doctrines political law

8/9/2019 Doctrines Political Law

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[G.R. No. 122156. February 3, 1997.]

MANILA PRINCE H !EL, Petitioner , ". G #ERNMEN! $ER#ICE IN$%RANCE $&$!EM, MANILAH !EL C RP RA!I N, C MMI!!EE N PRI#A!I'A!I N a() FFICE F !HE G #ERNMEN!

C RP RA!E C %N$EL, Respondents .

$&LLA*%$

1. POLITICAL LAW; CONSTITUTION; DEFINED. A constitution is a system of fun amenta! !a"s fo# t$e%o&e#nance an a minist#ation of a nation. It is su'#eme( im'e#ious( a)so!ute an una!te#a)!e e*ce't )y t$eaut$o#ity f#om "$ic$ it emanates. It $as )een efine as t$e fun amenta! an 'a#amount !a" of t$e nation.It '#esc#i)es t$e 'e#manent f#ame"o#+ of a system of %o&e#nment( assi%ns to t$e iffe#ent e'a#tmentst$ei# #es'ecti&e 'o"e#s an uties( an esta)!is$es ce#tain fi*e '#inci'!es on "$ic$ %o&e#nment is foun e .T$e fun amenta! conce'tion in ot$e# "o# s is t$at it is a su'#eme !a" to "$ic$ a!! ot$e# !a"s must confo#man in acco# ance "it$ "$ic$ a!! '#i&ate #i%$ts must )e ete#mine an a!! 'u)!ic aut$o#ity a ministe#e .

,. ID.; ID.; DEE-ED W ITTEN IN E/E 0 STATUTE AND CONT ACT. Un e# t$e oct#ine of constitutiona!su'#emacy( if a !a" o# cont#act &io!ates any no#m of t$e constitution t$at !a" o# cont#act "$et$e#'#omu!%ate )y t$e !e%is!ati&e o# )y t$e e*ecuti&e )#anc$ o# ente#e into )y '#i&ate 'e#sons fo# '#i&ate'u#'oses is nu!! an &oi an "it$out any fo#ce an effect. T$us( since t$e Constitution is t$e fun amenta!('a#amount an su'#eme !a" of t$e nation( it is eeme "#itten in e&e#y statute an cont#act. A $e#in% tot$e oct#ine of constitutiona! su'#emacy( t$e su) ect constitutiona! '#o&ision is( as it s$ou! )e( im'!ie !y"#itten in t$e )i in% #u!es issue )y #es'on ent 2SIS( !est t$e )i in% #u!es )e nu!!ifie fo# )ein% &io!ati&eof t$e Constitution. It is a )asic '#inci'!e in constitutiona! !a" t$at a!! !a"s an cont#acts must confo#m "it$t$e fun amenta! !a" of t$e !an . T$ose "$ic$ &io!ate t$e Constitution !ose t$ei# #eason fo# )ein%.

3. ID.; ID.; CONSIDE ED SELF4E5ECUTIN2 AT6E T6AN NON4SELF4E5ECUTIN2. In case of ou)t( t$eConstitution s$ou! )e consi e#e se!f4e*ecutin% #at$e# t$an non4se!f4e*ecutin% . . . Un!ess t$e cont#a#y isc!ea#!y inten e ( t$e '#o&isions of t$e Constitution s$ou! )e consi e#e se!f4e*ecutin%( as a cont#a#y #u!e"ou! %i&e t$e !e%is!atu#e isc#etion to ete#mine "$en( o# "$et$e#( t$ey s$a!! )e effecti&e. T$ese '#o&isions"ou! )e su)o# inate to t$e "i!! of t$e !a"ma+in% )o y( "$ic$ cou! ma+e t$em enti#e!y meanin%!ess )ysim'!y #efusin% to 'ass t$e nee e im'!ementin% statute. 7C#u8( Isa%ani A.( Constitutiona! La"( 1993 e .(''. :41 uite a''a#ent!y( Sec. 1 ( secon 'a#.( of A#t. 5II is couc$e in suc$ a "ay asnot to ma+e it a''ea# t$at it is non4se!f4e*ecutin% )ut sim'!y fo# 'u#'oses of sty!e. ?ut( ce#tain!y( t$e!e%is!atu#e is not '#ec!u e f#om enactin% fu#t$e# !a"s to enfo#ce t$e constitutiona! '#o&ision so !on% as t$econtem'!ate statute s@ua#es "it$ t$e Constitution. -ino# etai!s may )e !eft to t$e !e%is!atu#e "it$out t$ese!f4e*ecutin% natu#e of constitutiona! '#o&isions. T$e omission f#om a constitution of any e*'#ess '#o&isionfo# a #eme y fo# enfo#cin% a #i%$t o# !ia)i!ity is not necessa#i!y an in ication t$at it "as not inten e to )ese!f4e*ecutin%. T$e #u!e is t$at a se!f4e*ecutin% '#o&ision of t$e constitution oes not necessa#i!y e*$aust!e%is!ati&e 'o"e# on t$e su) ect( )ut any !e%is!ation must )e in $a#mony "it$ t$e constitution( fu#t$e# t$ee*e#cise of constitutiona! #i%$t an ma+e it mo#e a&ai!a)!e. Su)se@uent !e%is!ation $o"e&e# oes notnecessa#i!y mean t$at t$e su) ect constitutiona! '#o&ision is not( )y itse!f( fu!!y enfo#cea)!e.

. ID.; ID.; ID.; A P O/ISION -A0 ?E SELF4E5ECUTIN2 IN ONE PA T AND NON4SELF4E5ECUTIN2 INANOT6E . es'on ents a!so a#%ue t$at t$e non4se!f4e*ecutin% natu#e of Sec. 1 ( secon 'a#.( of A#t. 5IIis im'!ie f#om t$e teno# of t$e fi#st an t$i# 'a#a%#a'$s of t$e same section "$ic$ un ou)te !y a#e not

se!f4e*ecutin%. T$e a#%ument is f!a"e . If t$e fi#st an t$i# 'a#a%#a'$s a#e not se!f4e*ecutin% )ecauseCon%#ess is sti!! to enact measu#es to encou#a%e t$e fo#mation an o'e#ation of ente#'#ises fu!!y o"ne )yFi!i'inos( as in t$e fi#st 'a#a%#a'$( an t$e State sti!! nee s !e%is!ation to #e%u!ate an e*e#cise aut$o#ityo&e# fo#ei%n in&estments "it$in its nationa! u#is iction( as in t$e t$i# 'a#a%#a'$( t$en a fo#tio#i( )y t$esame !o%ic( t$e secon 'a#a%#a'$ can on!y )e se!f4e*ecutin% as it oes not )y its !an%ua%e #e@ui#e any!e%is!ation in o# e# to %i&e '#efe#ence to @ua!ifie Fi!i'inos in t$e %#ant of #i%$ts( '#i&i!e%es an concessionsco&e#in% t$e nationa! economy an 'at#imony. A constitutiona! '#o&ision may )e se!f4e*ecutin% in one 'a#tan non4se!f4e*ecutin% in anot$e#.

