Distritual Innovation Systems as an analytical tool for assessment and

intervention

Daniel Gabaldón-Estevan | St. Gallen 10/07/2014Department of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - daniel.gabaldon@uv.es

Index 0.

Introduction 1.

Theoretical framework 2.

Methods 3.

Results 4.

Discussion 5.

Debate on the sustainability of the actual production model of ‘developed countries’ within globalisation:

Increased demand of resources

Limited capacity of the environment to assimilate human activity

Increase public awareness and demands for the improvement environment quality

Therefore we need tools to asses performance: Is being done all what is needed regarding industrial activity within the EU? Is it EU industry looked in?

But also for a prospective purpose: What are the challenges? How aware and ready are the internal agents to overcome those challenges?

Introduction: The rationale 1.a

Introduction: Fact 1 industrial agglomerations in Italy 1.b

Istituto per la Promozione Industriale 2002, (based on ISTAT )

“El mapa dels districtes industrials d’España” Conference by Joan Trullén, Castellón 28/06/2005

Introduction: Fact 2 industrial agglomerations in Spain 1.c

o Directive 2004/8/EC Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 11 February 2004 on the

promotion of cogeneration based on a useful heat demand in the internal energy market

o Directive 2009/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 amending

Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the green house gas emission allowance trading

scheme of the Community.

o Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Energy Performance

of Buildings

o Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on

industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control)

o Directive 2011/91/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on

the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment.

oCOM(2011) 109 final Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the

Council, the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions of 8 March 2011 –

Energy Efficiency Plan 2011

o COM(2011) 112 final. Communication From The Commission To The European Parliament, The

Council, The European Economic And Social Committee And The Committee Of The Regions. A

Roadmap for moving to a competitive low carbon economy in 2050

o Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on

energy efficiency

o Horizon 2020 - The Framework Program for Research and Innovation

Introduction: Environmental policies in the EU 1.d

WelfareInnovation Competitiveness

Internal sourcesExternal sources

Innovation system

=

Traditional industrial sectors

EU regions SME

Success ‘70Difficulties since

end of ’90s

Marshallian industrial district

=

¿homogeneity?Distritual innovation system¿sectorial?

¿territorial?

Theoretical framework: In search for analytical tools to study this phenomena 2.a

5.

Evolutionary economics

FilièreLearning(know how, learning by

doing)

Knowledge networks

Institutional framework

Innovation system

Distritual System of Innovation

Productive specialization

District effect economies

Community & feeling of belonging

Interrelation & proximity

Theoretical framework: Applying the systemic approach to industrial districts 2.b

Population of companies centred on a productive activity (Bellandi, 2006; Coro & Micelli, 2007)

Human resources available and specialized (Sforzi, 2006; Sabel, 1982)

Tension and dynamism at the aglomeration (Brusco, 1990; Dei Ottati, 1994)

Easiness of both technological change and credit (Pyke y Sengenberger, 1992; Brusco, 1994)

[…] “socioterritorial entity characterised by the active presence of both a community of people and a group of companies on a natural and historically determined area . At the district […] the community and the companies tend to melt together”. (Becattini, 1992, pp. 62-63).

Marshallian Industrial district

ClusterIndustrial district

(Marshall, 1890)

(Becattini, 1979, 1986, 1992)

Feeling of belonging

Concentration & specialization

Competence & cooperation

Difficulties of appropriation

External economies

Theoretical framework: The influence of proximity on companies performance 2.c

[…] “all important economic, social, political, organizational, institutional and other factors that influence the development, diffusion and use of innovations” (Edquist, 2004, pp. 182)

Sectoral systemof innovation

Technological systems

(Breschi and Malerba, 1997; Malerba, 2002)

(Carlsson and Stankiewitz, 1995; Huges, 1984; Callon, 1992)

Knowledge Heterogeneity Institutions Learning Interrelations

National systemof innovation

Regional systemof innovation

(Freeman, 1987; Lundvall, 1988, 1992; Nelson, 1993)

(Cooke, 1993 and 2001; Saxenian, 1985; Jaffe et al., 1993)

Evolutionist perspective

(Nelson and Winter, 1977 and 1982)

Functional approach

(Bergek et al., 2008; Jacobsson and Johnson, 2000;

Edquist, 1997)

DistritualInnovation system

(Gabaldon-Estevan et al., 2011)

Theoretical framework: Innovation is a collective and an interactive process 2.d

(Istituto per la Promozione Industriale 2002 )

Theoretical framework: Proximity vs complementarityindustry 2.e

Theoretical framework: Proximity vs isolation but also renewalindustry 2.f

Technological and advanced

services providers’

environment

Legal & institutional framework

Distribution & consumption

Frits, glaze & ceramic colour

Tile production

Machinery & equipment

Raw material extraction

Design

Scientific environment

Productive environment

Adapted from Fernández, I., et al. (1996)

Semi-structured interviews (24 ES e IT) tile

Semi-structured interviews (14) frits, glaze and ceramic colour

Secondary analysis (INE, SABI)

Tools: the value chain analysis and the structural analysis 3.a

Knowledge development and diffusion

Influence on the direction of search

Market evolution and competition

Legitimation / counteracting resistance to change

Resource mobilisation

Semi-structured interviews (15) including managers of ceramic, electro-mechanical, glaze companies or atomization plants; representatives of employers’ or workers’ associations; directors of research institutions responsible for R&D for the industry; academics and consultants

Entrepreneurial experimentation

Adapted from Johnson A. (2001)

Functions analysis is based on idea that a well functioning innovation system requires that a number of key activities takes place.

If this occurs, output of innovations is higher.

