Defence Reporter

Defence Reporter is a free service providing citations of recently published defence science and technology literature. Defence Reporter is one part of a series of services and products produced by ATHENA to keep readers up-to-date with the latest developments in key areas of defence science and technology.

Defence Reporter provides an update of reports, with unclassified citations, which have been added to the MOD’s ATHENA Collection.

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© Crown Copyright Dstl, 2014

The components for a typical citation, as they appear in Defence Reporter, are illustrated below:

Collection system identifierTitle

Publisher, year of publicationAbstract

Sample citation

R0001C6D0Airframe Structural Integrity Research and Technology Strategy - Phase 2Dstl Porton Down (GB) (2009)Within this report, Phase 2 of the task raised by CASD-ASI to develop a Structural Integrity Research and Technology Strategy is described. Additionally, development of fatigue data management systems to support several in-service aircraft fleets and expansion of low-cost Operational Loads Measurement capability development tasks are detailed.

Defence Science and Technology

Spring 2014Produced by Dstl

R0002FFCE

A Replication Study Of Body Mass Index, Changes in Body Mass, Lifestyle and Self Reported Health in the Royal Navy 2007-2012Environmental Medicine and Sciences, Gosport (GB) (2013)As part of the Royal Navy’s Stress Survey, in 2012 the “Work and Wellbeing Questionnaire’ was sent to all personnel who responded in 2007. A sub-set of data on body, stature health and lifestyle was analysed in an attempt to replicate similar analyses, conducted in 2011. A number of similarities were found between the original and replicated findings, with RN males displaying higher levels of obesity than RN females, and ratings higher levels of obesity than officers. A higher proportion of obese females had lost weight since 2007 to become overweight than did males, while the majority of healthy weight personnel remained a healthy weight five years later. The replication yielded a similar model of health and lifestyle effects on future health risk. Similar findings regarding the development of health complaints were found as in 2011; high body mass index (BMI) and change in BMI over time were related to the development of high blood pressure, musculoskeletal complaints, psychological strain and lower general health in 2012. No effects of prior exercise on the development of these complaints were found.

R0002ED12

A Retrospective Analysis of Admiralty Interview Board Data as a Predictor of Performance at Initial Officer TrainingInstitute of Naval Medicine, Gosport (GB) (2013)Performance data were collected from 468 naval officer cadets in Initial Officer Training (IOT) and were matched with the corresponding selection assessment scores from the Admiralty Interview Board (AIB). It was found that the multi-stage fitness assessment at the AIB was the best predictor of behavioural-based training assessments at IOT, significantly predicting mean and holistic score on the Assessed

Basic Leadership Exercise in week 7, pass/fail on the Maritime Leadership Exercise in week 26/27, and mean score on the standard report form which marks the cadet on various attributes at the end of IOT. In addition, AIB candidates who achieved a score of 6 or more out of 10 on the fitness test were nearly twice as likely to pass IOT overall as those who scored less than 6. These findings suggest that fitness score should be considered as a separate assessment at the AIB, as it distinguishes between officer cadets who do well at IOT and those who do less well. In addition, recommendations were made regarding the final board mark cut-off at the AIB, as all candidates scoring above the current cut-off of 180 had similar pass rates at IOT, suggesting that this cut-off could potentially be lowered without adverse impact on IOT performance. Overall, it was concluded that the AIB is selecting candidates who are generally successful at IOT (85% pass rate), but some changes to the competency-based scoring system might further improve the process. This report supports some of the findings and conclusions of previous assessments of the naval officer selection process.

R000300F7

A survey of crew exposure to noise in a ‘Terrier” Manoeuvre Support vehicleInstitute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke (GB) (2013)Noise measurements were made in a tracked “Terrier” Manoeuvre Support Vehicle that is used for digging and moving earth. Time histories of sound pressure were acquired onto an Edirol audio recorder from two locations (commander and driver) with the vehicle being driven over road, gravel track and cross-country terrain. Recordings were made with and without a trailer and whilst the vehicle was earth moving. Measurements were made approximately 15 cm from the right ear of the crew. The data have been assessed and interpreted in accord with the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. Average noise levels ranged from 91 dB(A), during earth moving, to 110dB(A), during travel over gravel track. Noise levels were generally similar at the driver’s location and at the commander’s seat. Exposure periods required to reach the ‘upper exposure action value’ of 85 dB(A) varied from about 1 minute to about 1 hour depending on the operation of the vehicle. The noise exposure of the crew would be expected to exceed the ‘upper exposure action value’ specified in the CNAWR. Recommendations have been made including provision of information and training on the forms of action that personnel may take to reduce their exposure to noise, a rigorous programme of maintenance for all hearing protection devices used and appropriate health surveillance for noise-exposed personnel.

R0002FD0D

A Survey of Noise Exposure of Personnel Unloading Vehicles From a Point Class VesselInstitute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke (GB) (2013)Noise measurements were made during the unloading

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Defence ReportsThis section provides details of scientific and technical reports added to the MOD’s ATHENA Collection in the previous period.

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Note: The report citations listed in this publication have been generated using an automated document scanning process. As a result, some references may contain formatting and/or punctuation irregularities.

of vehicles from the Point Class vessel Hartland Point at the Sea Mounting Centre, Marchwood. Time histories of sound pressure were acquired onto a sound level meter at personnel locations on the deck whilst vehicles were unloaded from the ship. Measurements were also made during other operations including; a JCB; within the cab of a Support Vehicle Recovery (SVR); as deck personnel operated a nut runner; and whilst crew collected bolts and chains. The data have been assessed and interpreted in accord with the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005. Noise levels (LAeq) ranged from 68 dB(A), obtained within the cab of the SVR, to 99 dB(A), obtained during the operation of a JCB (vehicle reversing). Exposure periods required to reach the upper exposure action value’ of 85 dB(A) varied from about 20 minutes (JCB reversing/Challenger II vehicle running) to 24 hours (in the cab of the SVR). Recommendations have been made including provision of information and training on the forms of action that personnel may take to reduce their exposure to noise, the provision of suitable hearing protection should personnel wish to wear it, a programme of maintenance for all hearing protection devices used and appropriate health surveillance for noise-exposed personnel.