B. ID.; ID.; NATIONAL PAT I-ON0; P O/ISION ON P EFE ENCE TO >UALIFIED FILIPINOS( SELF4E5ECUTIN2. Sec. 1 ( secon 'a#.( A#t. 5II of t$e 19: Constitution is a man ato#y( 'ositi&e comman


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"$ic$ is com'!ete in itse!f an "$ic$ nee s no fu#t$e# %ui e!ines o# im'!ementin% !a"s o# #u!es fo# itsenfo#cement. F#om its &e#y "o# s t$e '#o&ision oes not #e@ui#e any !e%is!ation to 'ut it in o'e#ation. It is'e# se u icia!!y enfo#cea)!e. W$en ou# Constitution man ates t$at i n t$e %#ant of #i%$ts( '#i&i!e%es( anconcessions co&e#in% nationa! economy an 'at#imony( t$e State s$a!! %i&e '#efe#ence to @ua!ifie Fi!i'inos(it means ust t$at @ua!ifie Fi!i'inos s$a!! )e '#efe##e . An "$en ou# Constitution ec!a#es t$at a #i%$te*ists in ce#tain s'ecifie ci#cumstances an action may )e maintaine to enfo#ce suc$ #i%$t not"it$stan in%t$e a)sence of any !e%is!ation on t$e su) ect; conse@uent!y( if t$e#e is no statute es'ecia!!y enacte to

enfo#ce suc$ constitutiona! #i%$t( suc$ #i%$t enfo#ces itse!f )y its o"n in$e#ent 'otency an 'uissance anf#om "$ic$ a!! !e%is!ations must ta+e t$ei# )ea#in%s. W$e#e t$e#e is a #i%$t t$e#e is a #eme y. U)i us i)i#eme ium.

. ID.; ID.; ID.; INCLUDES T6E NATIONAL( ESOU CES AND CULTU AL( 6E ITA2E. W$en t$eConstitution s'ea+s of nationa! 'at#imony( it #efe#s not on!y to t$e natu#a! #esou#ces of t$e P$i!i''ines( ast$e Constitution cou! $a&e &e#y "e!! use t$e te#m natu#a! #esou#ces( )ut a!so to t$e cu!tu#a! $e#ita%e oft$e Fi!i'inos.

:. ID.; ID.; ID.; -ANILA 6OTEL CO PO ATION( E-? ACED T6E EIN; FILIPINO FI ST POLIC0 P O/ISION(APPLICA?LE IN SALES OF 6OTEL STOC S. Fo# mo#e t$an ei%$t 7:< eca es -ani!a 6ote! $as )o#e mute"itness to t$e t#ium'$s an fai!u#es( !o&es an f#ust#ations of t$e Fi!i'inos; its e*istence is im'#esse "it$'u)!ic inte#est; its o"n $isto#icity associate "it$ ou# st#u%%!e fo# so&e#ei%nty( in e'en ence annation$oo . /e#i!y( -ani!a 6ote! $as )ecome 'a#t of ou# nationa! economy an 'at#imony. Fo# su#e( 1G oft$e e@uity of t$e -6C comes "it$in t$e 'u#&ie" of t$e constitutiona! s$e!te# fo# it com'#ises t$e ma o#ity

an cont#o!!in% stoc+( so t$at anyone "$o ac@ui#es o# o"ns t$e 1G "i!! $a&e actua! cont#o! anmana%ement of t$e $ote!. In t$is instance( 1G of t$e -6C cannot )e isassociate f#om t$e $ote! an t$e!an on "$ic$ t$e $ote! e ifice stan s. Conse@uent!y( "e cannot sustain #es'on entsH c!aim t$at t$e Fi!i'inoFi#st Po!icy '#o&ision is not a''!ica)!e since "$at is )ein% so! is on!y 1G of t$e outstan in% s$a#es of t$eco#'o#ation( not t$e 6ote! )ui! in% no# t$e !an u'on "$ic$ t$e )ui! in% stan s.

9. ID.; STATE; SALE ?0 T6E 2SIS OF 1G OF ITS S6A E IN -ANILA 6OTEL CO P.( A STATE ACTION(SU? ECT TO CONSTITUTIONAL CO--AND. In constitutiona! u#is'#u ence( t$e acts of 'e#sons istinctf#om t$e %o&e#nment a#e consi e#e Jstate actionJ co&e#e )y t$e Constitution 71< "$en t$e acti&ity iten%a%es in is aJ 'u)!ic functionJ( 7,< "$en t$e %o&e#nment is so4si%nificant!y in&o!&e "it$ t$e '#i&ate acto#as to ma+e t$e %o&e#nment #es'onsi)!e fo# $is action; an . 73< "$en t$e %o&e#nment $as a''#o&e o#aut$o#i8e t$e action. It is e&i ent t$at t$e act of #es'on ent 2SIS in se!!in% 1G of its s$a#e in #es'on ent-6C comes un e# t$e secon an t$i# cate%o#ies of Jstate action.J Wit$out ou)t t$e#efo#e t$e t#ansaction(a!t$ou%$ ente#e into )y #es'on ent 2SIS( is in fact a t#ansaction of t$e State an t$e#efo#e su) ect to t$econstitutiona! comman .

