Diseases of PoultryEditor in Chief: David E. SwayneAssociate Editors: John R. Glisson, Larry R. McDougald, Lisa K. Nolan, David L. Suarez, and Venugopal Nair

SwayneGlisson

McDougaldNolanSuarezNair

Diseases of

Poultry

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13thEdition

13th Edition

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13th Edition

Diseases of Poultry

13th Edition

Diseases of Poultry

Editor-in-ChiefDavid E. SwayneLaboratory DirectorSoutheast Poultry Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureAthens, GeorgiaUnited States

Associate EditorsJohn R. GlissonProfessor EmeritusPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States

Larry R. McDougaldProfessorDepartment of Poultry ScienceCollege of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GeorgiaUnited States

Lisa K. NolanProfessor and Dr. Stephen G. Juelsgaard DeanCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, IowaUnited States

David L. SuarezResearch LeaderExotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research UnitSoutheast Poultry Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureAthens, GeorgiaUnited States

Venugopal NairHeadAvian Viral Diseases ProgrammeThe Pirbright InstituteCompton LaboratoryCompton, BerkshireUnited Kingdom

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Publication

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Diseases of poultry. 13th ed. / editor-in-chief, David E. Swayne ;associate editors, John R. Glisson [et al.]. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-95899-5 (hardback : alk. paper) I. Swayne, David E.[DNLM: 1. Poultry Diseases. SF 995] SF995 636.50896dc23

2013007104

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Cover design by Modern Alchemy LLC

Set in 9.5/12pt Times New Roman by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2013

Dedicated to

Dr. Y.M. Saif, Associate Editor,Diseases of Poultry, 10th edition

Editor-in-Chief, 11th and 12th editions

Dr. A.M. Fadly, Associate Editor,Diseases of Poultry, 11th and 12th editions

vii

Contents

Contributors xi

Preface xix

Introduction xxv

SEctioN i: GENERaL coNcEPtS of PouLtRy DiSEaSES 11 Principles of Disease Prevention, Diagnosis,

and Control 3Introduction, S.R. CollettPrinciples of Disease Prevention,

Diagnosis, and Control Introduction, S.R. Collett

Antimicrobial Therapy (Including Resistance), C.L. Hofacre, R.S. Singer and T.J. Johnson

Public Health Significance of Poultry Diseases, R.D. Berghaus and B. Stewart-Brown

2 Host Factors for Disease Resistance 61Introduction, J.M. SharmaThe Avian Immune System, J.M. Sharma

and S. RautenschleinGenetics of Disease Resistance, H.H. Cheng

and S.J. Lamont

SEctioN ii: ViRaL DiSEaSES 873 Newcastle Disease, Other Avian Paramyxoviruses,

andAvian Metapneumovirus Infections 89Introduction, D.L. SuarezNewcastle Disease, P.J. Miller and G. KochAvian Paramyxoviruses 211, E. MundtAvian Metapneumovirus, R.C. Jones

and S. Rautenschlein

4 Infectious Bronchitis, M.W. Jackwood and S. de Wit 139

5 Infectious Laryngotracheitis, M. Garca, S. Spatz, and J.S. Guy 161

6 Influenza, D.E. Swayne, D.L. Suarez, and L.D. Sims 181

7 Infectious Bursal Disease, N. Eterradossi and Y.M. Saif 219

8 Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus and Other Circovirus Infections 247

Introduction, K.A. Schat and L.W. WoodsChicken Infectious Anemia, K.A. Schat

and V.L. van SantenCircovirus Infections of Avian Species,

L.W. Woods and K.S. Latimer

9 Adenovirus Infections 289Introduction, S.D. FitzgeraldAviadenovirus Infections, M. HessAtadenovirus (Egg Drop Syndrome

and Related Infections), J.A. SmythHemorrhagic Enteritis and Related Infections,

F.W. Pierson and S.D. FitzgeraldQuail Bronchitis, W.M. Reed and S.W. Jack

10 Pox, D.N. Tripathy and W.M. Reed 333

11 Reovirus Infections, R.C. Jones 351

12 Viral Enteric Infections 375Introduction, Y.M. SaifTurkey Coronavirus Enteritis, J.S. GuyRotavirus Infections, J.M. DayAstrovirus Infections, S.L. Schultz-CherryAvian Enterovirus-Like Virus Infections,

