STI 06 1

DIANTHUS Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)

3rd in the worldHas been known 2000 years a go from mediteranian Planting on 16 century in English, France, German.

STI 06 2

At Beginning : flower petal have 1 bunga 1 lapis (merah, putih dan pink)

Wiliam Sim (breeder) 1939 – 1939 gets new hybrid cultivar

Colourfull, stem and big flower. Annual become cut flower

2 type : SPRAY and STANDAR

STANDAR : maintain 1 branch 1 big flower on terminal shoot. Lateral shoot must be cut off.

SPRAY : terminal shoot cut off, maintain lateral shoot.

STI 06 3

Type Standard

STI 06 4Tipe Spray

STI 06 5

Growth Requirement Origin from subtropical cool weather In Tropical high land temperature 10 – 200C Temperature influence the generatif growth of plant At high temperature plant can grow faster but the flower

is small and have small stalk, weak. If different temperature at day light and night > 100C

many callyx had broken (calyx splitting)

In Indonesia, ideal altitude 1000 m above sea level Temperature <160C dan day-light <300C

Light intensity need high enough 21.5 klux (2000 fc)

With avarage rate of lighting 10 hours / day Media : soil-fertile , if soil – clay – sandy whether rich organic

material Good, and pH 6 – 7

STI 06 6

PLANT MAINTENANCE Reconstruction shading house for

the plant Preparing the field Prepare irrigation facilities Prepare for seedling Planting

Watering Pinching

Fertilizing Disbudding

Weeding Netting

Straighting Handling Pest and Disease

STI 06 7

Reconstruction of shading house

In Indonesia This plant growing in shading-net house, for protecting of rain

High humidity caused plant easy to attacked blossom-end root , stem, karat daun and spoiled flower.

Shading – used – transparant plastic better also covered by anti ultra violet for long time. Thickness of plastic - 200 mikron with contain of UV 6% until 12%

At normal condition plastic 1.5 – 2 years Construction of shading net made by bamboo, wood,

iron(besi) depend on financial capital Principal roof of shading-net must high > = 3m If < 3m the temperature inside very hot Beside – bottom covered by plastic 1 m above the

ground up side used insect screen for air sirculation too

STI 06 8

Prepare for the field Land cultivation accurate important to calculate

productivity and predict of quality dianthus Fertile soil porous water easy Oxigen can go into

the soil Root of dianthus can reach until deepth 1 m

cultivating land within deep of 40cm Basic fertilizing

Organic material high, in new land + 50 % Pukan + 50% compostor 3 – 4 m3 per 100m2 + TSP 6,7 kg + 16 kg PS + 13 kg KCl + 5 kg MgSO4

Ph 6 – 7 (if < 6 + dolomite) Must be sterilization – media & field to avoid Rhizotonia

solani, Fusarium, Phytium and nematode – Basamid/Vapam Basamid 40 gram per m2 can increased become 80 m

gram whether soil previously nematode exist inside.

STI 06 9

First, watering land until wet basamid effective

Beside spread, basamid also can dissolved in water 200 g/10 liter air for 5 m2 field (more safety because become poison if smell it must be mixing

Flatern – compact – sprayed – covered with plastic for basamid gas not smell out open after 2 weeks

If each of weeks 2x soil should open and mixing efective of gas

Handling nematode and weeding

STI 06 10

Prepare for planting Cultivate spread – flatern make

row length 1 m North – South , length of row same with length of

shading house (< = 25 m,) Width of row 50 cm,

Height Row 10 cm Row flattering by wood or bamboo After flatter, sprayed herbicide

pra growing Goal 2E 1.5cc/l vol solution 10 liter per 100 m2

2 days before planting Irrigation System Instalation

(sprinkler/drip) Shading net 12/5 cm x 12.5 cm

STI 06 11

Prepare for Seedling Seed Rooted cutting age 3

week with height 15 cm (origin from Netherland and Spanyol ) – immediately planting.

Seedling must be free from pest and disease (by Phytosanitary Certificate from breeders)

Require for planting Flower colour consument

preference Fulfill the consument request.

STI 06 12

Indonesia like standard dianthus like red, yellow, white, orange, mix 2 colour and combining purple. Interest in Spray only 5 %

East Asia dan TimTeng – spray 50%, more interest mix colour and purple

Seed rooted – 1998 price 0.4 -0.5 NLG harga include delivery until Cengkareng – and seed should not replant again, so it’s only for 1 production.