R0002F3A1

AAMOST 146 Vulnerability/Lethality staff exchangeDstl, Fort Halstead (GB) (2012)This document discusses the major efforts of two exchanged staff operating at DSTL Fort Halstead and DSTO Edinbugh respectively. The overall aims of both exchanges as well as the key benefits obtained for DSTL are detailed This collaboration was undertaken within the scope of the AAMOST agreement and was principally focussed on the development of V&L modelling using the UWM-WTI toolset.

R0002F1A4

Advanced Cabin Baggage Screening in Aviation SecurityDstl, Fort Halstead (GB) (2013)This report describes analysis conducted in support of the UK Department for Transport. This analysis has investigated different process options for both using Bulk Explosive Detection Systems as part of the aviation security search comb and the screening of laptops.

R0002FFD1

An Assessment of Crew Exposure to Diesel Engine Exhaust Emissions in a Viking All Terrain VehicleInstitute of Naval Medicine, Gosport (GB) (2013)The Institute of Naval Medicine was requested to determine crew exposure to diesel exhaust fume in the troop-carrying variant of the recently ‘regenerated’ twin-cab Viking vehicle. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer designated diesel

exhaust fume as a human carcinogen. Exposure to the constituents of diesel fume was found to be below relevant occupational exposure limits in both the front and rear cabs of the Viking, when the rear cab roof hatch was closed. The Viking vehicle has an amphibious capability and, when ‘swimming’ or during operational surveillance tasks, a watchperson is required to stand up through the rear cab’s roof hatch. This position is directly behind the exhaust located on the rear of the front cab. The watchperson’s diesel fume exposure was high and measures are recommended to reduce fume exposure. Nitrogen monoxide and dioxide exposures were also found to be significant inside the rear cab, when the roof hatch was open.

R0002EAA7

An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Simulation for Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) Driving TrainingDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)Evidence for the effectiveness of simulation for Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) driver training was required to underpin future decisions regarding the most appropriate and cost-effective way to deliver AFV training in general, and Warrior driver training in particular. A controlled experiment (trial) was conducted using the Warrior AFV as a training case study. The trial was conducted according to a between groups experimental design. Two matched groups of Infantry participants (n=43 started the trial) underwent elements of the current Warrior AFV driver training course. The experimental group were trained via a specially designed experimental simulator and the control group were trained using a live Warrior AFV (traditional training method). Following completion of the training, both groups were assessed in the live vehicle. The assessment included a range of manoeuvring and cross country driving tasks. Performance was measured both through objective data (vehicle instrumentation and task observation) and independent assessor ratings. Participants’ perceptions regarding the training/simulator were also captured via questionnaires and follow-up semi-structured interviews. Instructors’ views on the simulator system and simulation for teaching were captured during semi-structured interviews. The simulator training group performed as well as the live group during the assessment on all tasks. Furthermore, the simulator group expressed higher levels of interest in the use of simulation, compared to the live group, and exposure to simulation enhanced expectations regarding its use for basic driver training.

R0002F756

An investigation into the practicality of RFID document tagging and trackingDstl Porton Down (GB) (2013)This report details an investigation into the robustness of RFID document tagging and tracking technology. Three separate tests were conducted, and it was found that the technology would bring demonstrable benefits

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to DGIFC if it were to be adopted in the Pathfinder building at RAF Wyton and would provide at least as much performance as the current barcode registry system.

R0002FB87

Baseline and occupational noise exposure survey onboard RFA Fort AustinInstitute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke (GB) (2013)Noise measurements were made in 310 compartments and cabins at various locations onboard RFA Fort Austin whilst the ship sailed from Rosyth, Scotland to Plymouth, Devon. These measurements included noise in 16 Marine Engineering (ME) spaces. The data have been assessed and interpreted in accord with the recommended maximum noise limits (MNL) listed in the Maritime and Coastguard Agency’s Code of Practice on Controlling Risks due to Noise on Ships. Occupational noise exposures of personnel of the ME section were also assessed in accordance with the Control of Noise at Work Regulations (2005). The A-weighted equivalent continuous sound pressure levels show that fourteen compartments onboard RFA Fort Austin exceeded the recommended limits specified in the guidelines. Although these compartments were seen to exceed the recommended limits, those measurements that exceed the limits by 1 dB(A) or less (3 compartments) should be used with caution as the accuracy of the meter should be taken into account. It is estimated that ME personnel would be expected to reach the upper exposure action value (85 dB(A)) based on a given typical working day. Current hearing protection used by ME personnel, if well maintained and used appropriately, should provide sufficient protection against the high sound pressure levels measured in these spaces.

R0002EE23

Briefing Note - Exercise Enduring SunriseDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)Exercise Enduring Sunrise will be jointly funded by the Dstl Programme Office (PO), (in| response to Research Goals (RG) identified by the Prep CPG), and the Flight Simulation and Synthetic Training Project Team (FsAST PT). Ex ES will be designed to accommodate a number of research aims and objectives. The aims and objectives will be aligned to meet both near and longer term capability requirements from delivery (FsAST PT driven), and future sustainment and evolutionary perspectives (Prep CPG RG driven). The need to conduct a War Fighter Experiment (WFE) that affords the maximum opportunity to satisfy all aims and objectives has been a critical factor in the design approach of Ex ES. The Exercise will be drawing on over 12 years of research into collective training and will inform the requirements for DOTC(A) as the PT move towards the tendering stage.

R0002F61C

Candidate Master Data and Assumptions List for the Forward Repair Ship (FRS)Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This document has been compiled in response to tasking under STECH/008 from Naval Command Headquarters (NCHQ) for a Master Data and Assumptions List (MDAL) to provide an agreed source of data for establishing Whole Life Costs (WLC) and making the Through Life Financial Provision for the FRS project. It records the agreed data and planning assumptions from each of the DLODs and other contributors to the wider CSS programme. The FRS is the afloat support platform operated by the RFA to deliver Forward Repair Capability (FRO) to Entitled Units under the Operational Maintenance And Repair (OMAR) strategy. This role is currently undertaken by RFA DILIGENCE. Due to the lack of underpinning documentation such as CONORS and CONEMP for FRC or FRS, and the CONEMP for OMAR being only in draft, this document is issued as a Candidate MDAL.