C.S. HayhowEnteric Parvovirus Infections of Chickens

and Turkeys, L. Zsak

13 Viral Infections of Waterfowl 417Introduction, P.R. WoolcockDuck Hepatitis, P.R. Woolcock and H.-J. TsaiDuck Virus Enteritis (Duck Plague),

S.A. MetwallyHemorrhagic Nephritis Enteritis of Geese,

J.-L.GurinParvovirus Infections of Waterfowl, V.J. Palya

viii Contents

14 Other Viral Infections 465Introduction, Y.M. SaifMiscellaneous Herpesvirus Infections,

J.P. Duchatel and H. VindevogelAvian Nephritis, D. Todd and T. ImadaArbovirus Infections, J.S. GuyTurkey Viral Hepatitis, J.S. GuyAvian Encephalomyelitis, D.L. SuarezAvian Hepatitis E Virus Infections,

X.J. Meng and H.L. Shivaprasad

15 Neoplastic Diseases 513Introduction, V. NairMareks Disease, K.A. Schat and V. NairLeukosis/Sarcoma Group, V. Nair

and A.M. FadlyReticuloendotheliosis, V. Nair, G. Zavala,

and A.M. FadlyOther Tumors, S. Hafner, R.L. Reece,

and S.M. Williams

SEctioN iii: BactERiaL DiSEaSES 67516 Salmonella Infections 677

Introduction, R.K. GastPullorum Disease and Fowl Typhoid,

H.L. Shivaprasad and P.A. BarrowParatyphoid Infections, R.K. GastArizonosis, H.L. Shivaprasad

17 Campylobacteriosis, Q. Zhang and O. Sahin 737

18 Colibacillosis, L.K. Nolan, H.J. Barnes, J.-P. Vaillancourt, T. Abdul-Aziz, and C.M. Logue 751

19 Pasteurellosis and Other Respiratory Bacterial Infections 807

Introduction, J.R. GlissonFowl Cholera, J.R. Glisson, C.L. Hofacre,

and J.P. ChristensenRiemerella anatipestifer Infection, J.A. Ruiz

and T.S. SandhuOrnithobacterium rhinotracheale Infection,

R.P. Chin, P.C.M. van Empel, and H.M. HafezBordetellosis (Turkey Coryza), M.W. Jackwood

and Y.M. Saif

20 Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections, P.J. Blackall and E. Soriano-Vargas 859

21 Mycoplasmosis 875Introduction, N. Ferguson-NoelMycoplasma gallisepticum Infection, Z. Raviv

and D.H. LeyMycoplasma meleagridis Infection, R.P. Chin

Mycoplasma synoviae Infection, N. Ferguson-Noel and A.H. Noormohammadi

Mycoplasma iowae Infection, J.M. Bradbury and Z. RavivOther Mycoplasmal Infections, N. Ferguson-Noel

22 Clostridial Diseases 943Introduction, C.M. LogueUlcerative Enteritis, J.G. Songer

and F.UzalNecrotic Enteritis, K. Opengart and J.G. SongerBotulism, H. Skarin, G. Blomqvist

and V. BverudGangrenous Dermatitis, K. Opengart

23 Other Bacterial Diseases 971Introduction, C.M. LogueStaphylococcosis, C.B. AndreasenStreptococcus and Enterococcus,

S.G. Thayer and W.D. WaltmanErysipelas, J.M. Bricker and Y.M. SaifAvian Intestinal Spirochetosis, D.J. HampsonTuberculosis, R.M. Fulton and S. SanchezMiscellaneous and Sporadic Bacterial Infections,