1 . ID.; CONSTITUTION; W6EN T6E CONSTITUTION ADD ESSES T6E STATE( IT EFE S TO ?OT6 PEOPLEAND 2O/E N-ENT. W$en t$e Constitution a #esses t$e State it #efe#s not on!y to t$e 'eo'!e )ut a!so tot$e %o&e#nment as e!ements of t$e State. Afte# a!!( %o&e#nment is com'ose of t$#ee 73< i&isions of 'o"e# !e%is!ati&e( e*ecuti&e an u icia!. Acco# in%!y( a constitutiona! man ate i#ecte to t$e State isco##es'on in%!y i#ecte to t$e t$#ee 73< )#anc$es of %o&e#nment. It is un enia)!e t$at in t$is case t$esu) ect constitutiona! in unction is a #esse amon% ot$e#s to t$e E*ecuti&e De'a#tment an #es'on ent2SIS( a %o&e#nment inst#umenta!ity e#i&in% its aut$o#ity f#om t$e State.

11. ID.; ID.; NATIONAL PAT I-ON0; P EFE ENCE TO >UALIFIED FILIPINOS; SALE OF STOC S OF -ANILA6OTEL CO PO ATION ?0 T6E 2SIS; FILIPINOS ALLOWED TO -ATC6 T6E ?ID OF FO EI2N ENTIT0. Int$e instant case( "$e#e a fo#ei%n fi#m su)mits t$e $i%$est )i in a 'u)!ic )i in% conce#nin% t$e %#ant of#i%$ts( '#i&i!e%es an concessions co&e#in% t$e nationa! economy an 'at#imony( t$e#e)y e*cee in% t$e )iof a Fi!i'ino( t$e#e is no @uestion t$at t$e Fi!i'ino "i!! $a&e to )e a!!o"e to matc$ t$e )i of t$e fo#ei%nentity. An if t$e Fi!i'ino matc$es t$e )i of a fo#ei%n fi#m t$e a"a# s$ou! %o to t$e Fi!i'ino. It must )e soif "e a#e to %i&e !ife an meanin% to t$e Fi!i'ino Fi#st Po!icy '#o&ision of t$e 19: Constitution. Fo#( "$i!e t$ismay neit$e# )e e*'#ess!y state no# contem'!ate in t$e )i in% #u!es( t$e constitutiona! fiat is omni'#esentto )e sim'!y is#e%a# e . To i%no#e it "ou! )e to sanction a 'e#i!ous s+i#tin% of t$e )asic !a".

1,. E-EDIAL LAW; ACTIONS; FO EI2N ?IDDE S WIT6OUT CAUSE OF ACTION A2AINST 2SIS ?EFO EACCEPTANCE OF ?ID. T$e a#%ument of #es'on ents t$at 'etitione# is no" esto''e f#om @uestionin% t$esa!e to enon% ?e#$a since 'etitione# "as "e!! a"a#e f#om t$e )e%innin% t$at a fo#ei%ne# cou! 'a#tici'atein t$e )i in% is me#it!ess. Un ou)te !y( Fi!i'inos an fo#ei%ne#s a!i+e "e#e in&ite to t$e )i in%. ?utfo#ei%ne#s may )e a"a# e t$e sa!e on!y if no Fi!i'ino @ua!ifies( o# if t$e @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino fai!s to matc$ t$e$i%$est )i ten e#e )y t$e fo#ei%n entity. In t$e case )efo#e us( "$i!e 'etitione# "as a!#ea y '#efe##e at


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t$e ince'tion of t$e )i in% )ecause of t$e constitutiona! man ate( 'etitione# $a not yet matc$e t$e )ioffe#e )y enon% ?e#$a . T$us it i not $a&e t$e #i%$t o# 'e#sona!ity t$en to com'e! #es'on ent 2SIS toacce't its ea#!ie# )i . i%$t!y( on!y afte# it $a matc$e t$e )i of t$e fo#ei%n fi#m an t$e a''a#ent

is#e%a# )y #es'on ent 2SIS of 'etitione#Hs matc$in% )i i t$e !atte# $a&e a cause of action.

13. ID.; SPECIAL CI/IL ACTION( CE TIO A I; FAILU E OF T6E 2SIS TO E5ECUTE CO ESPONDIN2DOCU-ENTS W6E E PETITIONE 6AD -ATC6ED T6E ?ID P ICE ?0 FO EI2N ?IDDE ( A 2 A/E A?USE OF

DISC ETION. Since 'etitione# $as a!#ea y matc$e t$e )i '#ice ten e#e )y enon% ?e#$a 'u#suant tot$e )i in% #u!es( #es'on ent 2SIS is !eft "it$ no a!te#nati&e )ut to a"a# to 'etitione# t$e )!oc+ of s$a#esof -6C an to e*ecute t$e necessa#y a%#eements an ocuments to effect t$e sa!e in acco# ance not on!y"it$ t$e )i in% %ui e!ines an '#oce u#es )ut "it$ t$e Constitution as "e!!. T$e #efusa! of #es'on ent 2SISto e*ecute t$e co##es'on in% ocuments "it$ 'etitione# as '#o&i e in t$e )i in% #u!es afte# t$e !atte# $asmatc$e t$e )i of t$e -a!aysian fi#m c!ea#!y constitutes %#a&e a)use of isc#etion.

1=. ID.; SUP E-E COU T; DUT0 ?OUND TO -A E SU E T6AT CONT ACTS DO NOT /IOLATE T6ECONSTITUTION O T6E LAWS. W$i!e it is no )usiness of t$e Cou#t to inte#&ene in cont#acts of t$e +in#efe##e to o# set itse!f u' as t$e u %e of "$et$e# t$ey a#e &ia)!e o# attaina)!e( it is its )oun en uty toma+e su#e t$at t$ey o not &io!ate t$e Constitution o# t$e !a"s( o# a#e not a o'te o# im'!emente "it$%#a&e a)use of isc#etion amountin% to !ac+ o# e*cess of u#is iction. It "i!! ne&e# s$i#+ t$at uty( no matte#$o" )uffete )y "in s of unfai# an i!!4info#me c#iticism. In ee ( t$e Cou#t "i!! a!"ays efe# to t$eConstitution in t$e '#o'e# %o&e#nance of a f#ee society; afte# a!!( t$e#e is not$in% so sac#osanct in anyeconomic 'o!icy as to #a" itse!f )eyon u icia! #e&ie" "$en t$e Constitution is in&o!&e .