R0002F2BC

Candidate User Requirements Document for the Forward Repair Ship (FRS)Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This document has been compiled in response to tasking under STECH/008 from Naval Command Headquarters (NCHQ) for a User Requirements Document (URD) to define threshold and objective Measures of Effectiveness (MoE) that describe the delivery of capability by the Forward Repair Ship (FRS). The purpose of this document is to create a URD that can act as a baseline to help NC understand what FRS provides and what it will have to provide in the immediate future. It will also facilitate procurement in the event of needing to replace the current FRS capability. The FRS is the afloat support platform operated by the RFA to deliver Forward Repair Capability (FRO) to Entitled Units under the Operational Maintenance And Repair (OMAR) strategy. This role is currently undertaken by RFA DILIGENCE. Due to the lack of underpinning documentation such as CONOPS and CONEMP for FRC or FRS, and the CONEMP for OMAR being only in draft, this document is issued as a Candidate URD.

R0002F2BC

Candidate User Requirements Document for the Forward Repair Ship (FRS)Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This document has been compiled in response to tasking under STECH/008 from Naval Command Headquarters (NCHQ) for a User Requirements Document (URD) to define threshold and objective Measures of Effectiveness (MoE) that describe the delivery of capability by the Forward Repair Ship (FRS). The purpose of this document is to create a

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URD that can act as a baseline to help NC understand what FRS provides and what it will have to provide in the immediate future. It will also facilitate procurement in the event of needing to replace the current FRS capability. The FRS is the afloat support platform operated by the RFA to deliver Forward Repair Capability (FRO) to Entitled Units under the Operational Maintenance And Repair (OMAR) strategy. This role is currently undertaken by RFA DILIGENCE. Due to the lack of underpinning documentation such as CONOPS and CONEMP for Forward Repair Capability (FRC) or FRS, and the CONEMP for OMAR being only in draft, this document is issued as a Candidate URD.

R0002F171

CDE22826 Secure Messaging using Atomic Clocks - Capping PaperDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This Technical Partner’s capping paper provides a summary of project CDE22826, undertaken by the National Physical Laboratory as part of the Trustworthy Digital Systems CDE call. The project explored a possible alternative to traditional encryption by means of hiding plaintext data in random bit streams whose position is known in terms of specific time information. The timing position of the data is shared and determined by sender and receiver maintaining synchronised clocks, especially atomic clocks. A demonstration system was built which successfully showed the feasibility of the technical approach, although the strength of the confidentiality protection provided was not investigated. Research was also carried out to characterise and compare quartz clocks performance, in terms of stability, drift and predictability, with that of caesium atomic clocks. This paper recommends that the characterisation work could be continued to cover other forms of atomic clock technologies and emerging chip scale atomic clocks.

R0002F0B9

COEIA Transparency Pilot Study Final ReportQinetiQ, Farnborough (GB) (2013)This study addressed the need to ensure that the approvals process for the procurement of defence equipment and services is consistent with the legal requirements on transparency arising from the Public Contract Regulations 2006, the Defence and Security Public Contract Regulations 2011 (DSPCR), and legal rulings such as the 2008 Newham ruling. The study reviewed the potential of three Decision Theory techniques - Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), utility theory and indifference curves - as methods for evaluating and displaying the decision criteria for COEIA-based defence acquisition decisions. It identified the issues which the decision-making process must address, and identified a possible solution, in which the academic formulations of these techniques have been developed into a workable, repeatable and auditable process. The study developed

a potential solution, based on the established decision analysis technique of Utility Theory, to the problem developing transparent and publishable award criteria for public procurements which are subject to the requirements of DSPCR. The principal functions required by the method were implemented, for test and demonstration purposes, in an Excel workbook. Using this workbook, a trial was conducted against data from an actual COEIA conducted by Dstl in 2012. This trial showed that the method makes it possible to generate, from an elicited joint utility function, a cost-benefit indifference map against which the cost-benefit tradeoffs offered by competing acquisition solutions can be plotted and ranked; and that the joint utility function and map could be generated and published, as part of the Invitation to Tender process, without prior knowledge of the options to be submitted.

R0002F764

Depleted Uranium Environmental Survey: QinetiQ Eskmeals 2011Dstl, Alverstoke (GB) (2013)Depleted uranium (DU) ammunition has been historically test fired at the Eskmeals ranges. Routine environmental monitoring has been carried out at Eskmeals since 1981 to assess the environmental impact of the firings on the terrestrial environment and any associated radiological risks. This report presents the findings of the terrestrial survey undertaken at Eskmeals during 2011. Although some low level DU contamination was detected on site, no sample was radioactive within the meaning of the Environmental Permitting Regulations 2010, nor exceeded a small fraction of the relevant Generalised Derived Limit. The levels detected were well below anything which could be considered a health hazard either to those who work on the range or those who live nearby.

R0002F15E

Dstl Review of ARTIST DeliverablesDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)The ARTIST analysis programme conducted in 2011-2012 has used the data collected during the ARTIST Wallops Island trials and has refined and developed further techniques to mitigate shortfalls in the maritime environment. In addition the ARTIST analysis programme has included tasks that address shortfalls in the Air domain (Ground Based Air Defence - GBAD), but which are very similar to those encoutered in the Maritime domain. Further experimentation has also been conducted at the Cowes site to provide a more comprehensive data set where required. Development of data logging for Sampson and target generaton equipment for Sampson has been conducted to support the experimentation and allow quantification of system performance. This report reviews the deliverables from this programme.

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R00030029

DUST: Collaborative Weapons Sighting2D3 Ltd, West Way (GB) (2012)The essential contribution of this report is the demonstration of computer vision techniques to provide an automatic method of optical correspondence to improve the sighting accuracy of a shared target. Widely available COTS devices for determining position, heading, and range (including GPS, MEMS IMUs, magnetometers, and laser TOF rangefinders) have become small enough to be truly man-portable. They are generally not sufficiently accurate for use in targeting. Even with a limited stand-off of 100m, a 3Deg error (not untypical for a MEMS device) translates to a targeting error of 5m, which may be entirely unacceptable. Optical correspondence, the operating principle of the theodolite, permits targeting with as much precision as the optics allows. The computer vision techniques of matching feature descriptors (SIFT) and further filtering matches by requiring a geometric constraint (using RANSAC to find a valid homography) were incorporated into a prototype system to provide an automated optical correspondence method for sighting shared target. The system was successfully demonstrated to DSTL and DES on 22 Match 2012.