T. Abdul-Aziz and H.J. Barnes

24 Avian Chlamydiosis, D. Vanrompay 1055

SEctioN iV: fuNGaL DiSEaSES 107525 Fungal Infections, M.J. Dykstra,

B.R. Charlton, R.P. Chin, and H.J. Barnes 1077

SEctioN V: PaRaSitic DiSEaSES 109726 External Parasites and Poultry Pests,

N.C. Hinkle and R.M. Corrigan 1099

27 Internal Parasites, L.R. McDougald 1117

28 Protozoal Infections 1147Introduction, L.R. McDougaldCoccidiosis, L.R. McDougald and S.H. Fitz-CoyCryptosporidiosis, L.R. McDougaldHistomoniasis (Blackhead) and Other

ProtozoanDiseases of the Intestinal Tract, M. Hess and L.R. McDougald

Miscellaneous and Sporadic Protozoal Infections, A.J. Bermudez

SEctioN Vi: NoNiNfEctiouS DiSEaSES 120329 Nutritional Diseases, K.C. Klasing 1205

30 Developmental, Metabolic, and Other Noninfectious Disorders, R. Crespoand H.L. Shivaprasad 1233

31 Mycotoxicoses, F.J. Hoerr 1271

32 Toxins and Poisons, R.M. Fulton 1287

Contents ix

SEctioN Vii: othER DiSEaSES 131733 Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex

orUnknown Etiology 1319Introduction, Y.M. SaifMulticausal Respiratory Diseases, J.R. GlissonMulticausal Enteric Diseases,

M.J. Pantin-Jackwood

Hypoglycemia-Spiking Mortality Syndrome of Broiler Chickens, J.F. Davis

Proventriculitis and Proventricular Dilatation of Broiler Chickens, S. Hafner and J.S. Guy

Index 1341

xi

Contributors

tahseen abdul-azizVeterinary PathologistRollins Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryNorth Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer ServicesRaleigh, North Carolina, USA

claire B. andreasenAssociate Dean for Academic and Student AffairsProfessorCollege of Veterinary MedicineIowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa, USA

h. John BarnesProfessorDepartment of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina, USA

Paul a. BarrowProfessorVeterinary Infectious DiseasesSchool of Veterinary Medicine and ScienceNottingham UniversitySutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom

Viveca BverudAssociate Professor, Head Department of BacteriologyNational Veterinary Institute Uppsala, Sweden

Roy D. BerghausAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

alex J. Bermudez*DirectorVeterinary Medical Diagnostic LaboratoryCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of MissouriColumbia, Missouri, USA

Pat J. BlackallSenior Principal Research FellowQueensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food

InnovationThe University of QueenslandQueensland, Australia

Gunilla BlomqvistDepartment of Virology, Immunology and ParasitologyNational Veterinary InstituteUppsala, Sweden

Janet M. BradburyEmeritus ProfessorSchool of Veterinary ScienceLeahurst CampusUniversity of LiverpoolNeston, Wirral, United Kingdom

Joseph M. BrickerGlobal Bios ResearchZoetisKalamazoo, Michigan, USA

Bruce R. charltonProfessorCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety

Laboratory SystemUniversity of CaliforniaDavisTurlock, California, USA

hans h. chengSupervisory Research GeneticistAvian Disease and Oncology LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureEast Lansing, Michigan, USA

* Deceased

xii Contributors

Richard P. chinProfessorCalifornia Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory SystemUniversity of CaliforniaDavisTulare, California, USA

Jens P. christensenAssociate ProfessorDepartment of Veterinary Disease BiologyFaculty of Life SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark

Stephen R. collettClinical Associate ProfessorPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

Robert M. corriganPrivate ConsultantUrban RodentologistRMC Pest Management ConsultingRichmond, Indiana, USA