PADILLA( J. ( concu##in% o'inionK c$an#o)1es&i#tua! 1a"!i)#a#y

1. POLITICAL LAW; CONSTITUTION; PAT I-ON0 OF T6E NATION( CONST UED. A stu y of t$e 193Constitution( "$e#e t$e conce't of Jnationa! 'at#imonyJ o#i%inate ( "ou! s$o" t$at its f#ame#s eci e toa o't t$e e&en mo#e com'#e$ensi&e e*'#ession JPat#imony of t$e NationJ in t$e )e!ief t$at t$e '$#aseenci#c!es a conce't em)#acin% not on!y t$e natu#a! #esou#ces of t$e count#y )ut '#actica!!y e&e#yt$in% t$at)e!on%s to t$e Fi!i'ino 'eo'!e( t$e tan%i)!e an t$e mate#ia! as "e!! as t$e intan%i)!e an t$e s'i#itua! assetsan 'ossessions of t$e 'eo'!e. It is to )e note t$at t$e f#ame#s i not sto' "it$ conse#&ation. T$ey +ne"t$at conse#&ation a!one oes not s'e!! '#o%#ess; an t$at t$is may )e ac$ie&e on!y t$#ou%$ e&e!o'ment asa co##e!ati&e facto# to assu#e to t$e 'eo'!e not on!y t$e e*c!usi&e o"ne#s$i'( )ut a!so t$e e*c!usi&e )enefitsof t$ei# nationa! 'at#imony. -o#eo&e#( t$e conce't of nationa! 'at#imony $as )een &ie"e as #efe##in% noton!y to ou# #ic$ natu#a! #esou#ces )ut a!so to t$e cu!tu#a! $e#ita%e of ou# #ace. T$e#e is no ou)t in my mint$at t$e -ani!a 6ote! is &e#y muc$ a 'a#t of ou# nationa! 'at#imony an ( as suc$ ese#&es constitutiona!'#otection as to "$o s$a!! o"n it an )enefit f#om its o'e#ation. T$is institution $as '!aye an im'o#tant #o!ein ou# nationHs $isto#y( $a&in% )een t$e &enue of many a $isto#ica! e&ent( an se#&in% as it i ( an as it

oes( as t$e P$i!i''ine 2uest 6ouse fo# &isitin% fo#ei%n $ea s of state( i%nita#ies( ce!e)#ities( an ot$e#s.

,. ID.; ID.; -ANILA 6OTEL( PA T OF OU NATIONAL PAT I-ON0. T$e#e is no ou)t in my min t$at t$e-ani!a 6ote! is &e#y muc$ a 'a#t of ou# nationa! 'at#imony an ( as suc$( ese#&es constitutiona! '#otectionas to "$o s$a!! o"n it an )enefit f#om its o'e#ation. T$is institution $as '!aye an im'o#tant #o!e in ou#nationHs $isto#y( $a&in% )een t$e &enue of many a $isto#ica! e&ent( an se#&in% as it i ( an as it oes( ast$e P$i!i''ine 2uest 6ouse fo# &isitin% fo#ei%n $ea s of state( i%nita#ies. ce!e)#ities( an ot$e#s.

3. ID.; ID.; P EFE ENCE TO >UALIFIED FILIPINOS; APPLIED TO SALES OF S6A E OF STOC S OF -ANILA6OTEL. JP#efe#ence to @ua!ifie Fi!i'inos(J to )e meanin%fu!( must #efe# not on!y to t$in%s t$at a#e'e#i'$e#a!( co!!ate#a!( o# tan%entia!. It must touc$ an affect t$e &e#y J$ea#t of t$e e*istin% o# e#.J In t$efie! of 'u)!ic )i in% in t$e ac@uisition of t$in%s t$at 'e#tain to t$e nationa! 'at#imony( '#efe#ence to@ua!ifie Fi!i'inos must a!!o" a @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino to matc$ o# e@ua! t$e $i%$e# )i of a non4Fi!i'ino( t$e'#efe#ence s$a!! not o'e#ate on!y "$en t$e )i s of t$e @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino an t$e non4Fi!i'ino a#e e@ua! in"$ic$ case( t$e a"a# s$ou! un is'ute !y )e ma e to t$e @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino. T$e Constitutiona! '#efe#ences$ou! %i&e t$e @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino an o''o#tunity to matc$ o# e@ua! t$e $i%$e# )i of t$e non4Fi!i'ino )i e# ift$e '#efe#ence of t$e @ua!ifie Fi!i'ino )i e# is to )e si%nificant at a!!. W$i!e %o&e#nment a%encies( inc!u in%t$e cou#ts s$ou! #e4con ition t$ei# t$in+in% to suc$ a t#en ( an ma+e it easy an e&en att#acti&e fo#fo#ei%n in&esto#s to come to ou# s$o#es( yet "e s$ou! not '#ec!u e ou#se!&es f#om #ese#&in% to us Fi!i'inosce#tain a#eas "$e#e ou# nationa! i entity( cu!tu#e an $e#ita%e a#e in&o!&e . In t$e $ote! in ust#y( fo#instance( fo#ei%n in&esto#s $a&e esta)!is$e t$emse!&es c#e ita)!y( suc$ as in t$e S$an%#i4La( t$e Ni++o( t$ePeninsu!a( an -an a#in 6ote!s. T$is s$ou! not sto' us f#om #etainin% 1G of t$e ca'ita! stoc+ of t$e-ani!a 6ote! Co#'o#ation in t$e $an s of Fi!i'inos. T$is "ou! )e in +ee'in% "it$ t$e intent of t$e Fi!i'ino


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'eo'!e to '#ese#&e ou# nationa! 'at#imony( inc!u in% ou# $isto#ica! an cu!tu#a! $e#ita%e in t$e $an s ofFi!i'inos.

[G.R. No. L+2662. Mar - 26, 19 9.]

$HIGEN RI /%R 0A, Petitioner , ". Ma or Ge(era RAFAEL ALAN0 NI, *r4 a)4er Ge(era

CALI ! 0% %E, Co o(e MARGARI! ! RAL*A, Co o(e IRENE *%ENC N$E , Co o(e PE0R!A*%ENA, Ma or FE0ERIC ARANA$, MEL#ILLE $. H%$$E& a() R *ER! P R!, Respondents .

Pe)ro $erra(, o8e G. Lu ba(, a() L4bera:o *. C4( o ;or Petitioner .