Tools: the functional analysis 3.b

Tools: Environmental issues on the development of the industry 3.c

16

Onda

L’Alcora

Vila-real

Castellón Almazora

Sant Joan de Moró

Results: Locating the industry 4.a

Results: The ceramic tile value chainthe industry 4.b

Adaptación de Fernández, I., et al. (1996)

Results: The components of the Spanish tile distritual innovation Systemy 4.c

Knowledge development and diffusion

Influence on the direction of search

Entrepreneurial experimentation

Market evolution and competition

reductions in materials use, energy and water consumption

a Schumpeter Mark II scenario competing on price is no longer a good strategy

Legitimation / counteracting resistance to change

increase in public awareness regarding environmental and health issues

Resource mobilisation

Infrastructures and financial capital fine, some needs in human capital and

challenge in raw materials

Strength in physics, chemistry and engineering; Weak in distribution and commercialisation,

technician crucial in the diffusion

Results: Analysing the dynamics and functionality of the DIS 4.d

Energy consumption

Materials use

Water consumption

- Tile industry is a big energy consumer (gas & electric).- Transition from oil to gas in the 80’s & new kilns reduced

firing times from 35-45 hours to 35-70 minutes. - Atomisers have cogeneration (total efficiency to 85-90%)

so further reductions in of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) emissions more difficult.

- Availability of raw materials worldwide will worsen as production increases in developing countries.- Locally mining activity is being displaced to more remote areas because of the environmental impact.

- Water is intensively used in the ceramic tile manufacturing process.

- Efforts are directed either to reduce the thickness. - To recycle of the refuse-mud (reduces the need for

water and suppresses dumping).- Or to improve the dry route powder processing.

Results: Inputshe industry 4.e

Pollution

Product

Waste

- Tile industry has done progress in substituting most of the hazardous elements that characterised production in the early industrialisation years. However there are still areas for improvement:

- Further reduce carbon dioxide (CO2).- Deal with elements as nitrogen dioxide (NO2), boron

(B), sulphur (S), sulphur dioxide (SO2), or fluorine (F).

- And dust pollution, specially suspended particles due to transportation.

- Sustainable product due to its characteristics: resistant, durable, versatile, requires low maintenance and aseptic.- Green developments are thinner tiles, photovoltaic tiles-Active surface tiles combining tile with other elements that provide an added benefit or fulfilling an new function. - Ventilated facades, radiant ceramic tiles, raised floor systems for flat roofs, ceramic lattice, Pot-in-pot system, Giraplax, Trombeta for Trombe wall and dry collocation.

- 17% of the waste is reincorporated to the process (some lines of product with about 80% recycled material).

- Efforts are directed towards integrating ceramic leftovers in other products (like asphalt), towards recycling the waste produced by the ceramics industry to produce mortars, and towards new potential sources for the production of ceramic tiles from other industrial activities

Results: Outputsindustry 4.f

Legislation

Legitimation

Market

-. EPBD seen as an opportunity to promote their recent developments into the building sector.

- IPCC seen as beneficial because it promotes adoption of the best available technology in terms of energy use.

- Kyoto and emissions rights: problem with twin industries & hope that it will change to best available technologies.

- REACH regulation could force the disappearance of small and medium frits and glaze companies. - Long tradition of good status and legitimation challenged

since 1990s (increase in production, high geographical new environmental regulation and control and other economic activities)- Will to keep legimated by moving to environmental production (Environmental Product Declaration or the EU-ECOLABEL) to improve public image and secure markets with high environmental consciousness.

-.Delocalisation of production centres will continue - Providers experience problems in transposing their R&D

effort to clients via the products they acquire. - A focus on technology and ecology would make Spanish

industry very competitive.

Results: Context 4.g

i) an important part of the scientific community, together with other social actors, agree on demanding big changes on development strategies in order to reconfigure our societies according to sustainability;

ii) limits to economic growth should be approached globally (think global, act at local/regional/national/sectorial or distritual)

iii) to achieve sustainability, far-reaching changes along different dimensions (technological, material, organisational, institutional, political economic and socio-cultural) have to occur;

iv) distritual innovation systems can be conceived as complex and interrelated systems where their social, economic, political, cultural, physical and environmental dimensions can be analysed as innovation systems the performance of which can be analysed and changes implemented.

Discussion 5.a

Thank you for your attention

Monfort, E.; Mezquita, A.; Vaquer, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2014) La evolución energética del sector español de baldosas cerámicas Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio - Forthcoming -

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Criado, E.; Monfort, E. (2014) The Green Factor in European Manufacturing: A case study of the Spanish ceramic tile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production 70, 242-250 Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652614001620

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Hekkert M.P. (2013) How Does the Innovation System in the Spanish Tile Sector Function? Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 52 (3) 151-158Available at: http://ceramicayvidrio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/ceramicayvidrio/article/download/1205/1239

Gabaldón-Estevan, D.; Fernández de Lucio, I. and Molina Morales, FX. (2012) Distritual Innovation Systems. ARBOR-Ciencia pensamiento y cultura, 188 (753), pp. 63-73 Available at: http://arbor.revistas.csic.es/index.php/arbor/article/download/1448/1457

Gabaldón-Estevan, D. (2011) El sistema distritual de innovación cerámico de Castellón. Universitat de València. Servei de Publicacions. - Available at: http://rodrigo.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/23431/gabaldon.pdf?sequence=1

Tortajada Esparza, E.; Gabaldón-Estevan, D. and Fernández de Lucio I. (2008) La evolución tecnológica del distrito cerámico de Castellón: la contribución de la industria de fritas, colores y esmaltes. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio. 47 (2) pp. 57-80 - Available at: http://boletines.secv.es/upload/20080512114901.47[2]57-80.pdf

Daniel Gabaldón-EstevanDepartment of Sociology and Social Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Valencia- Valencia (ES) - daniel.gabaldon@uv.es

Some of our references 5.b