R0002F395

ELS JSC01 Task 3 Data for Inventory Management Final ReportSEA, Beckington (GB) (2013)This research activity was required to identify Inventory Management (IM) data requirements, assess present shortfalls and their impact, and identify proposed practicable solutions. In particular, the work was to be undertaken noting the requirements for the Base Inventory and Warehouse Management System (BIWMS). The work was conducted for Joint Support Chain Support Chain Management (JSC SCM) under the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl)/ Expeditionary Logistics & Support (ELS) contract managed by Systems Engineering & Assessment (SEA) Ltd The research has identified a set of 24 “good practice” decisions derived from industry for the effective and efficient management of inventory throughout the support chain, supported by a set of -120 data types that are necessary to inform and support the “good practice” decisions. The report recommends that JSC SCM considers using the “good practice” decisions to inform the definition of the series of blue prints and use cases intended to act as surrogates for system or service requirements. These should be constructed so that they capture the ability of the proposed service to support the reviewed good practice decisions using the validated data types. Implementation of these recommendations will allow JSC SCM to realise a number of benefits including being better able to act as an intelligent customer for IM services, and to better align the short term and long term aspirations of IM Transformation in the MOD.

R0002F01D

Environmental Data for Range Prediction Uncertainty AnalysisSystems Engineering & Assessment Ltd, Frome (GB) (2012)This document describes an environmental modelling approach for enabling the effect of enviromnental factors on ranging algorithm performance to be assessed. The approach involves the generation and supply of eigenray data together with software which enables the path data to be calculated for a given environment, sonar and contact. The eigenray data has been used together with an example sonar system and contact to determine the environmental effects on ranging algorithm primary measurements.

R0002F13E

Executive Summary to DSTL/TR71742: Options for the Protection of MOD Rotorcraft Engines from Sand and DustDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)The ingestion of sand by gas turbine engines leads to component damage, resulting in, at best, reduced engine life and, at worst, in-flight engine failure. These issues have been recognised for a number of decades and have impacted UK rotorcraft operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Furthermore, the UK anticipates that rotorcraft operations will continue for the foreseeable future in locations where sand and dust presents a significant threat and mitigation is therefore required. A number of mitigation solutions exist and are in use on MOD rotorcraft but these typically date back to the early 1990s. Advances have been made in the proceeding decades and advanced mitigation solutions are available that may reduce through life costs and alleviate risk. This report provides recommendations on the work required to enhance the mitigation solutions used on MOD platforms moving forward and the required supporting research. A full technical report has been prepared detailing the full findings from this study which was delivered in May 2013. This document consists of a standalone executive summary to Dstl report TR71742 “Options for the Protection of MOD Rotorcraft Engines from Sand and Dust” and is intended to act as a quick reference to the key findings and recommendations from the study.

R0002EDD5

FDUAS CCD OA ReportDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)The Flexible Deployable Unmanned Air System (FDUAS) Concept Capability Demonstration (CCD), Trial Vigilant Vanguard, was successfully conducted during December 2012. The CCD was sponsored by Cap ISTAR and funded through Dstl’s maritime research programme. This was the first time that an Unmanned Air System (UAS) has been seamlessly integrated into the South Coast Exercise Areas (SCEXAS) and flown in accordance with Air Traffic Control (ATC) procedures under a UK Military Aviation Authority (MAA) Certificate of Use, in close proximity to civilian maritime traffic. During the demonstration

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R0002F11F

Improvements to the Environmental Background Model (EBM)Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)The aim of the work was to review the existing Environmental Background Model (EBM), identify its limitations and determine the extent to which these could be overcome by incorporating more information from published literature, and more importantly by including information from an analysis of background aerosol measurements and conducting validation tests. Data from a Wide Issue Bioaerosol Spectrometer (WIBS) was obtained at Marylebone Road in London and was used in this validation process. A review of the existing EBM found that, while the fundamental basis was sound and the model included the best available biological aerosol data, it had significant limitations. These limitations meant that the model was not realistic enough to support the development or evaluation of generic detector technologies. Further work was then undertaken to determine if the EBM could be modified to provide sufficiently validated outputs. Improvements were identified following a literature review, reanalysis of the original input data and the acquisition and analysis of high temporal resolution aerosol data. This allowed the concentration fluctuations predicted by the model to be assessed for the first time. The proposed improvements will address the most significant problems identified in the review, and improve the credibility of modelled aerosol concentrations in UK environments.

R0002EC00

Issues surrounding airworthiness of firmware based electronic warfare (EW) systemsDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)This report discusses the issues surrounding certification of firmware based electronic warfare equipment onto military aircraft. The airworthiness regime and the impact of the new MAA regulations are discussed in relation to air safety of complex electronics. Recommendations are made as how to proceed with a method to ensure that EW system firmware can be reprogrammed quickly to meet operational needs whilst still ensuring flight safety.

R0002F158

Laboratory Scale Testing of the Honeywell Catalytic Oxidation (CATOX) Chemical and Biological (CB) Filtration Technology for COLPRO ApplicationsDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)This report presents test results from Honeywell’s CATOX filtration technology when evaluated against a range of toxic industrial chemicals (TIC) and chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants. The technology has been shown to be effective at oxidising all of the test compounds, meeting the requirements of AEP54 as a collective protection (COLPRO) vapour filtration device

the FDUAS was directed by ATC to manoeuvre or relocate in order to deconflict with manned aircraft and this process was carried out without incident. The demonstration consisted of 5 flights and 15.5 flying hours over a period of 4 days, with 100% system serviceability. The demonstration was conducted smoothly and according to the plan. Throughout the demonstration, the FDUAS successfully detected and identified surface contacts utilising its Electro-Optic (EO) and Infra-Red (IR) cameras. The FDUAS was also equipped with an AIS sensor which significantly extended the AIS picture as received by the host vessel. The FDUAS was successfully cued onto surface targets via a Lynx Mark 8 helicopter, thus achieving manned-unmannned integration. This OA report, written by Dstl on behalf of the MWC, details the background to the demonstration, an overview of previous work, details on the sorties flown, a review of the demonstration objections and sortie objectives, and suggestions for further work.

