design and fabrication of low cost and soda bottle washing machine

8/17/2019 Design and Fabrication of Low Cost and Soda Bottle Washing Machine

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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF LOW COST AND SODA BOTTLE

WASHING MACHINE

ABSTRACT:

Improper wash of reused bottles in soft drink production plants can result in

high cost of production and potentially dangerous health hazard to customers. In

the conventional methods, the washing is done with the aid of Human Work. This

process is time consuming and repetitive work and also Human effort was needed.

This project presents an ffective way to wash the soda !ottle without the human

intervention. !y this proposed process, the inner surface of the soda bottle was

cleaned with effective manner.

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CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 OVERVIEW:

To make sure people meeting their daily re"uirements, many people take

water bottles to work, school and to the gym, and more people are opting for

reusable types to save a few bucks and to help the environment. We are fortunate to

have potable water to refill our bottles but not washing them out regularly could

make you sick.

The people don#t know that. $o matter how crisp or clear the water, bacteria

can grow in it.% especially if you#re using a disposable water bottle that isn#t really

meant to be used more than once. In an article, e&perts pointed out that commercial

bottled water manufacturers don#t recommend that consumers reuse their

disposable bottles. That#s because 'everyday wear and tear from repeated washings

and reuse can lead to physical breakdown of the plastic, such as visible thinning or

cracks. !acteria can harbor in the cracks, posing a health risk. In addition, 'reuse

of plastic water bottles can lead to bacterial contamination unless washed

regularly,% which entails washing the bottle with mild soap, rinsing it well (but not

with e&tremely hot water) and making sure there is no ' physical breakdown prior

to use.%

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http://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/medicine/divisions/digestive-health/nutrition-support-team/nutrition-articles/LeisingArticle.pdfhttp://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/medicine/divisions/digestive-health/nutrition-support-team/nutrition-articles/LeisingArticle.pdfhttp://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/medicine/divisions/digestive-health/nutrition-support-team/nutrition-articles/LeisingArticle.pdfhttp://www.medicine.virginia.edu/clinical/departments/medicine/divisions/digestive-health/nutrition-support-team/nutrition-articles/LeisingArticle.pdf


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1.2 ABOUT THE PROJECT:

ven reusable plastic water bottles could hold bacterial contamination risks,

if you don#t wash them or reuse them despite 'visual evidence of wear and tear,%

according to the article. '!acteria that may settle in the cracks and scratches of the

bottle appear to pose a greater health risk than the possibility of chemicals leaching

from the plastic during daily risk.% While the researchers did not e&amine the e&act

source of the contamination, 'the most likely source of enteric bacteria found in

the students# water bottles is the hands of the students themselves,% according to

the study. Thus these study results, the danger of improper washing of the bottles.

These may cause severe health attacks. Thus by our proposed system, the soda

bottle can be washed in proper manner. Thereby the human effort also can be

reduced drastically.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1) Asaana S. E!!"#$ %! P&"ss'&"( T"*"&a$'&" an+ Ca's$,# S%+a

C%n#"n$&a$,%n %n $" P"&!%&an#" %! an A'$%a$"+ B%$$" Was"&( Mas$"&/s

$"s,s( D"*$. %! M"#an,#a En0.( a" N3&'a Un,4"&s,$5 %! S#,"n#" an+

T"#n%%05.( 'as,( Mass.( 2667

This project deals with the cleaning of bottles used for the packing soft

drinks. This project will be "uite useful when implemented in soft drinks

manufacturing companies as bottles are collected and reused for packing.

*ecently cleanliness of the bottles had brought in a "uality problem which

leads to the reduction in the sales for these soft drinks. Hence such a project which

automates the cleaning of bottles might be of some help provided the water used

for purpose is fre"uently changed and checked. This project helps in providing the

fabrication of the simple model for the bottle washing machine. Here the

pneumatic unit, solenoid valve and the control unit is used. Thus this project deals

with the automatic washing of the bottles.