Fre) Ru4< Ca8:ro, Fe)er4 o Are(a8, Mar4a(o &e( o, r., R4 ar)o A. Ar 4 a, a() $. Me"4 e Hu88ey;or Respondents .

$&LLA*%$

1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; /ALIDIT0 OF E5ECUTI/E O DE NO. B: ESTA?LIS6IN2 A NATIONAL WAC I-ES OFFICE. E*ecuti&e O# e# No. B: "$ic$ "as issue )y t$e P#esi ent of t$e P$i!i''ines on t$e ,9t$

ay of u!y( 19= ( is &a!i in its section 3 t$at JT$e P$i!i''ines #enounces "a# as an inst#ument of nationa!'o!icy( an a o'ts t$e %ene#a!!y acce'te '#inci'!es of inte#nationa! !a" as 'a#t of t$e !a" of t$e nation.J c#a!a"&i#tua1a"!i)#a#y

,. INTE NATIONAL LAW; /IOLATO S OF T6E LAWS AND CUSTO-S OF WA ( OF 6U-ANIT0 ANDCI/ILI ATION( LIA?ILIT0 AND ESPONSI?ILIT0 OF. In acco# ance "it$ t$e %ene#a!!y acce'te '#inci'!esof inte#nationa! !a" of t$e '#esent ay( inc!u in% t$e 6a%ue Con&ention( t$e 2ene&a Con&ention ansi%nificant '#ece ents of inte#nationa! u#is'#u ence esta)!is$e )y t$e Unite Nations( a!! t$ose 'e#sons(mi!ita#y of ci&i!ian( "$o $a&e )een %ui!ty of '!annin%( '#e'a#in% o# "a%in% a "a# of a%%#ession an of t$ecommission of c#imes an offenses conse@uentia! an inci enta! t$e#eto( in &io!ation of t$e !a"s an customsof "a#( of $umanity an ci&i!i8ation( a#e $e! accounta)!e t$e#efo#.

3. ID.; POWE OF T6E P ESIDENT OF T6E P6ILIPPINES. IN t$e '#omu!%ation an enfo#cement ofE*ecuti&e O# e# No. B:( t$e P#esi ent of t$e P$i!i''ines $as acte in confo#mity "it$ t$e %ene#a!!y acce'te'#inci'!es an 'o!icies an inte#nationa! !a" "$ic$ a#e 'a#t of ou# constitution.

=. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW; POWE OF P ESIDENT AS CO--ANDE IN C6IEF O A -ED FO CES OF T6EP6ILIPPINES. T$e '#omu!%ation of sai e*ecuti&e o# e# is an e*e#cise )y t$e P#esi ent of $is 'o"e#s asComman e# in C$ief of a!! ou# a#me fo#ces.

. ID.; ID.; T$e P#esi ent as Comman e# in C$ief is fu!!y em'o"e#e to consummate t$is unfinis$eas'ects of "a#( name!y( t$e t#ia! an 'unis$ment of "a# c#imina!s( t$#ou%$ t$e issuance an enfo#cement ofE*ecuti&e O# e# No. B:.

B. INTE NATIONAL LAW; 6A2UE AND 2ENE/A CON/ENTION FO - PA T OF T6E LAW OF T6E P6ILIPPINES;E/EN IF T6E P6ILIPPINES WAS NOT SI2NATO 0 T6E EOF( P O/ISIONS OF P6ILIPPINE CONSTITUTION6AS ?EEN CO-P E6ENSI/E TO T6AT EFFECT. T$e #u!es an #e%u!ations of t$e 6a%ue an 2ene&aCon&entions fo#m 'a#t of an a#e "$o!!y )ase on t$e %ene#a!!y acce'te '#inci'!es of inte#nationa! !a". Infact( t$ese #u!es an '#inci'!es "e#e acce'te )y t$e t"o )e!!i%e#ent nations( t$e Unite States an a'an("$o "e#e si%nato#ies to t$e t"o Con&entions. Suc$ #u!es an '#inci'!es( t$e#efo#e( fo#m 'a#t of t$e !a" ofou# nation e&en if t$e P$i!i''ines "as not a si%nato#y to t$e con&entions em)o yin% t$em( fo# ou#Constitution $as )een e!i)e#ate!y %ene#a! an e*tensi&e in its sco'e an is not confine to t$e #eco%nitionof #u!es an '#inci'!es of inte#nationa! !a" as containe in t#eaties to "$ic$ ou# %o&e#nment may $a&e )een

o# s$a!! )e a si%nato#y.

. i .; #i%$ts an o)!i%ations of a nation "e#e not e#ase )y assum'tion of fu!! so&e#ei%nty I26T TO T 0AND PUNIS6 C I-ES T6E ETOFO E CO--ITTED. W$en t$e c#imes c$a#%e a%ainst 'etitione# "e#ea!!e%e !y committe ( t$e P$i!i''ines "as un e# t$e so&e#ei%nty of t$e Unite States( an t$us "e "e#ee@ua!!y )oun to%et$e# "it$ t$e Unite Sates an "it$ a'an( to t$e #i%$ts an o)!i%ations containe in t$et#eaties )et"een t$e )e!!i%e#ent count#ies. T$ese #i%$ts an o)!i%ations "e#e not e#ase )y ou# assum'tionof fu!! so&e#ei%nty. If at #i%$t( on ou# o"n( of t#yin% an 'unis$in% t$ose "$o committe c#imes a%ainst ou#'eo'!e.

:. ID.; ID.; ID.; Wa# c#imes committe a%ainst ou# 'eo'!e an ou# %o&e#nment "$i!e "e a#e a


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Common"ea!t$( a#e t#ia)!e an 'unis$a)!e )y ou# '#esent e'u)!ic.

9. -ILITA 0 CO--ISSION 2O/E NED ?0 SPECIAL LAW. -i!ita#y Commission is a s'ecia! mi!ita#y t#i)una!%o&e#ne )y a s'ecia! !a" an not )y t$e u!es of Cou#t "$ic$ %o&e#n o# ina#y ci&i! cou#ts.

