Discuss the impact of a nation’s unemployment rates

Unemployment rate

• The percentage of the total labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment and willing to work.

Frictional unemployment

Unemployment that is always present in the economy, resulting from temporary transitions made by workers and employers or from workers and employers having inconsistent or incomplete information.

Structural unemployment

• A longer-lasting form of unemployment caused by fundamental shifts in an economy. Structural unemployment occurs for a number of reasons – workers may lack the requisite job skills, or they may live far from regions where jobs are available but are unable to move there. Or they may simply be unwilling to work because existing wage levels are too low. So while jobs are available, there is a serious mismatch between what companies need and what workers can offer

Seasonal unemployment

An elevated level of unemployment that is expected to occur at certain parts of the year. For instance, amusement parks may experience seasonal unemployment during the winter months because less people will visit the parks during this time.

Technological unemployment

• is unemployment primarily caused by technological change

The costs of unemployment

• The government and the nation suffer. In many countries the government has to pay the unemployed some benefits. The greater the number of the unemployed or the longer they are without work the more money the government has to shell out.Therefore, the nation not only has to deal with the lost income and decreased production but also with additional cost.

• The spending power of an unemployed person and his/her family decreases drastically and they would rather save than spend their money, which in turn affects the economy adversely.

The cost of unemployment

• Reduced spending power of the employed

Increased taxes and the insecurity about their own work may affect the spending power of the working people as well and they too may start to spend less than before thus affecting the economy• Recession

With the increase rates of unemployment other economy factors are significantly affected, such as: the income per person, health costs, quality of health-care, standard of leaving and poverty.

The cost of unemployment on Society• Mental health: Mental health problems like: Law self-confidence, feeling unworthy, depression and

hopelessness. With the lost income and the frustration involved in it, the recently unemployed may develop negative attitudes toward common things in life and may feel that all sense of purpose is lost. Frequent emotions could be – low self-esteem, inadequateness and feeling dejected and hopeless.

• Health diseases: The unemployment overall tension can increase dramatically general health issues of individuals.

• Tension at home: Quarrels and arguments at home front which may lead to tension and increased numbers of divorces etc.

• Political issues: Loss of trust in administration and the government which may lead to political instability• Tension over taxes rise: Unemployment also brings up discontent and frustration amongst the tax paying

citizens. In order to meet the demands of the unemployment fund the government many a times may have to increase the taxes thus giving way to restlessness amongst the tax paying citizens.

• Insecurity amongst employees: The prevailing unemployment and the plight of the unemployed people and their families may create fear and insecurity even in the currently employed people.

• Crime and violence: Increase in the rate of crime.

The cost of unemployment on Society• Suicide cases: Increase in the rate of suicide attempts and actual suicides as well.• Social outing: Unemployment may bring a decrease in social outings and interactions with

other people, including friends.• Stigma: Unemployment brings with more than just ‘no work’. It also brings with it the disgrace

that the person has to bear. Nobody likes to be termed as unemployed.• Standard of leaving: In times of unemployment the competition for jobs and the negotiation

power of the individual decreases and thus also the living standard of people with the salaries packages and income reduced.

• Employment gaps: To further complicate the situation the longer the individual is out of job the more difficult it becomes to find one. Employers find employment gasps as a negative aspect. No one wants to hire a person who has been out of work for some time even when there’s no fault of the individual per say.

• Lose of skills’ usage: The unemployed is not able to put his/her skills to use. And in a situation where it goes on for too long the person may have to lose some of his/her skills.

The Benefits of Unemployment

• People who are employed are too afraid to give up the security of their weekly paychecks to start their own business. And being a successful business owner is one of the few ways you can truly find financial freedom. Otherwise, you will always be using your skills to build someone else’s dreams.

Causes of unemployment.

• Occupational immobilities. This refers to the difficulties in learning new skills applicable to a new industry, and technological change, e.g. an unemployed farmer may struggle to find work in high tech industries.

• Geographical immobilities. This refers to the difficulty in moving regions to get a job, e.g. there may be jobs in London, but it could be difficult to find suitable accommodation or schooling for their children.

Causes of Unemployment

• Voluntary UnemploymentThis occurs when people choose to remain unemployed rather than take jobs available. For example, if benefits are generous, people may prefer to stay on benefits rather than get work. Frictional unemployment is also a type of voluntary unemployment as they are choosing to wait until they find a better job.

Other Causes of unemployment•Attitude towards employers•Willingness to work•Perception of employees•Employee values•Discriminating factors in the place of work (may include discrimination on the basis of age, class, ethnicity, color and race).•Ability to look for employment

Performance Activity

Do Unemployment Benefits Boost the Economy?

Are Americans better off today than in the past in terms of jobs” by looking at historical data. Your work needs to be based upon mathematical analysis/research?

In the case of the Federal Government, explain how or why you think that the U.S. government is doing a good job at fighting unemployment?