Slide 1

The Development of Visual Arts in the Philippines

Development of Painting in the PhilippinesHistorical development of painting in the Philippines were traced into three periods.Spanish PeriodAmerican PeriodModern Period

3Spanish PeriodWhen the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521, the colonizer used art as a tool to propagate the Catholic faith through beautiful images. With communication as a problem, the friars used images to explain the concept of Catholic religion and to tell the stories of Christ life and passion.

Images of the Holy Family and saints were introduced to the Filipinos. And also the via crucis(Station of the Cross).

Though the ethnic art form such as pottery, weaving and metalwork's remained, the Spanish friars and the Chinese, were slowly introducing newer art form. Filipino were taught how to use Chinese brushwork technique in painting.The concept of patronage emerged. The artisan were commissioned and paid to paint. The church, particularly the friars became the new patron of art. They offered drawing and painting lesson to the Filipinos.The Spanish friars introduced the western painting in the Philippines to artisan who learned to copy on two-dimensional form from the religious icons that the friars brought from Spain. Portraits of saints and the holy family became a familiar sight in churches. Other subject matters include the passion of Christ, via crucis, crucifixion and portrayal of heaven, purgatory and hell.Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary by Damiano Domingo

St. John the Baptist by Simon Flores y dela RosaHe painted most of his religious canvases form paints

In the church in Paete, Laguna are two works by Jose Luciano Dans (1805- ca. 1870), probably one of the earliest recorded painters in Philippine art history. Langit, Lupa at Impierno ca. 1850 (Heaven, Earth and Hell), a three-level painting which shows the Holy Trinity, Mary the Mother of Christ, saints, the Seven Blessed Sacraments and a macabre depiction of Hell. The second painting is entitled Purgatorio (Purgatory) which shows the eight forms of punishment the soul passes through for cleansing before reaching Heaven.

During the early part of the Spanish occupation, painting was exclusively for the churches and for religious purposes. Occasionally, it was also used for propaganda. Esteban Villanueva of Vigan, Ilocos Sur depicted the Ilocos revolt against the basi monopoly in 1821. The Spanish government commissioned the work. The fourteen panels show the series of events that led to the crushing of the Ilocano basi workers revolt by Spanish forces. It also showed the appearance of Halley s Comet in the Philippines during that time.

The earliest known historical paintings in the Philippines was a mural at the Palacio Real (Royal Palace) in Intramuros entitled The Conquest of the Batanes done in 1783. Unfortunately, it was destroyed during the 1863 earthquake.

In the early 19th Century with the opening of the Suez Canal and the development of the agricultural export economy, native indios acquired economic wealth and became the illustrados, meaning enlightened and educated. These developments paved way to Filipino illustrados to send their children to the universities in Europe. The ilustrados (Filipino with money and education) became the new patron of arts. These events paved the way to the secularization of art in the 19th century.

Secular subject matter in painting only increased during the 19th century. With more tourists, ilustrados and foreigners demanding souvenirs and decorations from the country, tipos del pais developed in painting. These watercolor paintings show the different types of inhabitants in the Philippines in their different native costumes that show their social status and occupation. It also became an album of different native costumes. Damian Domingo y Gabor (ca. 1790-1832) was the most popular artist who worked in this style.

In the early 19th century, the rise of the ilustrados saw a rise in the art of portraiture. The need to adorn their newly constructed bahay-na-bato and the want to document their new found wealth and social status, the ilustrados commissioned painters to make portraits of themselves. The works of painters like Simon Flores, Antonio Malantic and Justiniano Ascunsion

Portrait of Soledad Francia 1876By Antonio Malanticportrait painting by Justiniano Asuncion

Doa Miguela Henson bySimon Flores

Alfonso OngpinAlfonso Tiburcio Ongpin y Tanbensiang(1885-1975) was an art connoisseur, gallery owner, Rizalist, Hispanist writer, and one of the greatest art collectors of the Philippines. In his lifetime he was the owner of the famed art supplies store and galleryArte, which was a beacon of light to many poor and struggling artists. He collected collected many important Rizal documents. Don Alfonso built his art collection by accepting artworks from artists who could not afford to pay cash for their art supplies and canvasses. He also personally bought many pieces of art directly from the artists, including works ofJuan Luna,Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo,Fabian de la Rosa, andFernando Amorsolo.The AcademiaA Royal Degree promulgated on March 13, 1846 founded the Academia de Dibujo y PinturaIn the city of Manila.Painters who studied in the Academia

Simon Flores y dela RosaLorenzo GuerreroFelipe RoxasFelix MartinezRamon MartinezManuel EspirituPepe LozanoJose MartinezManuel FloresAnselmo Espiritu

St. John the Baptist by Simon Flores y dela RosaHe painted most of his religious canvases form paints

Cristobal by Jose Dans (18th Century). This work was painted on 12 planks of wood joined together. In this painting, his human figures are effectively modelled, their limbs well drafted, and the wide lake is evoked by his accurate linear perspective.

