declaration - kscst i, devendra chawan(2ag13ee403), mahesh jaygonde (2ag13ee406), ashvini desai...

i

DECLARATION

I, Devendra Chawan(2ag13ee403), Mahesh Jaygonde (2ag13ee406),

Ashvini Desai (2ag12ee005), Sneha Kore (2ag12ee027) hereby declare that

the project work entitled “ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY USING

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE” has been independently and successfully

carried out by me under the guidance of Prof. Supriya Narvekar,

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Angadi Institute of

Technology and Management, Belagavi, in partial fulfilment of the

requirements of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical &

Electronics Engineering of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi.

I further declare that, I have not submitted this report either in part or

in full to any other university for the reward of any degree. Place: Belagavi

Date:

Devendra Chawan

Mahesh jaygonde

Ashvini Desai

Sneha Kore

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of this

project would be incomplete without the mention of the people who made it

possible, without whose constant guidance and encouragement would have

made efforts go in vain. I consider myself privileged to express gratitude and

respect towards all those who guided me through the completion of this project.

I convey thanks to my project guide Prof. Supriya Narvekar.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering for providing

encouragement, constant support and guidance which was of a great help to

complete this project successfully.

I am grateful to Prof. Vinay Pattanshetti, Head of the Department of

Electrical & Electronics Engineering for giving me the support and

encouragement that was necessary for the completion of this project.

I also like to express my gratitude to Prof. Anilkumar Korishetti,

Principal of Angadi Institute of Technology and Management for providing

me congenial environment to work in.

I also obliged to the staff members of AITM Electrical Department, for

the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am

grateful for their co-operation during the period of my project.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, family and friends for their constant

encouragement without whom this project would not have been possible.

Devendra Chawan (2ag13ee403)

Mahesh jaygonde (2ag13ee406)

Ashvini Desai (2ag12ee005)

Sneha Kore (2ag12ee027)

ABSTRACT

The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues

for global sustainable development. Rapid industrialization and population explosion

in India has led to the migration of people from villages to cities, which generate

thousands tons of municipal solid waste daily, Improper management of municipal

solid waste (MSW) causes hazards to inhabitants. Electricity is decreasing day by day

and it is very important to find out alternative sources which can be used as the fuel

production of electricity especially for developing countries like India. Renewable

resources of energy are a field that is growing recently. The world is running out of

non-renewable energy resources. The existing method of generation of electricity is by

using fossil fuel which is limited in nature. Our aim is to use the municipal waste as a

fuel which is renewable in nature.by burning the municipal solid waste the electricity

is produced by steam principal, which can be use for domestic purpose.

Keywords: Waste to Energy; Municipal solid waste; Solid waste management; Energy

crisis; Inhabitants.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter No. Content Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Generation of electricity 1