R0002EA08

From Multi Level Security to Cross Domain SolutionsDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)An investigation is carried out ‘to identify options for achieving a Multi Level Security (MLS) solution for simulation interoperability’. Users across UK defence are increasingly seeking to move from running at multiple levels of security to a Cross Domain Solution (CDS) which would allow information to be shared between participants on a ‘need to know’ basis. This would improve both the interoperability and consistency of simulations as well as having the potential to reduce whole life costs across the whole of training for UK defence. The main stakeholders and the exploitation route for this work are the organisers of and participants in training events across the whole of Joint Collective Training for UK Defence, including training undertaken in collaboration with our coalition partners. Discussions were held with a wide variety of national and international experts, with further leverage gained through participation in NATO Modelling and Simulation Group 080, Simulation Interoperability Standards Organisation (SISO) Workshops and the SISO Security in Simulation Standing Study Group. The main recommendations are to: Investigate the Naval System Telephone Network (NSTN) further and ascertain whether this can be used as a starting point for discussions with the accreditation community to inform the development of a full CDS. Re-engage with the accreditation community to improve mutual understanding. Liaise with defence education providers (e.g. Defence Academy) to develop learning material covering the accreditation of simulations, to be included in their accreditor courses. Research promising alternative candidate approaches to scenario design.

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And Synthetic Trainers Project Team (FsAST PT), to provide supporting analysis for the Defence Operational Training Capability (Air) programme. (DOTC(A)) Eight conceptual options (nine including ‘Do nothing’) are presented as candidates for the delivery of collective training for selected Fast Jet, Rotary Wing, Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) air assets. The assessment draws upon analysis on Mission Essential Competencies (MEC) to approximate a training requirement. Structured workshops and Military Judgement Panels (MJP) then provide the context for the assessment of each option against this requirement. The results underline the significance and value of training in the collective environment and also highlight the key components and capabilities that must be represented in effective potential solutions. Some additional recommendations are made for further analysis that address capacity and throughput, not fully addressed by this study.

R0002F17D

Modelling Aviation Security Screening Strategies (MAS3) UpdateDstl, Fort Halstead (GB) (2013)This document summarises the work conducted during FY12/13 to develop a modelling capability suitable for assessing and/or proposing potential screening strategies and configurations for Outcome Focussed Risk Based (OFRB) regulation for aviation security.

R0002E962

MSS_1213_01_06_01, “UK and NATO Interoperability impacts of the US LBUCS ProgrammeDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)The report describes a joint US/UK programme of work under a new Project Agreement (the “VLF Comms PA”), intended to sustain interoperability in Very Low Frequency (VLF) communications - the primary bearer used for command and control of submarines. This PA is necessary because the US has embarked on an upgrade programme for its VLF system known as Low Band Universal Communications System (LBUCS), which is transforming both the shore infrastructure and the over-air waveforms. Under the PA, the US and UK will be developing interoperable modes and identifying means whereby the two nations can use each other’s VLF infrastructure to improve coverage and reduce costs. Without this work, the RN will lose interoperability with the USN, including the ability to receive the US Special Intelligence (SI) broadcasts. Doing nothing is therefore an unacceptable option. A second strand of the work is in support of the Submarine Communications Buoy Programme Agreement and Technology Demonstrator Programme. This buoy is being developed for the SUCCESSOR SSBN project and is intended to replace the buoyant wire antenna as the primary VLF receiving antenna for UK and US submarines. To realise the full benefit of this device, new modes and processing techniques

R0002EBA4

Maritime Influence Planning Tools ReviewDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2012)This report meets Navy Command Headquarters’ requirement to examine the fitness for purpose of current influence planning tools, specifically the Country Influence Plans (CIPs) and Maritime Influence Matrices (MIMs). This study meets this requirement by: a) Identifying whether the tools follow Influence planning best practice. b) Identifying whether the tools users think they are useful and provide the required information in an easy to use format. c) Making recommendations for improving the tools available to conduct Influence planning. The report also briefly compares the CIPs with their predecessor, the now defunct Maritime Regional Engagement Plans, in order to establish if anything can be learnt from previous maritime Influence planning tools. This project is funded as part of Dstl’s Human and Social Influence programme of work and was commissioned by the Cyber and Influence Centre. The primary customer for this study is Fleet Operational Policy.

R0002F018

Materials technologies for Unmanned Systems - Scoping Study for Technical Demonstrator Projects for the Mine Counter Measure Hydrography and Patrol CapabilityDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)As part of the Royal Navy’s need to replace its aging mine countermeasure (MCM), hydrographic and patrol ships over the next decade DE&S Technology Demonstrator Group is currently assessing the potential of unmanned surface vehicles (USV). This would allow any mother vessel, in this case likely to be the planned MCM, Hydrographic and Patrol Vessel (MHPV) to operate at length from areas of high risk to maximise crew safety and enhance capability through sweeping and covert route reconnaissance. Traditionally this has been performed by vessels with low magnetic signature such as the Hunt and Sandown class vessels. In support of the “Unmanned Systems Scoping Study for Technical Demonstrator Projects for the MHPV Capability Requirement” Information has been gathered from Dstl subject matter experts (SMEs) based on a limited knowledge of the equipment requirements for such a USV. Information has been provided on lightweight structural materials, composites and light alloys; current and future technologies; signature management; and protection technologies.

R0002E74E

Measures of Effectiveness for DOTC(A) Options AnalysisDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)The Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) undertook a study on behalf of the Flight simulation

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will be required to overcome phase variations caused by the sea surface, and to enable operation at greater depth - to minimise visual and radar signature.

