CAR-PARKS

@ Longitudinal ramp

a Large garage at Siemens @ Transverse ramp

@ Section 10 t 7 95+7 95+7 9 5 t 5 004

In accordance w l th the regulations applicable t o garages. small garages are d e f ~ n e d as those w l th ~ 1 0 0 n i ~ effective area.

med lum garages are those w l th 100-1000mZ ef fect ive area;

large garages are those wtth 11000m2 effective area

Underground garages are defined as those wtth the f loor level on average

21.30m be low the surface of the ground

Separate entrances and exits must be provlded for large garages

These garages are normal ly located close t o potnts of major t ra f f~c

congestion such as railway stattons, airports, shopplng centres, theatres.

ctnernas, off lce and admlnlst rat lon blocks and large resldentlal bu~ ld lngs .

M e d l u m and large garages must be located In e a s ~ l y accesstble areas.

have a clear headroom of 2.00m, even be low the ma in beams, ventl latton

ducts and other structural components. On the ground floor, thls clear

headroom is normal ly larger, as the space is of ten used for other

purposes. To accommodate smal l transport vehtcles, t h ~ s hetght should be

2.50m. Floor loadlngs must be In accordance w l th local standards Open

garages have openings wh ich cannot be closed (equal In s12e t o one thlrd

of the total area of the outslde walls) leadlng dtrectly into the open alc and

div ided In such a way that there ts continuous th rough-ven t~ la t~on , even

in the presence of weather screentng. There 1s an ingenious example o f a car-park In the centre o f Geneva

beneath the rlver Rhone. The entrance and extt points are o n the

approaches t o the Rhone brldge + 3 Vehhlcles can easlly fllter In and out

o f the traffic f l ow by means of access ramps o n bo th sldes. Al l storeys are accessed b y a rlght-hand drlve u p a central s loplng ramp . 'cD - $ N o

staff are necessarv as there are automatic parklng tlcket machlnes In use Trie L r rer a for the q.ral tv o f m..lt storey :ar parks are safzt, n ..sc

r. ear vls D 11) [)ark ng-space nlarklt lq to c n a o ~ e dr,vers 13 r r l n e m u i r t11c5

ocatton of tne r vnh cles, anu ntcgrat 011 n to tnc c s n t i x t o f I.lnrl

p lann rig

Other factors t o be considered are: natural lhghttng and ventl latlon.

clear v iews t o the outside, plants and greenery and a s lmple system of

collecting charges.

8 @ Plan view of multi-storey ramped car-park LO

high water

escape passage

key out rnergency ex l t

v e n t ~ l a f ~ o n ducts

u -- - - - - -- - - - - . - . - - 0 5 10 15 ZOm

entrances

/ /

/ /

pedestr~ans entrances and exits

emergency exlt

design and construc1,on C Zschokke

@ Under lake car-park in Geneva, Switzerland, Plan view of 1st floor. 372 parking spaces

CAR-PARKS

@ Banking @ Earth wall

-2 T 2 10

@ Plant cover @ Canopy (for sound-proofing)

@) Roofed over @ At a lower level

Multi-storey structure with @ full ramps

Plan view -, a

Full ramps, no loss of space @ Plan view + @ @ Gradient 56%

@ Half-storey ramp car-park @ Plan view + 0 (D'Humy system)

Examples + a - @ show how parking spaces can be creatively integrated into their surroundings without restricting their use. Parking spaces can be completely or partially sunken or provided with roof planting to increase the area of open space + 0-0. Planting not only enhances the look of the area, but also provides shade and improves the environment by absorbing dust.