1.2 Generation of power by municipal waste 2

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 OBJECTIVE 6

4 IMPLEMENTATION 7

4.1 Block Diagram 8

4.2 Components Used 8

4.2.1 Boiler 8

4.2.2 Turbine 9

4.2.3 Gear Arrangement 9

4.2.4 Axial flux Generator 9

5 BOILER 11

5.1 How boiler works 12

5.2 Boiler Design 13

6 TURBINE 14

6.1 Classification of steam turbines 14

6.2 Steps involved in design of steam turbines 16

6.3 Turbine blades 17

6.4 Turbine Design 17

7 MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT 19

7.1 Tapered Bearing 19

7.2 Shaft Modification 19

7.3 Gear Arrangement 20

8 GENERATOR 21

8.1 Basic Generator 24

8.2 The various terms on which induced Emf depends 25

8.3 Generator design 26

8.4 Coil design consideration 28

9 MAGNETS 29

9.1 Permanent magnets 29

9.2 Neodymium Iron Boron 29

9.3 Grades 29

9.4 Magnetic properties 30

9.5 Applications 30

10 COPPER 31

10.1 Properties of copper 32

10.2 Applications 33

10.3 Design consideration 33

10.4 Formula for output of coil 33

11 MATERIAL AND THEIR SPECIFICATION 34

11.1 Neodymium 35

11.2 Coil 35

11.3 Stotor 36

11.4 Rotor 36

11.5 Final assembly 37

12 RESULT AND ANALYSIS 38

13 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 39

13.1 Advantages 39

13.2 Disadvantages 39

14 CONCLUSION 40

REFRENCES 41

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure no Content Page No

Figure no 4.1.1 Block diagram 7

Figure no 4.2.1 Boiler design 8

Figure no 5.1 Boiler view 12

Figure no 5.2 Designed boiler 13

Figure no 6.4.1 Turbine 18

Figure no 7.1.1 Bearing 19

Figure no 8.1.1 Generator operation 25

Figure no 8.3.1 Generator view 27

Figure no 11.3.1 Stator 36

Figure no 11.4.1 Rotor 36

Figure no 11.5.1 Final set up . 37

ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY USING MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engg. AITM Belagavi Page 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Electricity is produced by nuclear, fossil fuel, gas and hydroelectric generating

stations and at wind generation or other industrial facilities throughout the Province of

Ontario.

1.1 Generation of Electricity

Understanding the generation of electricity starts with understanding the makeup

of the universe’s building block the atom. Everything is made up of atoms. Atoms,

themselves, are made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons are

found in the nucleus or center of the atom. Electrons spin around the nucleus, held in

place by an electrical force. Protons have a positive electrical charge and electrons

have a negative electrical charge. As opposite forces attract (as seen with magnets),

the electrical force of the protons hold the electrons in their orbit.

Electricity and magnetism go hand in hand. Magnets can create electricity and

electricity can produce magnetic fields. This relationship is called electromagnetism.

The electromagnetic force of a magnet will cause electrons to leave their orbits.

Electrons that are pushed from their orbits by a magnetic force flow along

transmission lines as electricity. This energy is used every day in homes and

businesses. Copper is an element that has 29 electrons held in loose orbit around 29

protons and 34 neutrons. Copper is a common element found in power plants as the

element’s electrons are easily pushed from their orbits by magnets to produce

electricity.

1.2 Generation of power by municipal waste

Indian municipalities (including Bangalore) have expanded rapidly in terms of

population and economic growth. But in India it is evident that there is a lack of a

robust municipal solid waste (MSW) management system to handle, monitor,

coordinate, finance, plan and control the entire waste flow chain from generation,



collection, transportation, disposal, treatment and re-use. Informal sectors whose

activities are not coherent and as a result, waste is not appropriately managed and

leads to environmental pollution.

In Karnataka over 50% of the municipal solid waste is generated in six municipal

corporations. Bangalore city generates close to 4000 MTPD of solid waste, which is

10 times higher than its next municipal corporation in the state (like Mysuru, and

Hubballi Dharwad). The per capita waste generation in Bangalore city is 0.4 kilograms

per capita per day. Most of the municipal waste is generated in residential and market

areas.

Electricity is decreasing day by day and it is very important to find out

alternative sources which can be used as the fuel production of electricity especially

for developing countries like India. One of the method to produce electricity is by

using municipal solid waste. Municipal waste can be used to generation electricity as

well as an alternative method of waste disposal no new fuels source are required other

than waste. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is consider as renewable source because of

some of the content is food and paper. Several MSW to electrical technology have

been developed which make the electricity generation processing of MSW of more

environmental friendly and more economical from before. There are two commonly

MSW-to-electricity technology, which refers to mass burn and pyrolysis.

Mass burn is the combustion of unprocessed or minimally processed refuse after

shredding MSW and removal of the non- combustible materials, bulky items and

metal from refuse. The heat generated by burning MSW produces high temperature

combustion can be converted to high temperature steam, which turns the steam turbine

to generate electricity.

