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Discuss Lab Questions
M = mRT
PV
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Electronic Structure
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Electrons do not orbit nucleii, but
move randomly in space around the
nucleus.
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Orbital•The space in which the electrons (e-) are likely to be found
•Max 2 e- per orbital
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Electron Configuration•A description of
the electrons in an atom
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Rule of Electron configuration
• Number: energy level (row #)
• Letter: energy sublevel (area)
• Superscript: # of e- in sublevel
• d electrons: 1 level < row #
• f electrons: 2 levels < row #
• Include all filled sublevels
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Energy Levels•Corresponds to row #
•1 - 7
•Related to size
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Energy Sublevels•Corresponds to an area on the periodic table
•= nodes in orbitals
•s, p, d, f
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s - electrons•Columns 1A & 2A
•Spherical orbitals
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p - electrons•Col. 3A - 8A or 13 - 18
•Dumbbell shaped orbital
•3 orbitals per sublevel
•1 node
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d - electrons•Cols 3B - 2B or 3 - 12
•Transition area (2 nodes)
•Double dumbbell shaped
•5 orbitals in sublevel
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f - electrons•Lower removed area
•Triple dumbbell shaped
•7 orbitals per sublevel
•3 nodes
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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5s -4s -3s -2s -1s -
5p - - -4p - - -3p - - -2p - - -
4d - - - - -3d - - - - -
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Ground State•All electrons are in their lowest possible energy state
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Excited State•One or more electrons are not in their lowest possible energy state
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Degenerate Orbitals
•Orbitals at the same energy level
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WriteTheECsfor:
•F
•Rb
•Tc
•As
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Write the ECs for:
Sn Pt
I Mn+2
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Chromium & Copper are
Kinky
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EC for Transition El.•4s23d1 4s23d6
•4s23d2 4s23d7
•4s23d3 4s23d8
•4s13d5 4s13d10
•4s23d5 4s23d10
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All Transition elements have either 1 or 2 electrons in
their outermost energy level
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All inner-transition elements have two electrons in their outermost energy
level
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Write the ECs for:
Zn Au
Al+3 Fe+3
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Valence Electrons•Electrons in the outer most energy level
•Electrons involved in chemical reactions
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Octet Rule•8 electrons in the outer level is stable
•elements attempt to get eight electrons in their outer level
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Electron Dot Diagram•Represents the valence electrons in an atom
•Maximum 4 pairs drawn on an imaginary square around the symbol
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Chromium & Copper Are
Kinky
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Transition Dot Diagrams
•Kinky ones have a single
•All the rest have a pair
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Inner Transition Dot Diagrams
•All have a pair
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Wave Formula•v or c = f •c = speed of light
= wavelength
or f = frequency
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Calculate the wavelength of your
favorite radio stationFM in MHzAM in kHz
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Plank’s Formula•E = hf = hc/•E = energy
•h = Plank’s Constant
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Calculate the energy of a photon from your favorite
radio station:
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Calculate the energy of uv
light at 221 nm:
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DeBroglie’s Formula
= h/mv
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Calculate the wavelength of a 221 g baseball
thrown at 15 m/s:
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Calculate the energy and mass of a photon of IR light at 1.326 m:
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Spectrum•The unique set of waves absorbed or emitted by a substance
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Absorption Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths absorbed by a substance
•Atomic Absorption Sp
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Emission Spectrum•The unique set of wavelengths emitted by a substance
•Atomic Emission Sp
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Atomic Absorption Spectrum
•Dark-line Spectrum
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Atomic Emission Spectrum
•Bright-line Spectrum• http://
chemistry.bd.psu.edu/jircitano/periodic4.html
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SpectroscopyThe study of a substance under
continuous excitation energy
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