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2) C",#a( N'$&,"n$s( a++,$,4"s 8 T%9,ns: Pas$,# a$"& B%$$"s;. N"


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?) N,#%S#a&na0@( U&,3" B'ns"( a's-V,3$%& P",n"ann( R"#5#,n0 %!

as,n0 a$"&s !&% >%$$" #"an,n0 a#,n"s 's,n0 ">&an"s. P&%#""+,n0s

%! $" C%n!"&"n#" %n M">&an"s ,n D&,n3,n0 an+ In+'s$&,a Wa$"&

P&%+'#$,%n( ISBN 6- ==-6=6-2( O#$%>"& 2666( D"sa,na$,%n P'>,#a$,%ns(

LA',a( I$a5 V%'" 1( *a0"s 7

*eused bottles could develop bacteria in the bottle between uses. -outh

contact to the bottle openings can easily transfer bacteria to the water content,

which can contaminate both bottle and water. 1ontamination will cause bacterial

and fungal growth in the water while kept in storage2 if the user cleans the bottle

thoroughly before reuse, the risk is much less. The researchers did not e&amine the

e&act source of the contamination, 'the most likely source of enteric bacteria found

in the students# water bottles is the hands of the students themselves,% according to

the study. Thus these study results, the danger of improper washing of the bottles.

These may cause severe health attacks.

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) P"&an"n$ C%,$$"" %n T"#n%%05 an+ Sa!"$5 Ja*an S%+a In+'s$&5

Ass%#,a$,%n( Sa!"$5 Han+,n0 %! Ca's$,# S%+a( R"4,s"+ N%4.( 26( 266=(

*'>,s"+ >5 Ja*an S%+a In+'s$&5 Ass%#,a$,%n

This project deals about the safety handling of the caustic soda. 1austic soda

(e&cluding solutions containing not more than 34 caustic soda) is designated as a

deleterious substance under 5apanese laws, and is a strongly corrosive substance.

6ersons who handle caustic soda should learn about related laws and regulations

(such as the 6oisonous and 7eleterious ubstance 1ontrol 8aw), its properties, and

precautions on handling2 and should observe them to ensure safety. This 6roject

compiles the information that dealers, transporters, and consumers handling caustic

soda need to know as a guideline for the routine prevention of accidents.

!acteria can harbor in the cracks, posing a health risk. In addition, 'reuse of

plastic water bottles can lead to bacterial contamination unless washed regularly,%

which entails washing the bottle with mild soap, rinsing it well (but not with

e&tremely hot water) and making sure there is no ' physical breakdown prior to

use.%

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CHAPTER-?

PROPOSED SSTEM

?.1 BLOC DIAGRAM:

8

AC MOTOR

POWER SOURCE

226 AC

SHAFT

BRUSH


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?.2 WORING:

This project presents an design and fabrication of soda bottle washing

machine. The model consists of the +1 -otor. The power is supplied to the +1

-otor where the +1 motor runs at 99:v. Thereby the +1 supply -otor input was

connected by means of the shaft. +t the end of the shaft, the brush is connected. If

the motor rotates, the shaft rotates and thereby the brush also rotates. The un0

cleaned bottle is taken near to the brush thereby the inner surface of the bottle is

cleaned at effective manner ; "uick manner. !ecause Improper wash of reused

bottles in soft drink production plants can result in high cost of production and

potentially dangerous health hazard to customers. The project presents a cost

effective solution for the washing soda bottles which avoids health hazards.

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CHAPTER-

COMPONENTS REUIRED

-/T/*

6/W* T

!*


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CHAPTER-

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

.1 MOTOR:

+n electric motor converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. -ost

electric motors operate through interacting magnetic fields and current0carrying

conductors to generate force, although electrostatic motors use electrostatic forces.

The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical energy, is done

by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo. -any types of electric motors can

be run as generators, and vice versa. >or e&ample a starter?generator for a gas

turbine, or traction motors used on vehicles, often perform both tasks. lectric

motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric machines.

lectric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans,

blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk

drives. They may be powered by direct current (e.g., a battery powered portable

device or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electrical

distribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches.

