deviance sociology, eleventh edition. what is deviance? sociology, eleventh edition

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DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition

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Page 1: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

DEVIANCE

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 2: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

What is Deviance?

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 3: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance - The recognized violation of cultural norms.

Norms - Rules and expectations by which society guides the behavior of its members.

Biased towards the positive. Person who speaks up TOO much.

Biased towards the negative. Stealing

“Different” or “unexpected” are words often used to describe deviance from a sociological perspective.

Crime Violation of a society’s formally

enacted criminal law.

Page 4: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Social Control

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Social Control - the attempts a society makes at regulating thought and behavior with the goal of preventing deviance.

Criminal justice system A formal response by police, courts and

prison officials to alleged violations of the law.

Page 5: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Biological context

Biological factors may have a real but small effect on whether a person becomes a criminal.

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 6: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Personality factors Deviance is viewed as unsuccessful

“socialization”. Reckless & Dinitz – Containment Theory

Good boys – strong conscience, handled frustration & identified with cultural norms & practices.

Bad boys – weaker conscience, little toleration & didn’t go along with conventional culture.

Good boys – have the ability to control deviant impulses fewer run-ins with the law.

Page 7: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

To Polynesians, tattoos are symbols of high social standing.

How are tattoos regarded in our society?

Page 8: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Social Foundations of Deviance

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance varies according to cultural norms. No thought or action is naturally deviant.

Gambling, prostitution, etc. People become deviant as others define them

that way. Talking to yourself, “borrowing” a pen from a

teacher. Both norms and the way people define rule-

breaking involve social power. Homeless person v. politician

Both may openly criticize government.

Page 9: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Critics objected to rock-and-roll in the 1950s (Elvis Presley), claiming that it underminded morality. Today, rock-and-roll is mainstream music.

Do you think there is any deviance in rock-and-roll?

What about other types of music? Any artists that come to mind? Why?

Page 10: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity (unity) and stability.

The Functions of Deviance:Structural-Functional Analysis

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 11: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Emile Durkheim

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Four Essential Functions of Deviance: Affirms cultural values and norms

Deviance is needed. There can be no good without evil.

Clarifies moral boundaries Draws a line between right and wrong.

Promotes social unity Shared outrage. Ex. 9/11

Encourages social change Pushes boundaries.

Page 12: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Merton’s Strain Theory Does society provide the means to

achieve cultural goals? Conformity – Ex. School & hard work

wealth Pursuing conventional goals through normal

means. Innovation – Ex. Poor steal wealth

(gangsters) Unconventional means to achieve approved

goals. Ritualism – Ex. Can’t reach goals

conforms Accept institutional means; reject goals.

Retreatism – Ex. Drug addicts Rejects both cultural goals and means.

Rebellion – Ex. Establish a counterculture Rejects cultural goals & means in favor of an

alternate system. The gap between what “ought to be” and

“what is” leaves a person “strained”.

Page 13: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Figure 9-1 (p. 226)Merton’s Strain Theory of Deviance

Page 14: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question Andres Serrano, a

photographer said that art reaches its greatest power when it is most provocative.

What title would you give this?

Is such work art or obscenity?

Page 15: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

A framework for building theory that sees society as a product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

Labeling Deviance:Symbolic-Interaction Analysis

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 16: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Symbolic Interaction Analysis

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Basic idea behind the labeling theory - the assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.

Primary deviance Passing episodes of norm violation that

most people take part in with little harm done to self-concept.

Secondary deviance When people “make something” of

another’s deviant behavior. Stigma

Powerful negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept and social identity.

Page 17: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Labeling Deviance Retrospective labeling

Interpreting someone’s past in light of present deviance.

Projective labeling Predicts future deviant

behavior. Medicalization of deviance

Transform moral and legal deviance into a medical condition.

Questions to determine if medical or moral issue:

Who responds? – Police or doctors

How people respond? – Offenders or patients

Personal competence of the deviant person? – competent or incompetent

Page 18: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Medicalization of Deviance – Do you think the following are personal weaknesses or illnesses?

Alcoholism, drug addiction, child abuse, sexual promiscuity, obesity

Page 19: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Sutherland’s Differential Association

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviant behavior is learned. Frequency of association is central to the

development of deviance. Deviance is linked to the amount of contact a

person has with others who encourage or discourage the behavior in question.

Page 20: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Hirschi’s Control TheoryHIRSCHI’S FOUR TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL Attachment

Strong social attachments encourage conformity. Commitment

The greater a person’s commitment to legitimate opportunities the greater the conformity.

