Discuss Lab Questions

M = mRT

PV

Electronic Structure

Electrons do not orbit nucleii, but

move randomly in space around the

nucleus.

Orbital•The space in which the electrons (e-) are likely to be found

•Max 2 e- per orbital

Electron Configuration•A description of

the electrons in an atom

Rule of Electron configuration

• Number: energy level (row #)

• Letter: energy sublevel (area)

• Superscript: # of e- in sublevel

• d electrons: 1 level < row #

• f electrons: 2 levels < row #

• Include all filled sublevels

Energy Levels•Corresponds to row #

•1 - 7

•Related to size

Energy Sublevels•Corresponds to an area on the periodic table

•= nodes in orbitals

•s, p, d, f

s - electrons•Columns 1A & 2A

•Spherical orbitals

p - electrons•Col. 3A - 8A or 13 - 18

•Dumbbell shaped orbital

•3 orbitals per sublevel

•1 node

d - electrons•Cols 3B - 2B or 3 - 12

•Transition area (2 nodes)

•Double dumbbell shaped

•5 orbitals in sublevel

f - electrons•Lower removed area

•Triple dumbbell shaped

•7 orbitals per sublevel

•3 nodes

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -

5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -

4d - - - - -3d - - - - -

Ground State•All electrons are in their lowest possible energy state

Excited State•One or more electrons are not in their lowest possible energy state

Degenerate Orbitals

•Orbitals at the same energy level

WriteTheECsfor:

•F

•Rb

•Tc

•As

Write the ECs for:

Sn Pt

I Mn+2

Chromium & Copper are

Kinky

EC for Transition El.•4s23d1 4s23d6

•4s23d2 4s23d7

•4s23d3 4s23d8

•4s13d5 4s13d10

•4s23d5 4s23d10

All Transition elements have either 1 or 2 electrons in

their outermost energy level

All inner-transition elements have two electrons in their outermost energy

level

Write the ECs for:

Zn Au

Al+3 Fe+3

Valence Electrons•Electrons in the outer most energy level

•Electrons involved in chemical reactions

Octet Rule•8 electrons in the outer level is stable

•elements attempt to get eight electrons in their outer level

Electron Dot Diagram•Represents the valence electrons in an atom

•Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square around the symbol

Chromium & Copper Are

Kinky

Transition Dot Diagrams

•Kinky ones have a single

•All the rest have a pair

Inner Transition Dot Diagrams

•All have a pair

Wave Formula•v or c = f •c = speed of light

= wavelength

or f = frequency

Calculate the wavelength of your

favorite radio stationFM in MHzAM in kHz

Plank’s Formula•E = hf = hc/•E = energy

•h = Plank’s Constant

Calculate the energy of a photon from your favorite

radio station:

Calculate the energy of uv

light at 221 nm:

DeBroglie’s Formula

= h/mv

Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball

thrown at 15 m/s:

Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR light at 1.326 m:

Spectrum•The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a substance

Absorption Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a substance

•Atomic Absorption Sp

Emission Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a substance

•Atomic Emission Sp

Atomic Absorption Spectrum

•Dark-line Spectrum

Atomic Emission Spectrum

•Bright-line Spectrum• http://

chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/periodic4.html

SpectroscopyThe study of a substance under

continuous excitation energy