-edium0size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide

convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electric motors

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are used for propulsion of ships, pipeline compressors, and water pumps with

ratings in the millions of watts. lectric motors may be classified by the source of

electric power, by their internal construction, by their application, or by the type of

motion they give.

The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the

interactions of an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as @A9@.

lectric motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the @Bth

century, but commercial e&ploitation of electric motors on a large scale re"uired

efficient electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.

ome devices, such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers, although

they generate some mechanical power, are not generally referred to as electric

motors, and are usually termed actuators and transducers, respectively.

WORING:

The conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy by an

electromagnetic means was demonstrated by the !ritish scientist -ichael >araday

in @A9@. + free0hanging wire was dipped into a pool of mercury, on which a

permanent magnet was placed. When a current was passed through the wire, the

wire rotated around the magnet, showing that the current gave rise to a close

circular magnetic field around the wire. This motor is often demonstrated in school

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physics classes, but brine (salt water) is sometimes used in place of the to&ic

mercury. This is the simplest form of a class of devices called homopolar motors. +

later refinement is the !arlowCs wheel. These were demonstration devices only,

unsuited to practical applications due to their primitive construction

+lthough they were used only for instructional purposes, in @A9A 5edlik

demonstrated the first device to contain the three main components of practical

direct current motors the stator , rotor and commutator . The device employed no

permanent magnets, as the magnetic fields of both the stationary and revolving

components were produced solely by the currents flowing through their windings

.1.1 DC MOTORS

+ 71 motor is designed to run on 71 electric power. Two e&amples of pure

71 designs are -ichael >aradayCs homopolar motor (which is uncommon), and the

ball bearing motor , which is (so far) a novelty. !y far the most common 71 motor

types are the brushed and brushless types, which use internal and e&ternal

commutation respectively to periodically reverse the current in the rotor windings.

P"&an"n$-a0n"$ %$%&s

+ permanent0magnet motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame,

instead relying on permanent magnets to provide the magnetic field against which

the rotor field interacts to produce tor"ue. 1ompensating windings in series with

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the armature may be used on large motors to improve communication under load.

!ecause this field is fi&ed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. 6ermanent0

magnet motors are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power

consumption of the field winding. -ost larger 71 motors are of the DdynamoD

type, which re"uires current to flow in field windings to provide the stator

magnetic field.

To minimize overall weight and size, miniature permanent0magnet motors

may use high energy magnets made with neodymium or other strategic elements.

With the higher flu& density provided, electric machines with high energy

permanent magnets are at least competitive with all optimally designed singly0fed

synchronous and induction electric machines .

.1.2 AC MOTOR:

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+n AC M%$%& converts electric energy into mechanical energy. +n +1

-otor uses alternating current 0 in other words, the direction of current flow

changes periodically. In the case of common +1 that is used throughout most of

the


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.1.? TPES:

POLPHASE CAGE ROTOR:

-ost common +1 motors use the s"uirrel0cage rotor , which will be found in

virtually all domestic and light industrial alternating current motors. The s"uirrel0

cage refers to the rotating e&ercise cage for pet animals. The motor takes its name

from the shape of its rotor DwindingsD0 a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars

connecting the rings running the length of the rotor. It is typically cast aluminum or

copper poured between the iron laminates of the rotor, and usually only the end

rings will be visible. The vast majority of the rotor currents will flow through the

bars rather than the higher0resistance and usually varnished laminates. Fery low

voltages at very high currents are typical in the bars and end rings2 high efficiency

motors will often use cast copper to reduce the resistance in the rotor.

In operation, the s"uirrel0cage motor may be viewed as a transformer with a

rotating secondary. When the rotor is not rotating in sync with the magnetic field,

large rotor currents are induced2 the large rotor currents magnetize the rotor and

interact with the statorCs magnetic fields to bring the rotor almost into

synchronization with the statorCs field. +n unloaded s"uirrel0cage motor at rated

no0load speed will consume electrical power only to maintain rotor speed against

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friction and resistance losses. +s the mechanical load increases, so will the

electrical load 0 the electrical load is inherently related to the mechanical load. This

is similar to a transformer, where the primaryCs electrical load is related to the

secondaryCs electrical load.