1 . -ILITA 0 CO--ISSION; COUNSEL APPEA IN2 ?EFO E IT NOT NECESSA IL0 A -E-?E OF T6EP6ILIPPINE ?A . T$e#e is not$in% in E*ecuti&e O# e# No. B: "$ic$ #e@ui#es t$at counse! a''ea#in% )efo#e

sai commission must )e atto#neys @ua!ifie to '#actice !a" in t$e P$i!i''ines in acco# ance "it$ t$e u!esof Cou#t. In fact( it is common in mi!ita#y t#i)una!s t$at counse! fo# t$e 'a#ties a#e usua!!y mi!ita#y 'e#sonne!"$o a#e neit$e# atto#neys no# e&en 'ossesse of !e%a! t#ainin%.

11. ID.; T IAL OF WA C I-ES ?EFO E P6ILIPPINE COU TS; ALLOWANCE OF A-E ICAN ATTO NE0S TOEP ESENT UNITED STATES. T$e a''ointment of t$e t"o Ame#ican atto#neys is not &io!ati&e of ou#

nationa! so&e#ei%nty. It is on!y fai# an '#o'e# t$at t$e Unite States( "$ic$ $as su)mitte t$e &in ication of c#imes a%ainst $e# %o&e#nment an $e# 'eo'!e to a t#i)una! of ou# nation( s$ou! )e a!!o"e #e'#esentationin t$e t#ia! of t$ose &e#y c#imes. If t$e#e $as )een any #e!in@uis$ment of so&e#ei%nty( it $as not )een )y ou#%o&e#nment )y t$e Unite States 2o&e#nment "$ic$ $as yie! e to us t$e t#ia! an 'unis$ment of $e#enemies. T$e !east t$at "e cou! o in t$e s'i#it of comity is to a!!o" t$em #e'#esentation in sai t#ia!s.

1,. ID.; ID.; ID. It is of common +no"!e %e t$at t$e Unite States an its 'eo'!e $a&e )een e@ua!!y( ifnot mo#e %#eat!y( a%%#ie&e )y t$e c#imes "it$ "$ic$ 'etitione# stan s c$a#%e )efo#e t$e -i!ita#yCommission. It can )e consi e#e a '#i&i!e%e fo# ou# e'u)!ic t$at a !ea e# nation s$ou! su)mit t$e

&in ication of t$e $ono# of its citi8ens an its %o&e#nment to a mi!ita#y t#i)una! of ou# count#y.

13. ID.; U ISDICTION; SUP E-E COU T WILL NOT INTE FE E WIT6 DUE P OCESSES OF -ILITA 0CO--ISSION. T$e -i!ita#y Commission $a&in% )een con&ene )y &i#tue of a &a!i !a"( "it$ u#is ictiono&e# t$e c#imes c$a#%e "$ic$ fa!! un e# t$e '#o&isions of E*ecuti&e O# e# No. B:( an $a&in% u#is ictiono&e# t$e 'e#son of t$e 'etitione# )y $a&in% sai 'etitione# in its custo y( t$is cou#t "i!! not inte#fe#e "it$ t$e

ue '#ocesses of suc$ -i!ita#y Commission.

[G.R. No. L+76633. :ober 1=, 19==.]

EA$!ERN $HIPPING LINE$, INC., Petitioner , ". PHILIPPINE #ER$EA$ EMPL &MEN!A0MINI$!RA!I N, >P EA?, MINI$!ER F LA* R AN0 EMPL &MEN!, HEARING FFICER F

A*0%L /A$AR a() /A!HLEEN 0. $AC , Respondents .

4@e(ea, 0a a 'ara o


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out of o# )y &i#tue of any !a" o# cont#act in&o!&in% Fi!i'ino cont#act "o#+e#s( inc!u in% seamen.J T$ese cases(acco# in% to t$e 19: u!es an e%u!ations on O&e#seas Em'!oyment issue )y t$e POEA( inc!u e Jc!aimsfo# eat$( isa)i!ity an ot$e# )enefitsJ a#isin% out of suc$ em'!oyment.

3. ID.; ID.; O/E SEAS E-PLO0-ENT; DEFINED; CASE AT ?A . Un e# t$e 19: u!es an e%u!ations onO&e#seas Em'!oyment( o&e#seas em'!oyment is efine as Jem'!oyment of a "o#+e# outsi e t$e P$i!i''ines(inc!u in% em'!oyment on )oa# &esse!s '!yin% inte#nationa! "ate#s( co&e#e )y a &a!i cont#act.J A cont#act

"o#+e# is esc#i)e as Jany 'e#son "o#+in% o# "$o $as "o#+e o&e#seas un e# a &a!i em'!oyment cont#actan s$a!! inc!u e seamenJ o# Jany 'e#son "o#+in% o&e#seas o# "$o $as )een em'!oye )y anot$e# "$ic$may )e a !oca! em'!oye#( fo#ei%n em'!oye#( '#inci'a! o# 'a#tne# un e# a &a!i em'!oyment cont#act an s$a!!inc!u e seamen.J T$ese efinitions c!ea#!y a''!y to /ita!iano Saco fo# it is not is'ute t$at $e ie "$i!eun e# a cont#act of em'!oyment "it$ t$e 'etitione# an a!on%si e t$e 'etitione#Hs &esse!( t$e -M/ Easte#nPo!a#is( "$i!e )e#t$e in a fo#ei%n count#y.

=. ID.; ID.; ID.; -E-O ANDU- CI CULA NO. ,; ADOPTION OF A STANDA D CONT ACT FO O/E SEASE-PLO0-ENT; P O/ISIONS T6E EOF DEE-ED W ITTEN INTO A CONT ACT ENTE ED INTO IN /IOLATIONOF SAID CI CULA . T$e a"a# of P1: ( . fo# eat$ )enefits an P1,( . fo# )u#ia! e*'enses "asma e )y t$e POEA 'u#suant to its -emo#an um Ci#cu!a# No. ,( "$ic$ )ecame effecti&e on Fe)#ua#y 1( 19:=.T$is ci#cu!a# '#esc#i)e a stan a# cont#act to )e a o'te )y )ot$ fo#ei%n an omestic s$i''in% com'aniesin t$e $i#in% of Fi!i'ino seamen fo# o&e#seas em'!oyment. A simi!a# cont#act $a ea#!ie# )een #e@ui#e )y t$eNationa! Seamen ?oa# an $a )een sustaine in a num)e# of cases )y t$is Cou#t. T$e 'etitione# c!aimst$at it $a ne&e# ente#e into suc$ a cont#act "it$ t$e ecease Saco( )ut t$at is $a# !y a se#ious a#%ument.