The energy crisis and environmental degradation are currently two vital issues

for global sustainable development, rapid industrialization and population explosion in

world has lead to migration of people from villages to cities, to generate thousand

tones of municipal waste daily which is one of the important contributors for



environmental degradation with national level improper management of municipal

solid waste causes hazardous to inhabitants. The management of MSW requires proper

infrastructures, maintenance and upgrade for all activities, in this regards waste to

energy provides a solution towards complying with government regulations, and

achieving integrated solid waste management.

Waste to energy facilities are not much different than other power plants. They

have generators that produce electricity. They just use garbage as the fuel. The heat

produced from burning garbage turns water into steam. The force of the steam is

directed at the rotors or blades of a turbine and cause it to spin. (The rotors of a turbine

are similar to the segments of a pinwheel. Blowing on a pinwheel causes it to turn just

as the pressure of steam directed on the rotors of a turbine cause the turbine to turn.)

The turbine spins a shaft. At the end of that shaft is a magnet surrounded by copper

wires. Electricity is generated from this movement.

The walls of the boilers are made of hollow steel tubes filled with water. High

temperatures heat the water and form high pressure steam. This is channeled into the

turbine. The shaft of the turbine is coupled to generator which in turns generate

electricity which is used for different purposes.



CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Switchenbank j, Nasserzadeh V and Goh R [1] has discussed the major problems the

modern society is facing includes the provision of energy with the minimum

generation of pollution, and environmentally friendly disposal of waste. Many modern

electrical power generation system use gas or oil fuel in the gas turbine, followed by

steam boiler heated by gas turbine exhaust, to yield electricity generation by both gas

turbine and the steam turbine. The efficiency of such a system can approach 60%

however in this case the premium fuel is required.

B. Stanisaa et.al [2] has discussed about the erosion caused by wet steam flow reduces

the efficiency of the last stage rotor blades of condensing steam turbines, and makes

their service life shorter. To date there has been insufficient data on the erosion

process which the steam turbine rotor blades are subject to during the operation, data

which could be a basis for development and verification of mathematical models to

estimate the service life of eroded rotor blades. This paper reviews the results of many

years monitoring and researching of the laws of the erosion process and its mechanism

for rotor blades of condensing steam turbines. On the basis of the obtained laws of the

rotor blades erosion process and a simplified model their service life is estimated.

Christoph-Hermann Richter et.al [3] said that to provide an overview of the structural

design of modern steam turbine blades at Siemens power generation using the finite

element method. The different types of blades are described in detail regarding their

geometry and loading. The modular building block approach of modelling is shown to

be of essential importance. For the different analyses a fatigue post-processor has been

implemented as well as an optimization tool. Both of these in-house codes will be

briefly presented.



Zachary Stuck et.al [4] addresses steam turbine efficiency by discussing the overall

design of steam turbine blades with a specific focus on blade aerodynamics, materials

used in the production of steam turbine blades, and the factors that cause turbine blade

failure and therefore the failure of the turbine itself. This paper enumerates and

describes the currently available technologies that enhance the overall efficiency of the

generator and prevent turbine failure due to blade erosion and blade cracking. In

particular, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of certain titanium alloys and steels in

resisting creep and fracture in turbine blades. The effectiveness of chemical and

thermal coatings in protecting the blade substrate from corrosion when exposed to wet

steam will also be addressed. The stresses developed in the blade as a result of steam

pressure, steam temperature, and the centrifugal forces due to rotational movement are

delineated; current designs calculated to counter the fatigue caused by these stresses

are presented. The aerodynamic designs of both impulse and reaction turbine blades

are compared and contrasted, and the effect that these designs have on turbine

efficiency are discussed. Based on the research presented herein, this paper presents a

detailed summary of what modifications to existing steam turbine generator blades can

be made to increase turbine efficiency. Finally, the overall sustainability of steam

turbine generators is discussed and the impact that the design of the blades has on the

sustainability of these generators is presented

Abdulhakim amer A.Agll, Yousif M.Hamad John w.sheffield [5] has discussed the

design of Rankine steam cycle for the generation of both power (PG) and combined

heat power (CHP). The CHP designed system has the greatest potential to maximize

energy saving, due to the optimal combination of heat production and electricity

generation. The CHP plant provides the energy necessary to desalinate all the water

usage in that year or electricity to power the city. Energy savings analysis was

conducted to evaluate the effect of the CHP system on energy consumption. The

incineration plant gave an opportunity to save fossil fuel usage, raise the energy

provided, and GHG emissions mitigation.