POLPHASE WOUND MOTOR:

+n alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable speed is

re"uired. In this case, the rotor has the same number of poles as the stator and the

windings are made of wire, connected to slip rings on the shaft. 1arbon brushes

connect the slip rings to a controller such as a variable resistor that allows

changing the motorCs slip rate. In certain high0power variable0speed wound rotor

drives, the slip0fre"uency energy is captured, rectified, and returned to the power

supply through an inverter. With bidirectionally controlled power, the wound rotor

becomes an active participant in the energy conversion process, with the wound

rotor doubly fed configuration showing twice the power density.

1ompared to s"uirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are e&pensive and

re"uire maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the standard form

for variable speed control before the advent of compact power electronic devices.

Transistorized inverters with variable0fre"uency drive can now be used for speed

control, and wound rotor motors are becoming less common.

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everal methods of starting a polyphase motor are used. Where a large

inrush current and high starting tor"ue can be permitted, the motor can be started

across the line, by applying full line voltage to the terminals (direct0on0line, 7/8).

Where it is necessary to limit the starting inrush current (where the motor is large

compared with the short0circuit capacity of the supply), the motor is started at

reduced voltage using series inductors, an autotransformer , thyristors, or other

devices.

INDUCTION MOTOR:

+n induction or asynchronous motor is an +1 electric motor in which

the electric current in the rotor needed to produce tor"ue is obtained

by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. +n

induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor

as are found in universal, 71 and synchronous motors. +n induction motorCs rotor

can be either wound type or s"uirrel0cage type.

Three0phase s"uirrel0cage induction motors are widely used in industrial

drives because they are rugged, reliable and economical. ingle0phase induction

motors are used e&tensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances like

fans. +lthough traditionally used in fi&ed0speed service, induction motors are

increasingly being used with variable0fre"uency drives (F>7s) in variable0speed

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service. F>7s offer especially important energy savings opportunities for e&isting

and prospective induction motors in variable0tor"ue centrifugal fan, pump and

compressor load applications. "uirrel cage induction motors are very widely used

in both fi&ed0speed and variable0fre"uency drive (F>7) applications. Fariable

voltage and variable fre"uency drives are also used in variable0speed service.

In both induction and synchronous motors, the +1 power supplied to the

motorCs stator creates a magnetic field that rotates in time with the +1 oscillations.

Whereas a synchronous motorCs rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field, an

induction motorCs rotor rotates at a slower speed than the stator field. The induction

motor statorCs magnetic field is therefore changing or rotating relative to the rotor.

This induces an opposing current in the induction motorCs rotor.

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.2 BRUSH:

+ brush is a tool with bristles, wire or other filaments, used

for cleaning, grooming hair , make0up, painting, surface finishing and for many

other purposes. It is one of the most basic and versatile tools known to mankind,

and the average household may contain several dozen varieties. It generally

consists of a handle or block to which filaments are affi&ed either parallel0 or

perpendicular0wise, depending on the way the brush is to be gripped during use.

The material of both the block and bristles or filaments is chosen to withstand

hazards of its application, such as corrosive chemicals, heat or abrasion.

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.? SHAFT

+ shaft is a rotating member usually of circular cross section (solid or

hollow), which is used to transmit power and rotational motion. +&les are non

rotating member.G lements such as gears, pulleys (sheaves), flywheels, clutches,

and sprockets are mounted on the shaft and are used to transmit power from the

driving device (motor or engine) through a machine.

The rotational force (tor"ue) is transmitted to these elements on the shaft by

press fit, keys, dowel, pins and splines. The shaft rotates on rolling contact or

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bush bearings. Farious types of retaining rings, thrust bearings, grooves and steps

in the shaft are used to take up a&ial loads and locate the rotating elements.

