with fungicides. Sprays can be initiated after species and 

cultivars are available for 

initiated after signs of disease are visible, but don’t wait too 

lilac, dogwood, crape myrtle, phlox

late.

phlox, crabapple

Powdery mildew on English oak.

Page 11: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

DOWNY MILDEW ONIIMPATIENS

Downy mildew of impatiens  has damaged landscape plantings in the U.S. in 2011 andU.S. in 2011 and 2012.

Page 12: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BOXWOOD BLIGHT OFBBOXWOOD

Defoliation of boxwood in one season due to b d bli htboxwood blight (Cylindrocladium buxicola).  Boxwood blight gwas first discovered in the U.S. in NC and CT in Oct 2011in Oct 2011.

Photos courtesy of M. Inman, CT Ag Exp Station

Page 13: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

RUSTSRUSTS

C d l t Yellow leaf spots and 

rust colored pustules

Cedar apple rust is a heteroeciousrust, requiring two unrelated 

Numerous hosts including conifers, 

hosts to complete its lifecycle.  Autoecious rusts

broadleaf plants

May also cause galls, 

Autoecious rusts only require one host to complete their lifecycle. y g ,

twig dieback

Page 14: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

APPLE SCAB

Found on apple and crabapple  

Causes premature leaf drop

Symptoms may be found on leaves and fruit

Also found on pyracantha

Page 15: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

ANTHRACNOSE DISEASES

Fungal leaf spot, twig blight and/or 

k dicanker disease

Favored by cool, wet weather

Hosts: ash, ,dogwood, maple, oak, sycamore

Page 16: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

FUNGAL CANKER DISEASEFUNGAL CANKER DISEASE

Localized infection, often causing b h di b kbranch dieback

May follow drought stress

Prune out dead branches to stop spread

Page 17: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

1 YEAR LATER- CANKER HASSMOVED TO MAIN STEM

To prevent: irrigate to i i i tminimize water 

stress

Prune out dead branches when ththey are observed or you could lose thecould lose the whole plant

Page 18: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

ROOT ROT DISEASES

Affected plants may be stunted, wiltedwilted 

Discolored, decayed rootsdecayed roots

Poor drainage, standing waterstanding water, excessive irrigation, favor 

Ph t hth t t/j idisease development

Phytophthora root rot/juniper

Page 19: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BLACK ROOT ROT – FOLIARSSYMPTOMS

Black root rot is caused by the fungus Thielaviopsis.  BRR causes a slow, progressiveprogressive decline. Initial symptoms are yellow foliage; roots of infected plants are discolored and decayed.decayed.

Page 20: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

ROOT SYMPTOMS OF BLACKROOT ROT

Dark, discolored roots on Japanese and bl h ll dblue holly, and inkberry are almost always a symptom of y pblack root rot. Herbaceous hosts include: pansy vincapansy, vinca, petunia

Page 21: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BACTERIABACTERIA

Single celled  organisms muchorganisms much smaller than fungal spores

Not visible to the naked eye

Shaped like rods, spheres, helical

Page 22: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BACTERIAL DISEASESBACTERIAL DISEASES

Soft rots

Vascular wilts

Leaf and fruit spots Leaf and fruit spots

Crown gall

Fire blight

Citrus canker Citrus Greening Citrus canker, Citrus Greening

Page 23: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BACTERIAL LEAF SPOTBACTERIAL LEAF SPOT

Xanthomonasleaf spot on English ivyEnglish ivy.  

Page 24: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BACTERIA STREAMING FROMPLANT TISSUE

Bacteria streaming from a portion of a bb l fcabbage leaf  

infected with black rot. Photo courtesy P. yBachi, Univ of KY.

Page 25: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

CROWN GALL

Tumors/galls on stems/rootsstems/roots

Soft, spongy to wooden

Crown gall on a wisteria to wooden 

and corky with maturity

a wisteria stem

Bacteria enter through wounds

Page 26: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

FIRE BLIGHTFIRE BLIGHT

A bacterial disease of apple, crabapple andcrabapple and pear. Symptoms at right include a classic symptom for fire blight, a “shepherd’s crook” and acrook  and a stem canker.

Page 27: IN INTRODUCTION TO PLANT DISEASES, PART II-FUNGI BACTERIA Publications... · FUNGI Fungi are composed of living filaments called hyphae Need an outside food source Pathogens of plants

BACTERIAL LEAF SCORCHBACTERIAL LEAF SCORCH

Leaf hoppers are the insect vectors of bacterial leaf scorch Thescorch. The xylem inhabiting bacterium that is the causal agent plugs those vessels that transport water to leavesto leaves resulting in leaf scorch.

Bacterial , vascular wilt disease of shade trees, especially pin oak