By: Felix Martinez

By Felipe Roxas 1in 1866

Since most art produced during the Spanish period were for church, the friars enforced strict supervision over their production. Until the 19th century, painting was only for church and religious purposeSeveral Filipino painters had the chance to study and work abroad. Among them were Juan Novicio Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo who became the first international Filipino artists when they won the gold and silver medals in the 1884 Madrid Exposition.

Spolarium by Juan Luna

Lunas academic painting Spoliarium won gold medal. It showed the dead and dying Roman Gladiators being dragged into the basement of the Coliseum. It is often interpreted as an allusion to Imperial Spains oppression of the natives. Though winning the gold medal, Luna was not awarded the Medal of Excellence, the top award for the competition, because he was a Filipino. The King of Spain, to assuage Lunas feelings, commissioned him to paint The Battle at Lepanto.The Battle at Lepanto

Death of Cleopatra(1881) by Juan Luna, gold award

Las Damas Romanasby Juan Luna

The Parisian Life by Juan Luna

La Barca de Aqueronte by Felix Resureccion Hidalgo

Virgenes christianas expuestas al populacho

American PeriodDuring this period there are few painters, and they painted simply for the love of art. Painting was standstill because commerce was generally restricted during the period between the Spanish rule and the assumption of the American government.Famous Painter during this timeMiguel ZaragozaRafael EnriquezFabian dela RosaTeodoro BuenaventuraJorge PenidaRamon PeraltaIsidro AnchetaFernando AmorsoloCastillo by Jorge Pineda

By Ramon Peralta

Rice Planting by Fabian dela Rosa

Leyendo Periodico (2nd prize)by Fernando Amorsolo

Cabeza de Estudio(2nd prize)by Fernando Amorsolo

OracionOracion

Sunday Morning

The Market PlaceThis painting shows the marketplace during the Japanese occupation in 1942.

Defence of a Filipina Woman's Honour,This Painting is a representation of World War II-era. This painting shows a Filipino man defends a woman, who is either his wife or daughter, from being raped by an unseen Japanese soldier.

He designed this logo for Ginebra San Miguel (Markang Demonyo), depicting St. Micheal vanquishing the devil. The logo is still in use in its original form up to the present.

Modern PeriodIn this period the painters were set to sketch portraits for a living. In 1951 a gallery for modern painting was established on a side street of Calle Mabini in Ermita. This gallery is called the Philippine Art Gallery.Painters during this periodRomeo EnriquezFernando Zobel Jr.Victor OteyzaManuel RodriguesArturo Rogelio LuzHugo YonzonVicente ManansalaBernardo OcampoRomeo TabuenaCeasar LegaspiBy Vicente Manansala

Madonna of slums

By Bernardo Ocampo

By Romeo Tabuena

By Ceasar Legaspi

Brown Madonna by Galo Ocampo

Muslim bethoral by Carlos Ocampo

By Fernando Zobel Jr.

By Arturo Rogelio Luz

Immaculate Conception Church, Bulacan

Mt. Carmel Church, Lipa, Batangas

Sta. Rita Church, Pampanga

Sto. Nio Basilica, Cebu

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SCULPTURE IN THE PHILIPPINESSPANISH PERIODSpaniards arrive in the phil. In early 16th century.Sculpture developed very slowly in the phil. The cavers learned from their predecessors or from the experience of fellow carvers.In manila , there were not only native carvers but also Sangleys who skillful carvers.Examples of 18th century images is the San Agustin church were one of baroque art andreligious sculpture.

AMERICAN PERIODAfter the revolution in 1896, the filipino sculptors began to erect monuments.Monument of Jose Rizal

Oblation in U.P Diliman By: Guillermo Tolentino

It was constructed at the Rizal hall area. Later, it was transferred to the UP Diliman.METROPOLITAN THEATRE by: Francisco R. Monti

Was the largest of the building during modernism period.

ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES

Architecture During The Spanish Period

In the early part of Spanish regime, houses still used light materials. Later on, stronger materials were used. Adobe stones were used as materials for construction. Churches were built on the eastern side of plaza and Casa Real or Casa judicial on the opposite side. Native houses were situated away from the town center.

