division of social sciences what is there to control? human nature from antiquity to the present (in...
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Division of Social Sciences
What is There to Control?
Human nature from antiquity to the present (in an hour)
http://djjr-courses.wikidot.com/soc112:history-of-the-sociology-of-deviance
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Takeaways
• Identify thinkers associated with good, bad, and mixed and vice versa
• Understand what we mean by “veneer” theory
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Plato/UpanishadsChariot
Judeo-ChristianThe fall
Aristotlemagnanimity/virtue
Evolutionary Psychaltruism as adaptive
Hayekselfish-rule following
Hobbesdistrust>woaaa
Marxproperty corrupts
Rousseaus.o.n. “good”
A Smithcompassion natural
Durkheimsociety-norms-integration
Freudsociety as super-ego
Mid-century SociologyInternalized shared values
de Waalagainst “veneer” theory
Darwinsocial emotions/natural selection
NOT lines of descent per se
Psych TypesM/B, NFST
TemperamentsSCMP
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Basic Logic
• Individuals have similar needs/wants• that bring them • Control of SOMETHING by SOMETHING
• But why does the something need to be controlled?
• And what kind of thing is it?
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Three Basic Models
•People are good
•People are bad
•People are good and bad
= pro-social (altruistic)
= selfish
= pro-social AND selfish
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NOT a course on Ethics
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BY NATURE, SPLIT
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Self as Charioteer
http://examinedlife.typepad.com/johnbelle/2009/10/platos-allegory-of-the-charioteer.html
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Plato
I divided each soul into three -- two horses and a charioteer; [253d] and one of the horses was good and the other bad: the division may remain, but I have not yet explained in what the goodness or badness of either consists, and to that I will proceed. The right-hand horse is upright and cleanly made; he has a lofty neck and an aquiline nose; his colour is white, and his eyes dark; he is a lover of honour and modesty and temperance, and the follower of true glory; he needs no touch of the whip, but is guided by word and admonition only. [253e] The other is a crooked lumbering animal, put together anyhow; he has a short thick neck; he is flat-faced and of a dark colour, with grey eyes and blood-red complexion; the mate of insolence and pride, shag-eared and deaf, hardly yielding to whip and spur. (Plato, Phaedrus, trans. Jowett: http://plato.evansville.edu/texts/jowett/phaedrus9.htm)
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Card VII of Tarot Deck
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• Founder of psychoanalysis
• Behavior and cognition aredetermined by innate, largely unconscious, drives (id) that interact with control mechanism (superego) that derives from social world
• Like Durkheim, control can be too much or too little
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ANOTHER LOGIC OF SPLITTING
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The Four Humors
• Antiquity through 19th century• Linked environment/body/soul• Balance vs. presence of bad
Humour Element Organ Temperament Characteristics
Blood air liver sanguine courageous, hopeful, amorous
Yellow bile fire spleen choleric easily angered, bad tempered
Black bile earth gall bladder melancholic despondent, sleepless, irritable
Phlegm water brain/lungs phlegmatic calm, unemotional
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism
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Contemporary Manifestations
• Personality tests widely used – Human resources– Consulting/coaching– Counseling– Family court
)
Ancient name Keirsey Temperaments Meyers Briggs Type Inventory
sanguine artisan intuition (N) feeling (F)
choleric idealist sensing (S) perception (P
melancholic guardian sensing (S) judgment (J)
phlegmatic rational intuition (N) thinking (T)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humorism, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTI, http://www.keirsey.com/4temps/overview_temperaments.asp
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BY NATURE, BAD
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http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3082/2628128818_06b67e45b0.jpg
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Dominant Judeo-Christian Narrative
• God made humans in his image, i.e., good• Human’s screwed up (perhaps with help) and
took on board a measure of evil.• Rest of story is striving to regain god-like
qualities
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Judeo-Christian Model
• Humans “made” in god’s image (good)• Humans “fall” : become flawed• Potential for redemption – goodness as
something that can be achieved
• Reformation: salvation cannot be achieved, but one can still strive to dominate one’s wickedness
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• Leviathan is written in 1651• Argument
I. Individuals are more or less similar/equal
Want same things, no obvious alpha-individuals
Quarrel arises from competition, distrust, glory
II. Without common power to fear war of all against all
Life is “nasty, brutish, and short”
III. Passion plus reason CAN help us out…
Fear of death + desire of comfort + hope by industry to get things
can give up some rights to sovereign and "contract" for peace
Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679) bellum omnium contra omnes*
*war of all against all
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Hayek and Neoclassical Economics
• 1899 – 1992• Austrian economist/philosopher• Caricature is of humans as selfish individualists• But distinguish between models and beliefs• Still, the thing to be controlled is an actor with
self interests to which we can “appeal” with the proper incentives
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BY NATURE, GOOD
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Good = Natural
Yet I cling to [my ideals] because I still believe, in spite of everything, that people are truly good at heart.
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Rousseau (1712 – 1778)
The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said "This is mine," and found people naïve enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody.”
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Discourse on Inequality, 1754
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Adam Smith
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Karl Marx
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CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
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Undersocialized vs. Oversocialized
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Natural Selection I: Altruism Impossible
• Suppose some individuals selfish, some not• Altruists help selfish, no reciprocation• Altruists suffer, selfish benefit• Over time, selfish reproduce more, altruists
die out.
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
• Natural selection• Also theorized about emotions• Humans are animals but/and social emotions
(compassion, sympathy, shame) result of natural selection
• NOTE: Ideas hijacked by social Darwinists with “survival of fittest” as justification for unrestrained economic competition
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Natural Selection II: Contingent
• Help only your relatives• Help now for benefit later (reciprocity)
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Franz de Waal (b 1948) against “veneer” theory
• “veneer” theory = morality as thin overlay on otherwise nasty human nature
• de Waal: pro-social emotional dispositions of non-human primates constitute the “building blocks” of human morality
• turns on its head the idea that “the animal in us” is the bad part
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A Contemporary Multifactor Model
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Babies and Vicarious Social Control
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/11/28/infants-prefer-an-nasty-moose-if-it-punishes-an-unhelpful-elephant/
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How We Talk About It Now
• Altruism vs. Selfishness
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Altruism and Social Theory
• Comte: altruism as stage in cultural evolution• 19th century – science – demystification :
rejected unexplained “god” but substituted roots of “universalism” – new emancipation from old society in favor of new (utopias of various kinds – the new man)
• Parsons, "universalism"a nd "affectiven eu-trality," act
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Summary
• Three tracks: good, bad, mixed• Constant desire for single theory• Approaches to social control have “model of
man” (or “human nature”) behind them• Paying attention to actor model helps
elucidate mechanisms implied by theories
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Hobbes
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Durkheim
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Tension: Altruism v. Selfishness