CHAPTER 3

OBJECTIVE

To design boiler

To design steam turbine.

To design generator.

To obtain a minimum voltage of 2 to 12volt.



CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Block Diagram

Figure 4.1.1 Block diagram

The municipal waste is collected and then it is separated all the solid waste is

removed and collected. And then it is pass to the inside the boiler to burn the boiler

consists of water inside it after the boiler is heated the water inside the boiler gets

heated and the high pressure steam is produced in the boiler that steam is then passed

to the turbine from the nozzle of the boiler. then due to the high pressure of the steam

the blades of the turbine will rotate the shaft of the turbine is coupled to the shaft of

the generator due to rotation of the turbine the generator will also rotate due to which

electricity will be produced.



4.2 COMPONENTS USED

1. Boiler

2. Turbine

3. Gear arrangement

4. Axial flux generator

4.2.1 Boiler

Figure 4.2.1 boiler design

Boilers are pressure vessels designed to heat water or produce steam, which can

then be used to provide space heating and/or service water heating to a building. In

most commercial building heating applications, the heating source in the boiler is a

natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and electric resistance heaters can be used as

well. Steam is preferred over hot water in some applications, including absorption



cooling, kitchens, laundries, sterilizers, and steam driven equipment.in this municipal

solid waste is used for burning as the fuel.

4.2.2 Turbine

A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam

and uses it to do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. Its modern manifestation

was invented by sir Charles parsons in 1884.

Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used

to drive an electrical generator. The steam energy is converted mechanical work by

expansion through the turbine. The expansion takes place through a series of fixed

blades (nozzles) and moving blades each row of fixed blades and moving blades is

called a stage. The moving blades rotate on the central turbine rotor and the fixed

blades are concentrically arranged within the circular turbine casing which is

substantially designed to withstand the steam pressure.

4.2.3 Gear arrangement

Gear arrangement is used to transfer mechanical power from the turbine shaft to

rotor. Gears are meant to increase the rotor speed with a known gear ratio.

4.2.4 Axial flux generator

The magnetic field is manipulated to the advantage, when making permanent

magnet alternators.by concentrating the magnetic flux between two opposite magnet

poles, and capturing the flux in the iron plates that would otherwise be wasted, direct

as much energy can through the gap between the faces.

Construction consists coils of wire held steady, while the magnets spin past on

each time a magnet goes by. Each coil sees a flipped magnetic field, and pulse of

electricity is produced. When the field flips back, a pulse of opposite voltage is

created. This coil is now producing alternating voltage. Here is a set of 8 coils that

were wound for the permanent magnet alternator. They are all the same size, and have

the same number of turns each. Wire comes in a variety of size. The diameter (or

“gauge”) of the wire determines the maximum amount of current it can carry. Heavier



wire can carry more current than thinner wire. The builder selects a wire size that

allows the current required for his design, but no bigger.

4.2.4.1 Down rod

The down rod is a component which gives support to the rotor and supply lines

are passed through it. In the present model the stator is fixed on the down rod.

4.2.4.2 Coils

The coils are placed on the stator disc. Coils are made with optimal number of

turns with certain thickness (gauge).

4.2.4.3 Magnets

The magnet used here are permanent type i.e neodymium iron clad with higher

amount of magnetic field density.

4.2.4.4 Rotor

The magnets are placed on fibber/plastic plate called as the rotor.