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Early Churches of IntramurosThe first building of architectural importance in Intramuros were the San Agustin Church and Manila Cathedral. Chief characteristic of these buildings were their massiveness and stability. The San Agustin church is one of the few churches constructed in the Phil. With a true barrel vaulting that made the church withstood the severest earthquakes.

The Manila Cathedral which was destroyed by earthquakes in 1863 was rebuilt under Fr. Urcioni; also an architect. It had three Naves: the sacristy was behind the main altar; huge octagonal tower and faade was in the Renaissance style. In the provinces, the parish priest managed the church construction.

Manila Cathedral

San Agustin Church

Early Churches in Northern LuzonThese churches the Our Lady of Purification Parish Church in Binmaley (Pangasinan); Dagupan City(St. John Cathedral and St. Therese Church), San Fernando City and Laoag City, Paoay and Bacarra in Ilocos Norte and other churches in Region 1-had something in common . Nearly all of them are in barn style, of large dimensions, have high pitched roofs which give a squat silhoutte. Despite the repairs and reconstruction made after the last war, the injured portions are still discernible. San Fernando City (La Union) ChurchThis church gives the appearance of a false front when seen from the sides. This is the result of the restoration of the faade, the only portion of the church accorrded with architectural treatment originally.

The architecture is classic form. Comice and band separate the first story fom the second. Pairs of engaged Tuscan looking pillars flash the main portal. Similar pillars are repeated in the second story where they flash a choir light. The third story is lesser in height. The edges of each story were treated differently-the second story with stylized acanthus; third story, with volutes; and fourth story, with pies de gallo and is capped in a curved pediment supported by engaged pillars. San Fernando City Church(La Union)

Bauang Church(La Union)

This church is quasi-classic style. The faade is a tall rectangle whose inclined sides probably followed the pitch of the tile roof that covered the nave originally. Four tall composite pillars adorned the rectangle in the traditional manner. False doors are on each side of the portal. The capitals of the pillars are of two sections separated by two bands. Three anahaw leaves adorn the lower section. Bauang Church(La Union)

Some Churches in ManilaBinondo Church

This Church was built in 18th century, originally had the shape of truncated cone. It was damaged by the 1863 earthquake. It was rebuilt later.

San Sebastian Church

This church was damaged by earthquake in 1863 and 1880, was changed into a new face. The recollect fathers built a new one that would stand all disasters. The church was one of the first prefabicated buildings in the Philippines.

Santo Domingo ChurchThis church was reconstructed of brick and stone. The style is quasi-Gothic. The completion of the church reconstructed at that time was done by Felix Roxas. Felix Roxas was a distinct architect who designed buildings like the Enriquez house and Paterno house,

Vigan Cathedral (Ilocos Sur)Is said to be the first building in ilocos region to have a tile roof. In this niche is the equestrian image of Santiago.

Vigan Cathedral (Ilocos Sur)

Laoag Church (Ilocos Norte)

Completed in the 19th century, was built by the Augustinians.

Pampanga and Bulacan ChurchesLubao ChurchSuferred heavy damage in 1942 because of japanese shelling. The roof ceiling was damaged but the three storey high retable escaped damage.Lubao Church(Pampanga)

San Miguel de Mayumo ChurchIs noted for once beautifully painted ceiling of the nave and dome. The decoration painted in local tempera deteriorated but restored later.San Miguel de Mayumo ( Bulacan)

Barasoian ChurchHas a faade with a mixed features compuesto style. Barasoian Church (Bulacan)

Morong churchIs of baroque architecture. The cornices and balustrades of the first and second stories fit into the curved recession.Tanay churchWhose bell tower stands high, was built in 1873. The statue of St. Idelfonso is lodged in the pediment niche.Miagao ChurchWas constructed in the 18th century using stones gathered by the townsfolk. The tobriya gathered from a far distance were used for the structural parts while the other parts of stones for ornamentation. Miagao Church (Ilo-ilo)

Syquia Mansion (Vigan City)

Architecture during the American PeriodDuring the early stage of American Period repair rehabilitation and construction of buildings and other structures were done principally by army engineers employed by governor taft.Architecture during the American Period

Concrete buildings in ManilaThe Phil. Normal University in Taft Avenue were the first big reinforced concrete building erected in manila.Concrete buildings in Manila

Contemporary ArchitectureMetropolitan Theatre, Liwasang Bonifacio

Capitol Building(Bacolod City)

The Post Office building designed also by Toledo and Arellano, situated in Plaza Lawton (now Liwasang Bonifacio) was erected in 1926. It was designed to cater to the public. One side of the spacious lobby is a continuous counter with grills set with windows at intervals. Thank you for listeningBy Juliet LacsonMary Jane BarcelonaImmghard Jade Songcayawon