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Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) http://djjr-courses.wikidot.com/soc112:history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

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Page 1: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Division of Social Sciences

What is There to Control?

Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour)

http://djjr-courses.wikidot.com/soc112:history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Page 2: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Takeaways

• Identify thinkers associated with good, bad, and mixed and vice versa

• Understand what we mean by “veneer” theory

Page 3: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Plato/UpanishadsChariot

Judeo-ChristianThe fall

Aristotlemagnanimity/virtue

Evolutionary Psychaltruism as adaptive

Hayekselfish-rule following

Hobbesdistrust>woaaa

Marxproperty corrupts

Rousseaus.o.n. “good”

A Smithcompassion natural

Durkheimsociety-norms-integration

Freudsociety as super-ego

Mid-century SociologyInternalized shared values

de Waalagainst “veneer” theory

Darwinsocial emotions/natural selection

NOT lines of descent per se

Psych TypesM/B, NFST

TemperamentsSCMP

Page 4: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Basic Logic

• Individuals have similar needs/wants• that bring them • Control of SOMETHING by SOMETHING

• But why does the something need to be controlled?

• And what kind of thing is it?

Page 5: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Three Basic Models

•People are good

•People are bad

•People are good and bad

= pro-social (altruistic)

= selfish

= pro-social AND selfish

Page 6: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

NOT a course on Ethics

Page 7: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

BY NATURE, SPLIT

Page 8: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Self as Charioteer

http://examinedlife.typepad.com/johnbelle/2009/10/platos-allegory-of-the-charioteer.html

Page 9: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Plato

I divided each soul into three -- two horses and a charioteer; [253d] and one of the horses was good and the other bad: the division may remain, but I have not yet explained in what the goodness or badness of either consists, and to that I will proceed. The right-hand horse is upright and cleanly made; he has a lofty neck and an aquiline nose; his colour is white, and his eyes dark; he is a lover of honour and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and admonition only. [253e] The other is a crooked lumbering animal, put together anyhow; he has a short thick neck; he is flat-faced and of a dark colour, with grey eyes and blood-red complexion; the mate of insolence and pride, shag-eared and deaf, hardly yielding to whip and spur. (Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Jowett: http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/phaedrus9.htm)

Page 10: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Card VII of Tarot Deck

Page 11: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

• Founder of psychoanalysis

• Behavior and cognition aredetermined by innate, largely unconscious, drives (id) that interact with control mechanism (superego) that derives from social world

• Like Durkheim, control can be too much or too little

Page 12: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

ANOTHER LOGIC OF SPLITTING

Page 13: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

The Four Humors

• Antiquity through 19th century• Linked environment/body/soul• Balance vs. presence of bad

Humour Element Organ Temperament Characteristics

Blood air liver sanguine courageous, hopeful, amorous

Yellow bile fire spleen choleric easily angered, bad tempered

Black bile earth gall bladder melancholic despondent, sleepless, irritable

Phlegm water brain/lungs phlegmatic calm, unemotional

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism

Page 14: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Contemporary Manifestations

• Personality tests widely used – Human resources– Consulting/coaching– Counseling– Family court

)

Ancient name Keirsey Temperaments Meyers Briggs Type Inventory

sanguine artisan intuition (N) feeling (F)

choleric idealist sensing (S) perception (P

melancholic guardian sensing (S) judgment (J)

phlegmatic rational intuition (N) thinking (T)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTI, http://www.keirsey.com/4temps/overview_temperaments.asp

Page 15: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

BY NATURE, BAD

Page 16: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3082/2628128818_06b67e45b0.jpg

Page 17: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance
Page 18: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Dominant Judeo-Christian Narrative

• God made humans in his image, i.e., good• Human’s screwed up (perhaps with help) and

took on board a measure of evil.• Rest of story is striving to regain god-like

qualities

Page 19: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Judeo-Christian Model

• Humans “made” in god’s image (good)• Humans “fall” : become flawed• Potential for redemption – goodness as

something that can be achieved

• Reformation: salvation cannot be achieved, but one can still strive to dominate one’s wickedness

Page 20: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

• Leviathan is written in 1651• Argument

I. Individuals are more or less similar/equal

Want same things, no obvious alpha-individuals

Quarrel arises from competition, distrust, glory

II. Without common power to fear war of all against all

Life is “nasty, brutish, and short”

III. Passion plus reason CAN help us out…

Fear of death + desire of comfort + hope by industry to get things

can give up some rights to sovereign and "contract" for peace

Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) bellum omnium contra omnes*

*war of all against all

Page 21: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Hayek and Neoclassical Economics

• 1899 – 1992• Austrian economist/philosopher• Caricature is of humans as selfish individualists• But distinguish between models and beliefs• Still, the thing to be controlled is an actor with

self interests to which we can “appeal” with the proper incentives

Page 22: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

BY NATURE, GOOD

Page 23: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Good = Natural

Yet I cling to [my ideals] because I still believe, in spite of everything, that people are truly good at heart.

Page 24: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Rousseau (1712 – 1778)

The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said "This is mine," and found people naïve enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.”

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality, 1754

Page 25: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Adam Smith

Page 26: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Karl Marx

Page 27: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

CONTEMPORARY VIEWS

Page 28: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Undersocialized vs. Oversocialized

Page 29: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance
Page 30: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Natural Selection I: Altruism Impossible

• Suppose some individuals selfish, some not• Altruists help selfish, no reciprocation• Altruists suffer, selfish benefit• Over time, selfish reproduce more, altruists

die out.

Page 31: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• Natural selection• Also theorized about emotions• Humans are animals but/and social emotions

(compassion, sympathy, shame) result of natural selection

• NOTE: Ideas hijacked by social Darwinists with “survival of fittest” as justification for unrestrained economic competition

Page 32: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Natural Selection II: Contingent

• Help only your relatives• Help now for benefit later (reciprocity)

Page 33: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Franz de Waal (b 1948) against “veneer” theory

• “veneer” theory = morality as thin overlay on otherwise nasty human nature

• de Waal: pro-social emotional dispositions of non-human primates constitute the “building blocks” of human morality

• turns on its head the idea that “the animal in us” is the bad part

Page 34: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

A Contemporary Multifactor Model

Page 35: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Babies and Vicarious Social Control

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/11/28/infants-prefer-an-nasty-moose-if-it-punishes-an-unhelpful-elephant/

Page 36: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

How We Talk About It Now

• Altruism vs. Selfishness

Page 37: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Altruism and Social Theory

• Comte: altruism as stage in cultural evolution• 19th century – science – demystification :

rejected unexplained “god” but substituted roots of “universalism” – new emancipation from old society in favor of new (utopias of various kinds – the new man)

• Parsons, "universalism"a nd "affectiven eu-trality," act

Page 38: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance
Page 39: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Summary

• Three tracks: good, bad, mixed• Constant desire for single theory• Approaches to social control have “model of

man” (or “human nature”) behind them• Paying attention to actor model helps

elucidate mechanisms implied by theories

Page 40: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Hobbes

Page 41: Division of Social Sciences What is There to Control? Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour) history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance

Durkheim

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Tension: Altruism v. Selfishness