4.2.4.5 Description of setup

Setup consists of rotor on which magnets are being placed directly or on a disc

which rotates when the rotor starts rotating, and a shaft which is stationary on which

the windings are placed with the help of disc. The distance between the magnets and

the windings maintained is optimal.( say 3mm)



CHAPTER 5

BOILER

Boilers are pressure vessels designed to heat water or produce steam, which can

then be used to provide space heating and/or service water heating to a building. In

most commercial building heating applications, the heating source in the boiler is a

natural gas fired burner. Oil fired burners and electric resistance heaters can be used as

well. Steam is preferred over hot water in some applications, including absorption

cooling, kitchens, laundries, sterilizers, and steam driven equipment.

Boilers have several strengths that have made them a common feature of

buildings. They have a long life, can achieve efficiencies up to 95% or greater, provide

an effective method of heating a building, and in the case of steam systems, require

little or no pumping energy. However, fuel costs can be considerable, regular

maintenance is required, and if maintenance is delayed, repair can be costly.

Guidance for the construction, operation, and maintenance of boilers is provided

primarily by the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), which produces

the following resources:

Rules for construction of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section

IV-2007

Recommended rules for the care and operation of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Code, Section VII-2007

Boilers are often one of the largest energy users in a building. For every year a boiler

system goes unattended, boiler costs can increase approximately 10% (1). Boiler

operation and maintenance is therefore a good place to start when looking for ways to

reduce energy use and save money.



5.1 How Boilers Work

Both gas and oil fired boilers use controlled combustion of the fuel to heat

water. The key boiler components involved in this process are the burner, combustion

chamber, heat exchanger, and controls. The burner mixes the fuel and oxygen together

and, with the assistance of an ignition device, provides a platform for combustion.

This combustion takes place in the combustion chamber, and the heat that it generates

is transferred to the water through the heat exchanger. Controls regulate the ignition,

burner firing rate, fuel supply, air supply, exhaust draft, water temperature, steam

pressure, and boiler pressure.

Figure 5.1 Boiler view

Hot water produced by a boiler is pumped through pipes and delivered to

equipment throughout the building, which can include hot water coils in air handling

units, service hot water heating equipment, and terminal units. Steam boilers produce

steam that flows through pipes from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure,

unaided by an external energy source such as a pump. Steam utilized for heating can

be directly utilized by steam using equipment or can provide heat through a heat

exchanger that supplies hot water to the equipment.



5.2 BOILER DESIGN

Figure 5.2 Designed boiler

The material used for the boiler design is hard GI steel. The thickness of the

steel material used is 8 mm so that it can withstand the high pressure produced in the

boiler. The length of boiler is 3 feet and the breadth of boiler is 1 feet. The boiler has

one inlet and one outlet in the inlet the water is filled in the boiler and from the outlet

the steam is removed and passed to the turbine and to check the pressure the pressure

meter is fixed on the outlet pipe. The nozzle of the boiler is such design that it will

produce high pressure

The angel of the nozzle is 8 degree and the angel between nozzle and turbine is

90 degree because more pressure is produced at that angel. The figure of the design

boiler as shown is the figure 5.2



CHAPTER 6

TURBINE DESIGN

A steam turbine is a mechanical device that converts thermal energy in

pressurized steam into useful mechanical work. The steam turbine derives much of its

better thermodynamic efficiency because of the use of multiple stages in the expansion

of the steam. This results in a 32closer approach to the ideal reversible process. Steam

turbines are made in a variety of sizes ranging from small 0.75 kW units used as

mechanical drives for pumps, compressors and other shaft driven equipment, to 150

MW turbines used to generate electricity. Steam turbines are widely used for marine

applications for vessel propulsion systems. In recent times gas turbines, as developed

for aerospace applications, are being used more and more in the field of power

generation once dominated by steam turbines.