R0002ED14

Occupational Stress and Voluntary Outflow In The Royal NavyInstitute of Naval Medicine, Gosport (GB) (2013)This report examines the effects of stress and other physical health and psychosocial factors on whether personnel voluntarily left the Naval prematurely (VO) between 2007 and 2012. Questionnaire data captured in January-March 2007 were examined in relation to VO in male and female junior rates, senior rates and officers. In general, most of the workplace stressors (such as role conflict or peer support) were not antecedents of VO in any group. Junior rates with psychological strain in 2007, the adverse reaction to work demands, had an increased risk of VO. Low commitment to the Service in 2007 increased the odds of VO in male and female junior rates and female officers. Female junior rates with less effective skills for coping with stress and who exercised less frequently on a weekly basis were more likely to take VO. An incidental finding was that the odds of VO were three times greater in female officers with children than in female officers with no children. Stress management interventions focussing on effective coping and sports and exercise participation targeted at all junior rates may improve retention.

R0002F013

Olympics & Paralympics Search and Screening: Games Time Data CollectionDstl, Fort Halstead (GB) (2013)This document details the data collection undertaken by the cross-Government Search and Screening team during the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It provides a summary of deployments, analysis of the data collected and a description of how it is intended to use this data in the future.

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OPCW Proficiency Testing and Lessons Identified (2012-2013)Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2012)The analytical chemistry capability at Dstl is funded by DST-Strategy, CB Threat Reduction through the Chemical Analysis, Verification and Attribution (CAVA) programme (Dstl Project 704835). The capability provides chemical analysis and advice to a wide variety of stakeholders across the MOD and government. A key objective under the CAVA programme is to maintain an accredited analytical chemistry capability for the identification of chemical warfare agents and other threat chemicals. As an international benchmark for this capability Dstl participates annually in the proficiency testing scheme run by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In October 2012, Dstl participated in the 32nd OPCW Proficiency Test. This report summarises the outcomes and lessons learned through participation

in this test. Dstl was successful in the test and was awarded a maximum A grade for correct identification and reporting of the spiking chemicals. As a result Dstl has maintained its status as an OPCW Designated Laboratory. A small number of continuous improvements to Dstl’s procedures and report style were recommended based on internal scrutiny of the test evaluator’s comments, internal meetings and the annual Surveillance Audit carried out by Dstl’s accrediting organisation the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS).

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Options for Softening of DGC’s Map LibraryDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2012)DGC’s map library holds over 600,000 hard copy map products that have been collected or exchanged through memorandums of understanding over the years. Dstl have been asked to consider the options to enable transition to a soft copy library. This will require the hardcopy maps to be scanned, geo- referenced and stored with appropriate metadata for search and retrieval in future. The purpose of this report is to consider the assumptions, technical specifications, wider considerations, options and recommendations for this transition.

R0002ED3B

Parsifal Core, Fundamental, Underpinning, Enabling Research & Advice Year 1, Work Item Update, Capability Management of Dormant TechnologiesDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)This letter provides a brief summary of the progress being made to manage dormant capabilities within Dstl; these capabilities being defined as research technologies and “know how” that are not currently funded by the Programme Office. The overarching aim is that these capabilities can be resurrected in the medium term should new threats develop or old threats re-emerge. This work will categorise technologies and threats that have been investigated in the past and determine whether there is a likelihood that they will re-emerge in the future. Effort has also been used to generate technology time lines and associated reference data sheets for selected Armour Technologies. The work will be complemented by a similar categorisation process by which novel or emerging threats are addressed, supported by guidelines on research processes and technologies likely to counter such threats. A significant quantity of legacy armour data has been identified, which is held by Dstl in a number of different formats, including paper files, photographs, vu-foils, x-rays, 1.4” floppy discs, external hard discs and VHS videos. It is known that critical armour design information is held within this archive. Dstl are currently investigating the most appropriate means by which this information can be stored and efficiently retrieved when required.

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R0002F116

Parsifal Core, Mounted Protection Year 1, Work Item Update, Mine ProtectionDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)Progress summary of the mines work item within the mounted protection project in the Parsifal Core programme. The work item has two strands: one looking at the potential benifits of active blast protection measures; and another looking at the development of improved injury assessment methods for mine blast testing.

R0002ED34

Patient Satisfaction in the Cold Injury and Heat Illness Clinics for the Environmental Medicine and Science Division From 2009-2012.Institute of Naval Medicine, Gosport (GB) (2013)In accordance with Healthcare Governance requirements, the current study audited patient satisfaction with the cold injury and heat illness clinics run by the Environmental Medicine and Sciences (EMS) Division. Satisfaction scores were obtained using the validated EMS Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ) from 3207 clinic patients over the period of October 2009-October 2012. Satisfaction scores on six separate subscales ranged from 22% to 78% demonstrating that the level of satisfaction varied greatly between the six areas assessed by the questionnaire. The professional care that the patients received resulted in the highest satisfaction scores (78%) with the premises of the clinic receiving the lowest satisfaction score. However, the majority of patients seemed unconcerned with the premises of the clinics as 53% gave a neutral response. A similar pattern of satisfaction levels on the six subscales has been found to the previous audit of 2008-2009, the satisfaction levels are slightly lower in five of the six scales in the present audit. From the Mann Whitney U analysis two significant changes were show, the satisfaction with the clinic premises reduced whereas the satisfaction with regard to the depth of the patients relationship with the Doctor increased.

R0002EBD0

Residual Fatigue Life Estimation using a Nonlinear Wave Modulation Spectroscopy MethodUniversity of Bath, Bath (GB) (2013)Fatigue life estimation is an ongoing unresolved issue. The objective of this research was to develop a new technology, based on the principles of nonlinear elastic wave spectroscopy (NEWS) for accurate detection of accumulated fatigue damage and residual fatigue life estimation in materials used in aircraft. In the proposed work a novel nonlinear wave modulation technique was developed, where an ultrasonic probe signal was modulated by two optimized lower frequency waves coupled to analytical models to find the relationship between nonlinear parameters and the

residual fatigue life. The theoretical and experimental data demonstrate that the estimation of residual fatigue damage could be obtained using the proposed nonlinear wave modulation spectroscopy. This report details work funded by MAST STC under the CDE innovation call 2011/12 aiming to seek innovative materials and structures solutions for defence and security.