There are various ramp systems for gaining access to upper and lower floors of car-parks. The gradients of the ramps should not exceed 15%, or in the case of small garages 20%. A horizontal run of more than 5 m must be included between an area carrying general traffic and ramps with more than 5% gradient. For car ramps the run must be more than 3 m long, with ramps that can be up to 10% gradient. The options available for the arrangement and design of ramps can be summarised under four main headings - 0 - 0: (1) straight, parallel and continuous multi-storey ramps with

intermediate landings, with separate ramps for up and down traffic located at opposite ends + a-@;

(2)sloping floors, with a full width ramp with no loss of space. The entire car-park structure consists of sloping levels. A space-saving system is shown r @ - 0 with a gradient of more than 6%;

(3) offset half storeys (D'Humy ramps); parking areas are offset half storeys, height is gained by the use of short r a m p s o - @ a n d +a-@;

(4) spiral ramps - a relatively expensive design which lacks good visibility. The circular shape makes poor use of remaining areas + @ - @ and + @ and @. Spiral ramps must have a transverse gradient of more than 3%. The radius of the edge of the inner lane must be more than 5m. In large garages where special pedestrian routes are not provided, the ramps that are used by both vehicles and pedestrians must have a raised pavement at least 80cm wide. Medium-sized and large garages must have the following minimum width of lanes at entrances and exits:

3 m when used by vehicles up to 2 m wide; 3.5m when used by wider vehicles.

13% gradient

@ Spiral ramp ear-park Plan view + @. The @ Basic forms of D'Humy ramp Dovetailing of storeys @ smaller the ramp radius, Ramps have 13-15% gradient the wider the lane

Separate circular towers for @ Plan view - @ @ ramps at the corners Spiral ramp, adjacent up and Double spiral ramps,

@ down lanes @ superimposed up and down lanes

CAR-PARKS access lane - access lane - " \

Y a Poss!ble column positions. 2 Parking at 450 to access lane parkang at 90" to access lane 0

0% road

A .. .

+ 5 W + > 4 W i Bi s ~ m p l e r deslgn n c l u d ~ n g s t ra~ght runs

@ Change of gradient on ramps

($ Possible positions of columns

All the load bearing components of multistorey car-parks (floors, walls, support columns, bracing) must be fire-resistant. Garages open t o the air mus t be o f f i re retardant d e s ~ g n . The recommended clearance height in multistorey and basement garages is 2.20m. It is sensible to al low an extra 25cm for directional signs for drivers and pedestrians. A further 5cm is required for subsequent repair coats to the wearing surface. giving a total mean height of 2.50m, plus structures above the access lanes, which means a height per storey of 2.75-3.50m. depending upon the choice of design. A relat~vely narrow column grid pattern can, wi th careful planning and design, reduce bui lding costs and height without any loss of function 4 + 21. Long span structures wi th no columns take up 7-12% less floor area than those wi th conventional support columns + @.

Gradients and ramps must be appropriately shaped and designed + @. Straight or spiral parking ramps are constructed by sloping the floor. With a spiral shape 4 @, you can have veh~cles o n both sides of the ramp. In @ it can be seen that the area required for a given number o f cars t o be parked, including the area required for manoeuvring, can be determined at the preliminary design stage. Layouts of multistoried garages and arrangements of ramps are shown + a. These include t w o offset double rows of parked vehicles, four rows, six rows, parking in a corner, ramps in the direction o f traffic, a multistorey car-park wi th ramps and finally one wi th parking on a continuous helical ramp.

Reinforced concrete structures (wi th concrete mixed on site, pre-cast sections o r hybr id construction) best meet the requirements for fire protection. As a rule, steel structures provide the main and subsidiary support systems and must be protected f rom fire wi th concrete, fire resistant cladding or other fire- proofing coatings. In garages, high loads should be allowed for, in addition t o permitted superimposed loads of motor veh~cles of 3.5kN/m2, and of ramps 5kN/m2. Roofs wi th gardens on top have t o be designed for a loading of 10kN/m2.

area I " "72

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 number of veh~c les

@ With smaller radius of @ Spiral parking ramp @ Area required for parking spaces, including room for ramps, larger lane widths manoeuvring

iour rows two offset sets s x raws rtght angled layout rnul t~storey car park wlth spl ra l ramps of two rows ramps In drec t ion of t r a f f c w ~ t h ramps -

@ Plan views and arrangement of ramps