Bell Ringer• Do you agree or disagree with the concept of

mercantilism?• Defend your answer with proof, examples, or other

logically based support• You may use your phones to review mercantilism and

generate your idea

The Collision of CulturesChapter 1

America Before Columbus• How did North

American become populated?

• Why did these people migrate?

• What caused them to create settlements?• Agricultural Revolution

Europe Looks Westward• Who discovered America?• If you said Columbus you have fallen for the oldest lie in our country!• Leif Eriksson was the first on record to get a glimpse

• Europeans began exploring in the 1400s for two reasons:1. Huge population booms led to overcrowding and social issues as

well as the Black Death2. Drive for commerce after the Black Death

• Commerce led to a desire for new markets and new products• India and Southeast Asia were perfect to for that purpose due to

their large populations and plentiful, unusual resources

• Since the roads to Asia were difficult, especially as Muslims took control of those areas, Europeans began seeking a sea route that was safer

Europe Looks Westward• Portugal was the first to test the waters• Prince Henry the Navigator, seeking gold and to develop a Christian

empire in Africa explored the African coast• His explorations led to Bartholomeu Diaz getting to the Cape of Good

Hope and Vasco da Gama getting all the way around and up to India

• There is one explore who is more famous then all the others• Christopher Columbus sought to find a quicker path to Asia by selling

west• Unable to convince Portugal, Columbus was able to get Queen

Isabella of Spain to fund his expedition• Believing the world to be much smaller, he was not surprised when

he found “Japan” (which was really the Bahamas), and then “China” (when he got to Cuba)• The Native Americans are called Indians because Columbus thought

they were the people of India

Columbus’ Discoveries

Europe Looks Westward• While Columbus did not discover “America” he did

create a desire in Spain to explore the areas he landed on• Amerigo Vespucci, America’s namesake, was the one to

recognize America as a new continent• Ferdinand Magellan’s crew was the first to circumnavigate

the globe

• Eventually the Spaniards decided to stop looking for routes to Asia and start exploring the new world• Spain claimed all of North and South America as theirs

except Brazil (reserved for Portugal)• Spanish conquistadores were sent over to explore for gold

and treasures as well as to enslave Natives

Europe Looks Westward• Hernando Cortés was the most brutal of the

conquistadors• He attempted to enslave Natives in the islands, but had

little success• His next attempt was to control Mexico and the Aztecs• This was met with a much greater success since the

Europeans had unknowingly (at first) introduced small pox which killed off many Natives

• Spanish America came to be in three phases:1. Discovery and exploration2. Age of Conquest (brutal, used biological warfare)3. Ordinance of Discovery (laws banning brutal conquests)

led to the Age of Colonization (more peaceful)

Europe Looks Westward• While the America’s were first treated as military

conquests, they soon become religious conquests as well• Spain had many Catholic missionaries in the Americas

• Spain’s most famous American city today is St. Augustine (first permanent European settlement)

• Santa Fe was founded by Don Juan de Oñate who issued encomiendas, or licenses for Spaniards to legally force Natives to provide labor and pay “tributes”• The colony struggled to hold on due to poor relations between

Spaniards and Natives, but things did improve over time to include many conversions to Christianity and increased trade• The Spaniards did not find gold—the Pueblo’s economy was

based on cattle and sheep

Pueblo Revolt—1680• The Pueblos were being prevented from

conducting tribal rituals that conflicted with Catholic values• They revolted, killing hundreds of Europeans and

removing the Spaniards from their region for 12 years

• When the Spaniards returned, they came back with a new attitude• It is too expensive to be at odds with the Pueblos so they

decided to 1) assimilate the Natives and 2) lighten up the restrictions and allow land ownership again• They would eventually have intermarriage between the

two groups as well• This worked so well they became allies against the

Apache and Navajo

Europe Looks Westward• As the Europeans began settling the land, they

needed massive amounts of labor• There were two systems: slavery or wage system• The wage system is only slightly better than slavery

regarding how you were treated/paid

• The slave system was in such high demand their were not enough Natives to enslave—thus they began to look to Africa for the supply of labor needed• Africa, before the slave trade, was civilized and fairly well

developed• As the demand increased for slaves, Europeans bargained

with Africans who had captured other tribes to sell their prisoners to the Europeans as slaves, which they did

The Arrival of The English• England’s first explore was John Cabot (under

Henry VII)• The New World offered fresh starts in an “utopian”

environment as presented in Thomas More’s Utopia• Economic woe had befallen on England and thus the

people were looking for new opportunities to survive

• England’s first colony in the New World would land in an area of modern-day North Carolina called Roanoke• This colony did not survive• Left behind as John White went back to England to bring

back supplies, etc.; when he returned the colony was lost and the all he found was a tree with the word “Croatoan” (name of a tribe)• This colony is referred to as the “Lost Colony”

Mercantilism• Some worked for chartered companies like the

East India Company• These charters made its investors large profits and caused

a desire to expand to new markets

• The belief that there is only so much wealth in the world and the only way to get more wealth is to take it from others who have it• Under this theory you wanted to import very little and

export a large quantity of goods• Of course, colonies made ascertaining wealth very easy—

thus the push to colonize the New World

Puritans• A group of dissatisfied British Protestants became

the Puritans when they began declaring that the Church needed purifying since the Protestant Reformation didn’t generate enough reforms• Some of them defected to the Netherlands, who

immediately booted them out• Faced with returning to England where they had no power

to correct the issues of the Church, many became “Separatists” and moved to the New World

French and Dutch in America• England’s rival in North America was no the

Spaniards—rather England found themselves toe to toe with their long-time enemy, France• France settled Quebec in 1608 (1 year after the British

settled Jamestown)• The French had a strong advantage in America—they

personally interacted with the Natives by developing trade relations with the British did everything they could to avoid the Natives• Coureurs de Bois, or fur traders/trappers, developed

prosperous trade for the French economy• The relationships developed here would change the

course of the French and Indian War (Seven Years’ War)

French and Dutch in America• The Dutch were here too…• They had settled in the area of modern day New York• The area was called New Amsterdam• When England got serious about mercantilism, New

Amsterdam became New York

Assessment• Read p. 26-27 “Mercantilism and Colonial

Commerce”• Using what you learned today plus the article to

back you up please answer the questions on p. 37 (#1-3)

• Due at end of period