In t$e fi#st '!ace( it s$ou! $a&e one so as #e@ui#e )y t$e ci#cu!a#( "$ic$ s'ecifica!!y ec!a#e t$at Ja!!'a#ties to t$e em'!oyment of any Fi!i'ino seamen on )oa# any ocean4%oin% &esse! a#e a &ise to a o't anuse t$is em'!oyment cont#act effecti&e 1 Fe)#ua#y 19:= an to esist f#om usin% any ot$e# fo#mat ofem'!oyment cont#act effecti&e t$at ate.J In t$e secon '!ace( e&en if it $a not one so( t$e '#o&isions oft$e sai ci#cu!a# a#e ne&e#t$e!ess eeme "#itten into t$e cont#act "it$ Saco as a 'ostu!ate of t$e 'o!ice'o"e# of t$e State.

. AD-INIST ATI/E LAW; NON4DELE2ATION OF LE2ISLATI/E POWE ; W6AT CANNOT ?E DELE2ATED;P INCIPLE E5PLAINED. ?ut t$e 'etitione# @uestions t$e &a!i ity of -emo#an um Ci#cu!a# No. , itse!f as&io!ati&e of t$e '#inci'!e of non4 e!e%ation of !e%is!ati&e 'o"e#. It is t#ue t$at !e%is!ati&e isc#etion as to t$esu)stanti&e contents of t$e !a" cannot )e e!e%ate . W$at can $e e!e%ate is t$e isc#etion to ete#mine$o" t$e !a" may )e enfo#ce ( not "$at t$e !a" s$a!! )e. T$e asce#tainment of t$e !atte# su) ect is a'#e#o%ati&e of t$e !e%is!atu#e. T$is '#e#o%ati&e cannot )e a) icate o# su##en e#e )y t$e !e%is!atu#e to t$e

e!e%ate.

B. ID.; ID.; TESTS TO DETE -INE A /ALID DELE2ATION T6E EOF. T$e#e a#e t"o acce'te tests toete#mine "$et$e# o# not t$e#e is a &a!i e!e%ation of !e%is!ati&e 'o"e#( &i8(( t$e com'!eteness test an t$e

sufficient stan a# test. Un e# t$e fi#st test( t$e !a" must )e com'!ete in a!! its te#ms an con itions "$en it!ea&es t$e !e%is!atu#e suc$ t$at "$en it #eac$es t$e e!e%ate t$e on!y t$in% $e "i!! $a&e to o is enfo#ce it.Un e# t$e sufficient stan a# test( t$e#e must )e a e@uate %ui e!ines o# !imitations in t$e !a" to ma' outt$e )oun a#ies of t$e e!e%ateHs aut$o#ity an '#e&ent t$e e!e%ation f#om #unnin% #iot. ?ot$ tests a#einten e to '#e&ent a tota! t#ansfe#ence of !e%is!ati&e aut$o#ity to t$e e!e%ate( "$o is not a!!o"e to ste'into t$e s$oes of t$e !e%is!atu#e an e*e#cise a 'o"e# essentia!!y !e%is!ati&e.

. ID.; ID.; ESPECIAL APPLICA?ILIT0 IN CASE OF LE2ISLATI/E POWE S. T$e '#inci'!e of non4 e!e%ationof 'o"e#s is a''!ica)!e to a!! t$e t$#ee ma o# 'o"e#s of t$e 2o&e#nment )ut is es'ecia!!y im'o#tant in t$ecase of t$e !e%is!ati&e 'o"e# )ecause of t$e many instances "$en its e!e%ation is 'e#mitte . T$e occasionsa#e #a#e "$en e*ecuti&e o# u icia! 'o"e#s $a&e to )e e!e%ate )y t$e aut$o#ities to "$ic$ t$ey !e%a!!y'e#tain. In t$e case of t$e !e%is!ati&e 'o"e#( $o"e&e#( suc$ occasions $a&e )ecome mo#e an mo#e f#e@uent(if not necessa#y. T$is $a !e to t$e o)se#&ation t$at t$e e!e%ation of !e%is!ati&e 'o"e# $as )ecome t$e #u!ean its non4 e!e%ation t$e e*ce'tion.

:. ID.; ID.; ID.; ATIONALE. T$e #eason is t$e inc#easin% com'!e*ity of t$e tas+ of %o&e#nment an t$e%#o"in% ina)i!ity of t$e !e%is!atu#e to co'e i#ect!y "it$ t$e my#ia '#o)!ems eman in% its attention. T$e%#o"t$ of society $as #amifie its acti&ities an c#eate 'ecu!ia# an so'$isticate '#o)!ems t$at t$e!e%is!atu#e cannot )e e*'ecte #easona)!y to com'#e$en . S'ecia!i8ation e&en in !e%is!ation $as )ecomenecessa#y. To many of t$e '#o)!ems atten ant u'on '#esent4 ay un e#ta+in%s( t$e !e%is!atu#e may not $a&et$e com'etence to '#o&i e t$e #e@ui#e i#ect an efficacious( not to say( s'ecific so!utions. T$ese so!utionsmay( $o"e&e#( )e e*'ecte f#om its e!e%ates( "$o a#e su''ose to )e e*'e#ts in t$e 'a#ticu!a# fie! sassi%ne to t$em.


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9. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; POWE OF SU?O DINATE LE2ISLATION; PA TICULA APPLICA?ILIT0 TOAD-INIST ATI/E ?ODIES. T$e #easons %i&en a)o&e fo# t$e e!e%ation of !e%is!ati&e 'o"e#s in %ene#a! a#e'a#ticu!a#!y a''!ica)!e to a minist#ati&e )o ies. Wit$ t$e '#o!ife#ation of s'ecia!i8e acti&ities an t$ei#atten ant 'ecu!ia# '#o)!ems( t$e nationa! !e%is!atu#e $as foun it mo#e an mo#e necessa#y to ent#ust toa minist#ati&e a%encies t$e aut$o#ity to issue #u!es to ca##y out t$e %ene#a! '#o&isions of t$e statute. T$is isca!!e t$e J'o"e# of su)o# inate !e%is!ation.J Wit$ t$is 'o"e#( a minist#ati&e )o ies may im'!ement t$e

)#oa 'o!icies !ai o"n in a statute )y Jfi!!in% inJ t$e etai!s "$ic$ t$e Con%#ess may not $a&e t$eo''o#tunity o# com'etence to '#o&i e. T$is is effecte )y t$ei# '#omu!%ation of "$at a#e +no"n assu''!ementa#y #e%u!ations( suc$ as t$e im'!ementin% #u!es issue )y t$e De'a#tment of La)o# on t$e ne"La)o# Co e. T$ese #e%u!ations $a&e t$e fo#ce an effect of !a".