Involvement Time and energies linked to “legitimate”

activities inhibit deviance. Ex. People who hang out waiting for

something to happen are likely to be deviant. Belief

Strong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority figures controls deviance.

Page 21: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Labeling: Critical Evaluation

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Works best with less serious deviance. Consequence of deviant labeling is

inconclusive. Some seek deviant labeling.

Page 22: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

People must sometimes deal with deviant labels when they have done nothing at all.

What about victims of violent rape – subjected to labeling as deviants based on the misguided assumption that they “led him on”?

Or individuals with AIDS, shunned by employers, friends and even family members?

Page 23: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.

Deviance and Inequality:Social-Conflict Analysis

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 24: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Social Conflict Analysis

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

SC links deviance to social inequality. Who/what is labeled as deviant depends

on which categories of people hold power in society

Norms or laws reflect interests of rich and powerful.

Page 25: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance and Capitalism

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

White-collar crime Those committed by people

of high social position in the course of their occupations.

Corporate crime Illegal actions of a

corporation or people acting on its behalf.

Organized crime A business supplying illegal

goods or services.

Page 26: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance, Race & Gender

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 27: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Deviance and Social Diversity Hate crimes

A criminal act against a person or person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.

Gender The world applies more

stringent normative controls to women.

Strain due to reality of gender-based inequality.

Judge the behavior of women and men differently.

Why do women commit fewer crimes than men?

2004 Hate Crime Data

Page 28: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Consider the differing reactions to the OJ Simpson acquittal: Most whites were stunned, most blacks were elated.

How and why does race shape our views of the criminal justice system?

Page 29: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Crime

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 30: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Crime The violation of criminal laws enacted by a

locality ,state, or the federal government. Two elements

The act itself Criminal intent

Types of Crimes Crimes against the person

Direct violence, or threat of it. Crimes against property

Involves theft of property. Victimless Crimes

Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims.

Ex. Prostitution & gambling

Page 31: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

NATIONAL MAP 9-1 (P. 237)RISK OF VIOLENT CRIME ACROSS THE UNITED STATESTHIS MAP SHOWS THE RISK OF BECOMING A VICTIM OF VIOLENT CRIME. IN GENERAL, THE RISK IS HIGHEST IN LOW-INCOME, RURAL COUNTIES THAT HAVE A LARGE POPULATION OF MEN BETWEEN THE AGES OF FIFTEEN AND TWENTY-FOUR. ALBERT COHEN & WALTER MILLER SUPPORT THIS ARGUMENT. AFTER READING THROUGH THIS SECTION OF THE TEXT, SEE WHETHER YOU CAN EXPLAIN THIS PATTERN.SOURCE: AMERICAN DEMOGRAPHICS MAGAZINE, DECEMBER 2000 ISSUE. COPYRIGHT © 2004 BY CRAIN COMMUNICATIONS.

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 32: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

The Street Criminal: a Profile Age-persons between the ages of 15

and 24 14% of population 39% of arrests for violent crime 46.8% of property crimes

Gender 70.1% of property crimes and 82.6% of

all violent crimes are committed by males.

Social class Violent crimes committed by a few in

poor neighborhoods. White collar and corporate crime

committed by more affluent. Race and ethnicity

69.7% of arrests involve white people. People of color are over criminalized.

Page 33: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

The U.S. Criminal Justice System

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Page 34: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Justice System

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Police: primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system Lots of discretion

How serious is the crime? What is the victim’s preference? Is the suspect cooperative or not? Have they arrested the suspect before? Are bystanders present? What is the suspect’s race?

Courts: plea bargaining often results in pressure to plead guilty

Reduced charge Reduced sentence

Page 35: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Justifications for Punishment Retribution

Moral vengeance inflicted. Deterrence

Discourage future criminality. Ex. Teacher threatens a tardy child with

detention to prevent them from being late again.

Rehabilitation Reform offenders while in prison.

Ex. Child gets caught with drugs several times, forced to go through rehab/counseling and placed in foster home.

Societal protection Temporary removal of offender through

incarceration. Permanent removal by execution.

Page 36: DEVIANCE Sociology, Eleventh Edition. What is Deviance? Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Discussion Question

Sociology, Eleventh Edition

Between 1977 and 2003, 7,061 people were sentenced to death; 885 were executed.

Does this make the death penalty an “arbitrary lottery,” as opponents claim or a filter reserving death for only the worst offenders, as supporters claim?