Sa!$ D"s,0n P&%#"+'&"

@. 7evelop the free body diagram2 model the various machine elements mounted

on the

shaft in terms of forces and tor"ues

9. 7evelop the shear and moment diagram2 identify bending moment (leads to

normal

stress) and tor"ue (leads to shear stress)

. Identify critical locations for stress analysis2 calculate stresses (known

diameter)

. 7etermine diameter or select material based on failure theories.

.?.1 DRIVE SHAFT:

+ drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or 1ardan shaft is a

mechanical component for transmitting tor"ue and rotation, usually used to

connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly

because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.

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7rive shafts are carriers of tor"ue they are subject to torsion and shear stress,

e"uivalent to the difference between the input tor"ue and the load. They must

therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional

weight as that would in turn increase their inertia. 7rive shafts fre"uently

incorporate one or more universal joints or jaw couplings, and sometimes a splined

joint or prismatic joint to allow for variations in the alignment and distance

between the driving and driven components.

.?.2 LINE SHAFT:

+ line shaft is a power driven rotating shaft for power transmission that was

used e&tensively from the Industrial *evolution until the early 9:th century. 6rior

to the widespread use of electric motors small enough to be connected directly to

each piece of machinery, line shafting was used to distribute power from a large

central power source to machinery throughout an industrial comple&. The central

power source could be a water wheel, turbine, windmill, animal power or a steam

engine. 6ower was distributed from the shaft to the machinery by a system of belts,

pulleys and gears known as millwork.

+ typical line shaft would be suspended from the ceiling of one area and

would run the length of that area. /ne pulley on the shaft would receive the power

from the a parent line shaft elsewhere in the building. The other pulleys would

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supply power to pulleys on each individual machine or to subse"uent line shafts. In

manufacturing where there were a large number of machines performing the same

tasks, the design of the system was fairly regular and repeated. In other

applications such as machine and wood shops where there was a variety of

machines with different orientations and power re"uirements, the system would

appear erratic and inconsistent with many different shafting directions and pulley

sizes.

hafts were usually horizontal and overhead but occasionally were vertical

and could be underground. hafts were usually rigid steel, made up of several parts

bolted together at flanges. The shafts were suspended by hangers with bearings at

certain intervals of length. The distance depended on the weight of the shaft and

the number of pulleys. The shafts had to be kept aligned or the stress would

overheat the bearings and could break the shaft. The bearings were

usually friction type and had to be kept lubricated. 6ulley lubricator employees

were re"uired in order to ensure that the bearings did not freeze or malfunction.

In the earliest applications power was transmitted between pulleys using

loops of rope on grooved pulleys. This method is e&tremely rare today, dating

mostly from the @Ath century. >lat belts on flat pulleys or drums were the most

common method during the @Bth and early 9:th centuries. The belts were generally

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tanned leather or cotton duck impregnated with rubber. 8eather belts were fastened

in loops with rawhide or wire lacing, lap joints and glue, or one of several types of

steel fasteners. 1otton duck belts usually used metal fasteners or were melted

together with heat.

The leather belts were run with the hair side against the pulleys for best

traction. The belts needed periodic cleaning and conditioning to keep them in good

condition. !elts were often twisted @A: degrees per leg and reversed on the

receiving pulley to cause the second shaft to rotate in the opposite direction.

6ulleys were constructed of wood, iron, steel or a combination thereof.

Farying sizes of pulleys were used in conjunction to change the speed of rotation.

>or e&ample a :D pulley at @:: rpm would turn a 9:D pulley at 9:: rpm. 6ulleys

solidly attached to the shaft could be combined with adjacent pulleys that turned

freely on the shaft (idlers). In this configuration the belt could be maneuvered onto

the idler to stop power transmission or onto the solid pulley to convey the power.

This arrangement was often used near machines to provide a means of

shutting the machine off when not in use.


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speed rather than belts and different sized pulleys, but this seems to have been

relatively uncommon.