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Review of technical options for Naval Navigation Radar (NNR) Capability Sustainment ProgrammeDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This note describes the technology options for the radar element of NASAR, the RT1007, RT1008 replacement, briefly describes the main technologies namely Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW), and pulse radars both magnetron and solid state. The benefits of each are discussed, and from these technologies a series of options are drawn down for consideration by the project team.

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Review: Chemical Agent Fate ModelsDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)Releases of liquid chemical warfare agents (CWA) can create long-lasting hazard areas. Droplets deposited on a surface will result in a liquid contact hazard and an inhalation hazard due to secondary evaporation of the agent. The ability to model these types of scenarios accurately will assist in hazard assessment and advise on decontamination. This report reviews the existing suite of models that predict the fate of CWAs and recommends a number of improvements.

R0002EB3E

Secure messaging using atomic clocks.National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (GB) (2012)Datalink security normally assumes a need to encode or encrypt data before transmitting as digital words within a bit stream. A simpler concealment method is to embed the bits carrying the message into a random bit stream, without start and end signals, transmitting the first meaningful bit at a previously agreed absolute time. Only receivers sharing the transmitter’s time reference will be able to locate the message directly. Others would have to test for millions of possible start times in order to intercept the message. Advantages include a reduction in latency in data transfer and an ability to communicate in the presence of jamming, coordinating communications through a jamming umbrella. Message concealment in this way is possible with quartz crystal time references, but the drift of these oscillators is such that only very low data rates could be supported. High data rate transmissions may become realistic with the advent of miniaturised atomic clocks. The project has demonstrated the use of clocks at both ends of a data link, initially synchronised then free-running after separation, to extract individual message bits embedded within a continuous sequence of transmitted pseudo random

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data bits. The time for which communication is maintained before the reference clocks on the transmit and receive boards drift sufficiently far out of synchronisation has been investigated. Both temperature-controlled quartz oscillators and caesium atomic clocks have been used as the references, demonstrating that the higher- performance clocks allow communication to be maintained for a longer time before it becomes impossible to identify the message bits. The stability of each type of clock was measured over periods of several days and its predictability calculated and compared with the data transfer measurements. A brief review has been carried out of the key areas where the secure communications concept might be exploited, and recommendations made for further studies to investigate methods of enhancing the technique.

R0002EFDA

Sonar processing using SAW devicesDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)This short project investigated the feasibility of using passive analogue Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices for real-time processing of sonar data. This could greatly reduce the power burden of sonar processing on unmanned underwater vehicles. The study found that, in principle, it is possible to perform some sonar processing (e.g. beamforming) on SAW devices by using substrates with lower wavespeeds than are traditionally used is required. However, in practice, it was difficult to find low wavespeed materials compatible with the SAW fabrication process (they tended to be too rough, or would warp).

R0002EE87

The Historical Characteristics of Successful Counter-piracy CampaignsDstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)The aim of this study is to improve the MoD’s understanding of successful strategies to counter the threat of piracy. It discovered that all successful historical campaigns under analysis utilised appropriate ship types and intelligence to target pirate bases and increase the risk to pirates of the loss of life or property. The targeting of bases always involved amphibious assault with supporting naval fires. During contemporary and historical counter-piracy campaigns, the decision to build a counter- piracy strategy around the targeting of bases is a strategic-level decision, with successful diplomacy or changes to laws usually being prerequisites to the successful application of military power. A cross-government approach is usually required to overcome legal barriers, bypass ‘catch and release’ syndrome and/or gain host nation support. There have been no successful hijackings by Somali pirates since pirate bases were targeted in May and June 2012, primarily by the Puntland Maritime Police Force, but also by the EU’s counter-piracy task force deployed on Operation ATALANTA. Onboard Private Security Teams (PST) and passive measures, such as evasive manoeuvres, have a far greater role in repelling pirate attacks, once launched, than naval forces patrolling the Indian Ocean. Vessels with an armed

PST have never been hijacked by Somali pirates. Options for further work include investigating the viability of UK support to building the capabilities of Puntland’s counter-piracy forces.

R0002EE7B

The Technical Cooperation Program - Land Group Annual Report - March 2013Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)A review of the progress made by The Technical Cooperation Program (TTCP) Land Systems Group (LND) between April 2012 and March 2013 has been conducted by consideration of the requirements of the five Technical Panels (TPs) and Action Groups (AGs) and the guidance provided by the TTCP Principals from their annual meeting in October 2012. Specific activity has been the review conducted by the UK National Representative (NR) in support of the Land Group action to establish an S&T Framework to support TTCP Armies in the 2030 timeframe which draws from relevant MOD Stakeholders and the UK Future Land Operational Concept (FLOC). Other highlights include the TTCP Team Award to the Action Group on the Mitigation of Battlefield Trauma following the successful completion of their programme. The 4 remaining TPs/AGs continue to make steady progress against their respective plans but the organisational changes and budget pressures currently in all nations are impacting delivery. Notwithstanding this, the UK continues to derive considerable benefit from TTCP investment and based on current achievements and progress the financial “gearing” is estimated to be between 2.5 to 3 times the value of UK programme “exposed” to TTCP valued at approximately £5 million per annum.

R0002EB3D

Top Level Functional and Interface Specification.National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (GB) (2012)This document describes the top level functional design and interface specification for an experimental rig to demonstrate the superior timing drift of atomic clocks over the quartz crystal based clocks that are used in present communication systems. Plextek designed and supplied equipment to demonstrate this, in support of a Centre For Defence Enterprise (CDE) project on “Secure Messaging Using Atomic Clocks” (CDE22826). The method is to align two quartz oscillators to close to their specification and then let them drift whilst using them to clock different ends of a data link. The number of clock cycles that occur at both ends of the link during the test is recorded. This test is then to be repeated by NPL using atomic clocks.