First, Aclimatization before planting. If the field not ready yet, put seed in cold

storage for 2 weeks with temperature 5 – 60C

STI 06 13

Plant spacing If it harvested 1x : 40 - 48 seedling/m2

2 – 3 x harvest : 32 – 36 seedling /m2more than 3x : decrease of productivity

Planting at afternoon no stress. Upside the row, should gived shading-net 50%

at early planting, released after 1 mst. Planting not too deep, the bottom of stem

appear in the surface of the soil (prevent busuk pangkal batang affected by Rizoctonia atau Phytium)

STI 06 14

Watering Watering much enough

use green sprinkler time of watering 5 minute purpose plant can contact with soil and the young dianthus keep well-moisture to decrease transpiration.

At 1st weeks frequent of watering : 2-3 x / day

If irrigation with drip use powersprayer / pesticide sprayer.

STI 06 15

4 – 7 day after plant plant look fresh the frequent of watering reduce 2 – 3 x per weeks.

After pinching plant not allowed to watering 1– 2 weeks ( to stimulate the root growth )

Watering if the condition of soil dry enough with giving more water until kapasitas lapang O2 can pressure enter to the soil because root growth deep enough.

STI 06 16

Pinching After 3 – 4 weeks, from shoot of leaf

appear lateral shoot (productive shoot) be a flower.

Make faster lateral shoot growth pinching terminal shoot

Pinching with hand, maintain 5 – 6 couple of leaves – expecting growth 4 – 5 lateral shoot of node

Pinching at 2 – 4 weeks after planting in early morning ( fresh plant and easy to pinch do it continuously and step by step because seed can not grow all together.

STI 06 17

Type of pinching as the type type of plant and pattern of production Single pinch

Pinching 1x in terminal shoot – harvest time can calculate and flower 1st grade.

Pinch and a halfSingle pinch lateral shoot 10 cm, with cut it ½ from lenghth of lateral shoot leaved 2-3 couple of leaves.This type pattern do it when rest time ( masa tenggang ) of flower between 1st flushing and 2nd flushing enough so it can make stabilize the production, havest time rather difficult to predict relatively production higher but flower prosentage quality 1 <

Double pinchsame with Pinch and a half, but in active shoot pinching again target 1 x harvest – 1 x flush. This pattern well done in area that in 1 years having a long period of month very hot.

STI 06 18

Disbudding

A Method which shoot and flower that not necessary put off so that maintain flower bigger.

Standar type put off all flower and lateral shoot at bottom of flower until 7th shoot from bottom or in the 8th node do it immediately.

Tipe sprayput off shoot terminal on lateral shoot and also 5-7th lateral shoot from bottom of flower

do it immediately.

STI 06 19

Because of the lateral shoot not growing all together disbudding step by step 4-7 days

Weeding Must be handle if not It’s can be

potential place for pest and disease. Wide leave cut off but narrow leave

put off without damaged the dianthus root.

STI 06 20

Netting Nylon and wire no.18 Benang nilon atau kawat seng no

18 paralel crosswise plait with no 20 (smaller ) with measure 12.5 – 12.5 cm

Each distance 3 m there is pole / bamboo / supporting wire.

20 cm20 cm20 cm20 cm20 cm15 cm10 cm

100 cm

STI 06 21

Straighting At vegetatif phase (2 – 4

month), every 2 days or in the next stage every 3 days again.

Well done in the afternoon when plant flexible enough not make plant broken.

STI 06 22

Fertilizing

N P K Ca MgCharacteristic of fertilizer soluble and dissolved-well mix when watering ( fertigation )If fertilizer difficult to get applied g/m2 twice every weeks.

April – September NPK 15 ; 15 ; 15 = 13.38, KCl = 12.8, Urea = 5.06,MgSO4 = 2.8 ,Ca(NO3)2 = 3

Oktober – Maret NPK 15 ; 15 ; 15 = 20, KCl =27.25, Urea = 4.4, MgSO4 2.8, Ca(NO3)2 = 3

Controling EC and pH

STI 06 23

Handling pest and diseaseMain purpose :

to decrease and pressthe growth of pest and disease diantus easy to attacked disease – when the condition is not healthy enough because less mineral and less support of environtment.