Rocio crespoAssociate ProfessorAvian Health and Food Safety Laboratory (WADDL) Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology Washington State UniversityPullman, Washington, USA

James f. DavisVeterinary Director of DiagnosticsNorth GeorgiaGeorgia Poultry Laboratory NetworkOakwood, Georgia, USA

J. Michael DayMicrobiologistEndemic Poultry Viral Diseases Research UnitSoutheast Poultry Research LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureAthens, Georgia, USA

Sjaak de WitPoultry VeterinarianAnimal Health ServiceDeventer, The Netherlands

Jean Pierre DuchatelDepartment of Infectious and Parasitic DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of LiegeLiege, Belgium

Michael J. DykstraDirector and Research ProfessorLaboratory for Advanced Electron and Light

Microscopy MethodsDepartment of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina, USA

Nicolas EterradossiAgence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de lAlimentation,

delEnvironnement et du Travail (Anses)Laboratoire de Ploufragan/PlouzaneUnite de Virologie Immunologie et Parasitologie Aviaires

etCunicolesLaboratoire de reference de lOrganisation

Mondiale de la Sante Animale pour la bursite infectieuse aviaire

Ploufragan, France

aly M. fadlyResearch Leader and Laboratory DirectorAvian Disease and Oncology LaboratoryAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureEast Lansing, Michigan, USA

Naola ferguson-NoelAssistant ProfessorPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

Scott D. fitzgeraldProfessorDepartment of Pathobiology and Diagnostic

InvestigationCollege of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, USA

Steve h. fitz-coyPoultry ParasitologistMerck Animal HealthSalisbury, Maryland, USA

Richard M. fultonAssociate ProfessorDiagnostic Center for Population

and Animal HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan, USA

Contributors xiii

Maricarmen GarcaProfessorPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

Richard K. GastSupervisory MicrobiologistEgg Safety and Quality Research UnitAgricultural Research ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureAthens, Georgia, USA

John R. GlissonProfessor EmeritusPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

Jean-Luc GurinAssociate ProfessorPoultry Health and VirologyNational Veterinary College of ToulouseToulouse, France

James S. GuyProfessorDepartment of Population Health and PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, North Carolina, USA

hafez M. hafezHeadInstitute of Poultry DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFree University of BerlinBerlin, Germany

Scott hafnerVeterinary Medical OfficerEastern LaboratoryFood Safety Inspection ServiceU.S. Department of AgricultureAthens, Georgia, USA

David J. hampsonProfessor and DeanSchool of Veterinary and Life SciencesMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, Western Australia, Australia

christopher S. hayhowDirector of Regulatory Affairs Biologics, North America Merial, Inc.Athens, Georgia, USA

Michael hessHeadClinic for Avian, Reptile and Fish Medicine Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineVienna, Austria

Nancy c. hinkleProfessorDepartment of EntomologyCollege of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

fredric J. hoerrPathologistVeterinary Diagnostic Pathology, LLCAuburn, Alabama, USA

charles L. hofacreProfessorPoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population HealthCollege of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

tadao imadaOne-time Research Manager (Emeritus)National Institute of Animal HealthKammondai, Tsukuba, Japan

Sherman W. JackProfessorDepartment of Pathobiology and Population

MedicineCollege of Veterinary MedicineMississippi State UniversityMississippi State, Mississippi, USA

Mark W. JackwoodHead and J. R. Glisson Professor of Veterinary MedicinePoultry Diagnostic and Research CenterDepartment of Population Health College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, Georgia, USA

Diseases of PoultryCopyrightContentsContributorsPreface: Historical Review of Diseases of PoultryIntroductionSection I General Concepts of Poultry DiseasesChapter 1 Principles of Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and ControlIntroductionPrinciples of Disease Prevention, Diagnosis,and Control IntroductionAntimicrobial Therapy (Including Resistance)Public Health Significance of Poultry Diseases