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R0002EF4E

Training and Personnel HLOA Progress Report March 2013Dstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This is an update on progress towards addressing a key gap in the provision of evidence-based advice to MOD: the relationship between the people component of capability and operational or strategic success. Using existing human sciences literature and analysis of real world military data sets across a variety of domains, we have established clear and consistent patterns in how people improve from training and experience. We have used these insights to develop a working model of training as a concept demonstration, representing the training cycle of a Type 45 crew. Working with industry partners via the Defence Human Capability Science and Technology Centre (DHCSTC), we have developed and demonstrated a new method of eliciting and representing understanding about training shortfalls and their impact on operational risk. Again through the DHCSTC, we have reviewed the existing capability to understand personnel issues within High Level Operational analysis (HLOA)and identified key gaps which future development should address. Taken together, the work so far has demonstrated the credible foundation of an achievable analytical “toolbox” that can be used to provide advice on personnel and training issues in a strategy and capability context.

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Training Experimentation Simulator Systems (Land) - TESS(L) Final Report on Tasks 2a,2b,2cXPI Simulation Ltd., Chessington (GB) (2013)This document is the final report for the Training Experimentation Simulator Systems (Land) project undertaken by an industry team for DSTL. The project led by XPI Simulation Ltd. as lead contractor consisted of 3 separate tasks, each led by a different team member. Task 2a, led by XPI Simulation Ltd., produced a research oriented Warrior vehicle driving simulator ; Task 2b, led by CAE (UK) plc, produced a modified Common Instructor Operating System (CIOS) and scoring module, which was interfaced to the simulator produced in task 2a ; Task 2c, led by QinetiQ Ltd., and assisted by Newman and Spurr Consultancy Ltd. produced a paper study considering crew, platoon and company level training for Warrior Capability Sustainment Programme (WCSP). Tasks 2a and 2b aligned to produce a system which was used by DSTL Information Management Department (IMD) for a human trial of driver performance “Effectiveness of an AFV Simulator to Train Driving” - EASTD. This scientifically controlled trial was designed to evaluate the use of simulators for driver training. This report contains a review of the project tasks, each written by the relevant task lead. The industry team have made a series of 14 recommendations.

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UK French Exchange Programme 2013Dstl Fort Halstead (GB) (2013)HM Government has set a high priority on closer cooperation with France, including in Defence Research. On 2 November 2010, the British Prime Minister and French President signed a Defence Co-operation Treaty. Dstl has a number of initiatives to support this relationship including the UK French Exchange Programme (UFEP). UFEP is a networking event aimed at developing links between early-career scientists, engineers and project managers working within the UK’s Ministry of Defence (MOD) and the Direction Generale de I’Armement (DGA) in France. The scheme was established in 2007 to support the establishment and development of a network of staff who in the longer term could help support and initiate cooperation defence research and acquisition programmes between the UK and France. This report provides a summary of tranche 5 (2012-2013) of the programme including the contact details of the participants who took part, details of the events that took place within the programme, and a review of the scheme with recommendations for the next year in the programme. The scheme has incorporated a number of changes this year to maximise exploitation opportunities, involving closer links with mentors. Three small projects were investigated by the participants. The title of the projects were: UAV Integration onto Naval Ships Land Vehicles Mobility Comparison of UK and French approach to the service life of weapons

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UK National Military Utility Assessment (MUA) of TacSat-4 During the 1 Year Experimental PhaseDstl, Portsdown West (GB) (2013)This is the UK assessment of the military utility of the Highly Elliptical Orbit (HEO) TacSat-4 small satellite UHF SATCOM system. It is based principally on the observation by Dstl scientists and military staff of experiments undertaken at the Trident Warrior 2012 exercise. The satellite system has utility in being able to provide coverage at latitudes higher than provided by GEO SATCOM and providing SATCOM using man portable terminals with no requirements for antenna pointing. A constellation of 3-4 such low cost/small satellites would provide continuous coverage for a single terrain hemisphere, including the Poles, North or South.

R0002F150

Ultra high temperature ceramics Phase II -Year 2Dstl, Porton Down (GB) (2013)This report describes a programme of work on ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) designed to provide Ministers with advice on their relevance to re-entry vehicle concept development. The work demonstrates that UHTCs are able to withstand ultra-high heat fluxes, describes the development

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Project ATHENA is a MOD-funded project run by Dstl to provide MOD with a central repository for storing scientific and technical (S&T) reports of current and past research programmes and projects. This repository is known as the ATHENA Collection and is made available to MOD and Industry through a variety of products and services.

For further information about Defence Reporter, or to provide feedback, please contact:DefenceReporter@dstl.gov.uk AcknowledgementsThis publication was supported by the Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO) of Australia and the Institute of Naval Medicine, who have provided report citations for inclusion in Defence Reporter.

Disclaimer: Defence Reporter is compiled from research reports and is offered as a service by Dstl Knowledge and Information Services solely for informational purposes. The appearance of an item in Defence Reporter does not constitute an endorsement by Dstl or MOD.

of prototype ultra-high temperature structures and recommends additional effort to be focussed on extreme environment testing, joining and exploitation of UHTCs. Details of collaborative work with the US Air Force Research Laboratory are also included.

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Whole-body vibration measurements in an Armoured Engineer Tractor, “TerrierInstitute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke (GB) (2013)Whole-body vibration measurements were made in an Armoured Engineer Tractor, ‘Terrier’. Acceleration measurements were made on two seats (driver and commander) and the vehicle floor with the vehicle travelling over road, track and cross-country terrain. Measurements were also made with the vehicle involved in digging operations. Three translational axes of vibration were measured in each seat and the floor. The data have been assessed and interpreted in accord with current standards concerned with health and comfort aspects of human exposure to whole-body vibration: ISO 2631-1, PA(V)D and the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005. A maximum single axis frequency-weighted vibration magnitude of 0.9 ms to the power of minus 2 r.m.s. was measured on the driver’s seat during cross-country travel. When assessing the health aspects of exposure to vibration, crew exposure could reach the ‘daily exposure action value’ after about 2.5 hours of travel over cross-country. Higher vibration magnitudes were measured during travel over cross-country compared with travel over other surfaces and digging operations. Based on the daily exposure limit value, travel over cross-country terrain should not exceed a period of about 13 hours per day. It is recommended that all crewmembers be informed and trained on the forms of actions that they can take to reduce their exposure to vibration.