1 . ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ACCEPTED SUFFICIENT STANDA DS ENUNCIATED IN P E/IOUS CASESCITED AT ?A . Pa#ent$etica!!y( it is #eca!!e t$at t$is Cou#t $as acce'te as sufficient stan a# s J'u)!icinte#estJ in Peo'!e &. osent$a!( J ustice an e@uityJ in Antamo+ 2o! Fie! s &. CI ( J'u)!ic con&enience an"e!fa#eJ in Ca!a!an% &. Wi!!iams( an Jsim'!icity( economy an efficiencyJ in Ce#&antes &. Au ito# 2ene#a!( tomention on!y a fe" cases. In t$e Unite States( t$e Jsense an e*'e#ience of menJ "as acce'te in -utua!Fi!m Co#'. &. In ust#ia! Commission( an Jnationa! secu#ityJ in 6i#a)ayas$i &. Unite States.

1,. ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; ID.; CASE AT ?A . It is not enie t$at t$e '#i&ate #es'on ent $as )een#ecei&in% a mont$!y eat$ )enefit 'ension of P 1=.=, since -a#c$ 19: an t$at s$e "as a!so 'ai aP1( . fune#a! )enefit )y t$e Socia! Secu#ity System. In a ition( as a!#ea y o)se#&e ( s$e a!so #ecei&e

a P ( . )u#ia! %#atuity f#om t$e We!fa#e Fun fo# O&e#seas Wo#+e#s. T$ese 'ayments "i!! not '#ec!u ea!!o"ance of t$e '#i&ate #es'on entHs c!aim a%ainst t$e 'etitione# )ecause it is s'ecifica!!y #ese#&e in t$estan a# cont#act of em'!oyment fo# Fi!i'ino seamen un e# -emo#an um Ci#cu!a# No. ,( Se#ies of 19:=. T$eun e#sco#e 'o#tion is me#e!y a #eite#ation of -emo#an um Ci#cu!a# No. ,,( issue )y t$e Nationa! Seamen?oa# on u!y 1,( 19 B. T$e a)o&e '#o&isions a#e manifestations of t$e conce#n of t$e State fo# t$e "o#+in%c!ass( consistent!y "it$ t$e socia! ustice 'o!icy an t$e s'ecific '#o&isions in t$e Constitution ca!!in% fo# t$e'#otection of t$e "o#+in% c!ass an t$e '#omotion of its inte#est.

13. AD-INIST ATI/E LAW; AD-INIST ATI/E A2ENCIES; POWE S; /ESTED WIT6 >UASI4LE2ISLATI/E AND>UASI4 UDICIAL POWE S. One !ast c$a!!en%e of t$e 'etitione# must )e ea!t "it$ to c!ose t$is case. Itsa#%ument t$at it $as )een enie ue '#ocess )ecause t$e same POEA t$at issue -emo#an um Ci#cu!a#No. , $as a!so sustaine an a''!ie it is an uninfo#me c#iticism of a minist#ati&e !a" itse!f. A minist#ati&ea%encies a#e &este "it$ t"o )asic 'o"e#s( t$e @uasi4!e%is!ati&e an t$e @uasi4 u icia!. T$e fi#st ena)!est$em to '#omu!%ate im'!ementin% #u!es an #e%u!ations( an t$e secon ena)!es t$em to inte#'#et ana''!y suc$ #e%u!ations. E*am'!es a)oun K t$e ?u#eau of Inte#na! e&enue a u icates on its o"n #e&enue#e%u!ations( t$e Cent#a! ?an+ on its o"n ci#cu!a#s( t$e Secu#ities an E*c$an%e Commission on its o"n #u!es(as so too o t$e P$i!i''ine Patent Office an t$e /i eo%#am e%u!ato#y ?oa# an t$e Ci&i! Ae#onauticsA minist#ation an t$e De'a#tment of Natu#a! esou#ces an so an a infinitum on t$ei# #es'ecti&ea minist#ati&e #e%u!ations. Suc$ an a##an%ement $as )een acce'te as a fact of !ife of mo e#n %o&e#nmentsan cannot )e consi e#e &io!ati&e of ue '#ocess as !on% as t$e ca# ina! #i%$ts !ai o"n )y ustice Lau#e!in t$e !an ma#+ case of An% Ti)ay &. Cou#t of In ust#ia! e!ations 7B9 P$i!. B3 < a#e o)se#&e .

1=. LA?O AND SOCIAL LE2ISLATION; LA?O CODE; INTE P ETATION; CONST UED IN FA/O OF LA?O . W$ate&e# ou)ts may sti!! #emain #e%a# in% t$e #i%$ts of t$e 'a#ties in t$is case a#e #eso!&e in fa&o# oft$e '#i&ate #es'on ent( in !ine "it$ t$e e*'#ess man ate of t$e La)o# Co e an t$e '#inci'!e t$at t$ose "it$!ess in !ife s$ou! $a&e mo#e in !a". W$en t$e conf!ictin% inte#ests of !a)o# an ca'ita! a#e "ei%$e on t$esca!es of socia! ustice( t$e $ea&ie# inf!uence of t$e !atte# must )e counte#)a!ance )y t$e sym'at$y ancom'assion t$e !a" must acco# t$e un e# '#i&i!e%e "o#+e#. T$is is on!y fai# if $e is to )e %i&en t$eo''o#tunity an t$e #i%$t to asse#t an efen $is cause not as a su)o# inate )ut as a 'ee# ofmana%ement( "it$ "$ic$ $e can ne%otiate on e&en '!ane. La)o# is not a me#e em'!oyee of ca'ita! )ut itsacti&e an e@ua! 'a#tne#.

doctrines political law

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