Karat daunPenyebab adalah cendawan Uromyces caryophilinus, bercak kuning kecoklatan dibagian bawah daun,tampak tepung coklat kemerahan (spora cendawan) Terjadi karena daun terlalu lembab Tiezine (2g/l), Derosal (1cc/l) atau Anvil (1 cc/l) preventif 1 – 2 minggu 1x -- Daun yang telah terkena – potong dan buang

Busuk pangkal batangTimbul bila lahan tidak disteril dan penanaman terlalu dalamGejala batang layu dan batang busuk berwarna coklat kehitaman Previcur 1.5 cc/l, Rovral 92g/l) atau Ditahane 2g/l

STI 06 24

Layu batangMenyerang pada flush/krop kedua, saat tangkai bekas bunga yang telah dipotong menjadi kering dan menjuntai kebawah menjangkiti tunas yang tumbuh dibawahnya – Rovral

Busuk bungaPenyebab cendawan Botrytis cinerea – timbul saat musim hujan, udara sangat lembab dan bunga, bunga yang lama disimpan dalam coldstorage juga mudah terkena Rovral pada saat udara lembab, banyak hujan dan kabut

Kutu jingga atau red spiderBanyak saat musim panas dan kelembaban udara rendahAda di daun dan kelopak bunga – mengisap cairan tanaman sehingga daun maupun bunga menjadi kering -- Omite 1 cc/l, Mitac 1cc/l, Nissorum 1cc/l bila parah Agrimec 0.5 cc/l

STI 06 25

ThripsMenyerang tanaman yang telah berbungaMenyerang mahkota bunga dengan mengisap cairan bunga yang telah mekar maupun yang kuncupBunga merah menjadi belang putih dan bung terlihat kering Confidor 0.5 cc/l setiap minggu

UlatMenyerang tanaman disemua umur. Tunas apical dimakan pada tanamn mudaPada tanaan tua menyerang mahkota bungaPestisida kontak Matador 0.5 cc/l, Buldok 0.5 cc/l atau sistemik Tamaron 1 cc/l atau turex 2g/lPengunaan sebaiknya selang seling per bulan agar hama tidak resisten

STI 06 26

Harvest and Post Harvest After 5 – 6 month after planting depend on

variety harvest interval until 1,5 – 2 years.

Harvested when flower open up to avoid broken of sepal flower when post harvest.

Standard type flattern side – harvest when flower a half rise (pinch brush) quickly the flower risen up (Candy, Hellas, Orange Triumph)

Standar jagged side -- harvest when size of flower ¾ open up flower rather slowly growth difficult to open up after cutting it (Murcia, Ragio de Sole, Espana)

STI 06 27

STI 06 28

Spray – there’s 3 flower complete open up and some flower had a half open up.

If market not clearly harvest when the petal still cloesed keep it to cold storage.

Harvested in early morning fresh flower cut sideways at 7th node or 8th from the bottom of flower use sharp knife or cutter and clean bottom shoot not followed cut.

Length of stalk 50 – 80 cm depend on variety store to the shade place and then bring it to sortage place.

Leaves cut off 20 cm from the bottom make between 10 – 20 per string, neatly well-arranged.

If 10 stalk per string neatly well-arranged 20 stalk per string arrange 2 level. 2 stage 10 same

above 6 : 8 string, some of them make stage and the last arranged it in below.

Cut same the stalk and stem wrap it with paper or selofan

STI 06 29

1 st Quality I : big stalk, straight, not weak length 50 – 60 cm big flower as same as variety and free from pest and disease.

Kualitas II : smaller stalk rather bent weak length 35 – 50 a little trace of attack pest and disease but still good enough.

Soak to the water that contain silver thio sulfat (STS) ex: Chrystal AVB 1 cc/liter for 2 – 4 hour for make longer vase life

Keep it at 80 – 90% humidity In cold storage can survive

2 – 3 weeks with temperature 1 – 20C in box The size of box : 80 x 40 x 20 cm and make a hole in left

and right side to circulation. Can contain 24 – 30 dianthus

each : 10 stalk

STI 06 30

Before to the market take off placed in temperature 200C to make risen up the day before.

When it put off from cold storage flower look dry and wilted bottom of stalk cut 2 cm and then soak it to the hot water 5 – 10 secon flower will be recovery again fresh and well rise re-sortage Market.

If the short distance put it to the bucket that fill with waater.

If long distance get it to store in carton box with pre cooling in coldstorage --- delivered with box car having cold storage 100C.

STI 06 31