Chapter 2 Host Factors for Disease ResistanceThe Avian Immune SystemGenetics of Disease Resistance

Section II Viral Diseases3 Newcastle Disease, Other Avian Paramyxoviruses, and Avian Metapneumovirus InfectionsIntroductionNewcastle DiseaseAvian Paramyxoviruses 211Avian Metapneumovirus

4 Infectious Bronchitis5 Infectious Laryngotracheitis6 Influenza7 Infectious Bursal Disease8 Chicken Infectious Anemia Virus and Other Circovirus InfectionsIntroductionChicken Infectious AnemiaCircovirus Infections of Avian Species

9 Adenovirus InfectionsIntroductionAviadenovirus InfectionsAtadenovirus (Egg Drop Syndrome and Related Infections)Hemorrhagic Enteritis and Related InfectionsQuail Bronchitis

10 Pox11 Reovirus InfectionsIntroductionViral ArthritisOther Reovirus Infections

12 Viral Enteric InfectionsIntroductionTurkey Coronavirus EnteritisRotavirus InfectionsAstrovirus InfectionsAvian Enterovirus-Like Virus InfectionsEnteric Parvovirus Infections of Chickens and Turkeys

13 Viral Infections of WaterfowlIntroductionDuck HepatitisDuck Virus Enteritis (Duck Plague)Hemorrhagic Nephritis Enteritis of GeeseParvovirus Infections of Waterfowl

14 Other Viral InfectionsIntroductionMiscellaneous Herpesvirus InfectionsAvian NephritisArbovirus InfectionsTurkey Viral HepatitisAvian EncephalomyelitisAvian Hepatitis E Virus Infections

15 Neoplastic DiseasesIntroductionMareks DiseaseLeukosis/Sarcoma GroupReticuloendotheliosisOther Tumors

Section III Bacterial Diseases16 Salmonella Infections IntroductionPullorum Disease and Fowl TyphoidParatyphoid InfectionsArizonosis

17 Campylobacteriosis18 Colibacillosis19 Pasteurellosis and Other Respiratory Bacterial InfectionsIntroductionFowl CholeraRiemerella anatipestifer InfectionOrnithobacterium rhinotracheale InfectionBordetellosis (Turkey Coryza)

20 Infectious Coryza and Related Bacterial Infections21 MycoplasmosisIntroductionMycoplasma gallisepticum InfectionMycoplasma meleagridis InfectionMycoplasma synoviae InfectionMycoplasma iowae InfectionOther Mycoplasmal Infections

22 Clostridial DiseasesIntroductionUlcerative EnteritisNecrotic EnteritisBotulismGangrenous Dermatitis

23 Other Bacterial DiseasesIntroductionStaphylococcosisStreptococcus and EnterococcusErysipelasAvian Intestinal SpirochetosisTuberculosisMiscellaneous and Sporadic Bacterial Infections

24 Avian Chlamydiosis

Section IV Fungal Diseases25 Fungal InfectionsAspergillosisCandidiasis (Crop Mycosis)Sporadic Fungal Infections

Section V Parasitic Diseases26 External Parasites and Poultry Pests27 Internal ParasitesIntroductionNematodes and AcanthocephalansCestodes and Trematodes

28 Protozoal InfectionsIntroductionCoccidiosisCryptosporidiosisHistomoniasis (Blackhead) and Other ProtozoanDiseases of the Intestinal TractMiscellaneous and Sporadic Protozoal Infections

Section VI Noninfectious Diseases29 Nutritional Diseases30 Developmental, Metabolic, and Other Noninfectious Disorders31 Mycotoxicoses32 Toxins and Poisons

Section VII Other Diseases33 Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex or Unknown EtiologyIntroductionMulticausal Respiratory DiseasesMulticausal Enteric DiseasesHypoglycemia-Spiking Mortality Syndrome of Broiler ChickensProventriculitis and Proventricular Dilatation of Broiler Chickens

Index