. POWER SUPPL:

B%#3 +,a0&a !%& *%"& s'**5:

V12V R"0'a$"+ DC P%"& S'**5

+ 7irect 1urrent (71) supply is needed by most circuits as a constant

reference voltage. +lso, some components would be damaged by the negative

half0cycles of an +1 supply. + 71 supply, stays at a fi&ed, regular, voltage all of

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the time, like the voltage from a battery. >ollowing is a block diagram of a power

supply system which converts a 9:F +1 mains supply (9:F is the &,+0" %& >&,+0" &"#$,!,"& is an arrangement of four diodes in

a bridge configuration that provides the same polarity of output voltage for either

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polarity of input voltage. When used in its most common application, for

conversion of alternating current (+1) input into direct current (71) output, it is

known as a bridge rectifier.

In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the "!$ corner of the

diamond is *%s,$,4" (>ig. +), and the input connected to the &,0$ corner

is n"0a$,4", current flows from the '**"& supply terminal to the right along

the &"+ (positive) path to the output, and returns to the %"& supply terminal via

the >'" (negative) path.

When the input connected to the "!$ corner is n"0a$,4" (>ig. !), and the

input connected to the &,0$ corner is *%s,$,4", current flows from the %"&

supply terminal to the right along the &"+ path to the output, and returns to

the '**"& supply terminal via the >'" path. In each case, the upper right output

remains positive and lower right output negative. ince this is true whether the

input is +1 or 71, this circuit not only produces a 71 output from an +1 input, it

can also provide what is sometimes called Dreverse polarity protectionD. That is, it

permits normal functioning of 710powered e"uipment when batteries have been

installed backwards, or when the leads (wires) from a 71 power source have been

reversed, and protects the e"uipment from potential damage caused by reverse

polarity.

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S%%$,n0

-ost circuits will re"uire CsmoothingC of the 71 output of a rectifier, and this

is a simple matter since it involves only one capacitor.

R"0'a$%&

Foltage regulator I1s are available with fi&ed (typically 3, E, A, B, @:, @9, @3,

@A and 9F) or variable output voltages. They are also rated by the ma&imum

current they can pass. $egative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in

dual supplies. -ost regulators include some automatic protection from e&cessive

current (Coverload protectionC) and overheating (Cthermal protectionC).

CHAPTER-=

ADVANTAGES 8 APPLICATIONS

=.1 ADVANTAGES:

@. The !ottle can be easily washed.

9. Handling is easy

. 8ess -anual power

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. Time aving and High 6roduction ystem.

3. *eplacement of parts are easy

=.2 DISADVANTAGES:

/ne bottle only washed at a time.

1are must be taken for the handling the -otor e"uipment such as for proper

wiring connection, etc.

8ess -anual work is needed.

=.? APPLICATIONS:

-ineral Water 6lant Industries

1ool 7rinks Industries

>actory, etcK

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

This project presents an ffective way to wash the soda !ottle without the

human intervention. !y this proposed process, the inner surface of the soda bottle

was cleaned with effective manner. In the conventional methods, the washing is

done with the aid of Human Work. This process is time consuming and repetitive

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work and also Human effort was needed. This project presents an process of

washing bottles in the most cost effective manner and also it reduces the human

effort at ma&imum.

REFERENCES:

L@M +saana . Nffect of 6ressure, Temperature and 1austic oda 1oncentration

on the 6erformance of an +utomated !ottle Washer, -aster#s thesis, 7ept. of

-echanical ng., Jwame $krumah


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L9M 1apobianco, 7.5. +nd >.1. !lanc, @BB:, Treatment of oftdrink yrup and

!ottling Wastewater using +naerobic


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the 1onference on -embranes in 7rinking and Industrial Water 6roduction, I!$

:0 AEEAB0:E:09, /ctober 9:::, 7esalination 6ublications, 8C+"uila, Italy Folume

@, pages AOSB3

LOM $eil *anklin, -ans oderbom and >rance Teal, (9::9), The hanaian

-anufacturing nterprise urvey 9::: 1entre for tudy of +frica conomics

(1+),

design and fabrication of low cost and soda bottle washing machine

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