Principal

The steam energy is converted mechanical work by expansion through the

turbine. The expansion takes place through a series of fixed blades (nozzles) and

moving blades each row of fixed blades and moving blades is called a stage. The

moving blades rotate on the central turbine rotor and the fixed blades are

concentrically arranged within the circular turbine casing which is substantially

designed to withstand the steam pressure

6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINES

Steam turbines may be classified into different categories depending on their

construction, the process by which heat drop is achieved, the initial and final

conditions of steam used and their industrial usage as follows:

A. According to the Number of pressure stages:

Single – stage turbines with one or more velocity stages usually of small power

capacities, mostly used for driving centrifugal compressors, blowers and other similar

machinery. Multistage impulse and Reaction turbines, made in a wide range of power

capacities varying from small to large.



B. According to the direction of steam flow:

Axial turbines, in which the steam flows in a direction parallel to the axis of the

turbine. Radial turbines, in which the steam flows in a direction perpendicular to the

axis of the turbine. One or more low pressure stages in such turbines are made axial.

C. According to the Number of cylinders:

Single cylinder turbines Multi cylinder (2, 3 and 4 cylinders) turbines, which

can have single shaft, i.e. rotors mounted of the same shaft, or multiaxial, having

separate rotor shaft and have their cylinders placed parallel to each other.

D. According to the method of governing:

Turbines with nozzle governing. Turbines with bypass governing in which

steam besides being fed to the first stage is also directly led to one, two or even three

intermediate stages of the turbine.

E. According to the Principle of Action of Steam:

Impulse turbines.

Axial Reaction turbines.

Radial reaction turbines without any stationary guide blades.

Radial reaction turbines having stationary guide blades.

F. According to the Heat Drop Process:

Condensing turbines with exhaust steam let into condenser with Regenerators,

Condensing turbines with one or two intermediate stage extractions at specific

pressures for industrial and heating purposes. Back pressure turbines, the exhaust

steam from which is utilized for industrial and heating purposes.

Back – pressure turbines with steam extraction from intermediate stages at specific

pressures.

Low – pressure (Exhaust pressure) turbines in which the exhaust steam from

reciprocating steam engines, power hammers, presses, etc is utilized for power

generation.



Mixed – pressure with two or three pressure extractions with supply of exhaust steam

to its intermediate stages.

G. According to the Steam Conditions at inlet:

Low – pressure turbines using at pressures 1.2 to 2 ata.

Medium – pressure turbines using steam at pressure up to 4.0 ata.

High – pressure turbines using steam at above40 ata.

Very high pressure turbines using steam up to 40 ata and higher pressure and

temperature.

H. According to their Usage in industry:

Stationary turbines with constant speed of rotation primarily used for driving

alternators.

Stationary turbines with variable speeds meant for driving turbo blowers, air

circulators, pumps etc.

Non stationary turbines with variable speeds employed in steamers, ships, railway

(turbo) locomotives etc.

6.2 STEPS INVOLVED IN THE DESIGN OF STEAM TURBINES

1. Perform thermodynamic and axial thrust calculations to decide diameters and axial

length of blading.

2. Perform rotor dynamic calculation and suggest any change of lengths and diameters

to repeat step one.

3. Select suitable turbine extensions and diameters to meet above blading geometry.

4. Select suitable materials to meet steam parameters.

5. Select suitable governing system and protection system.

6. Prepare ordering / manufacturing documents incorporating above selections.



6.3 TURBINE BLADES

Blades are the heart of a turbine, as they are the principal elements that convert

the energy of working fluid into kinetic energy. The efficiency and reliability of a

turbine depend on the proper design of the blades. It is therefore necessary for all

engineers involved in the turbines engineering to have an overview of the importance

and the basic design aspects of the steam turbine blades, Blade design is a multi-

disciplinary task. It involves the thermodynamic, aerodynamic, mechanical and

material science disciplines. A total development of a new blade is therefore possible

only when experts of all these fields come together as a team. The number of turbine

stages can have a great effect on how the turbine blades are designed for each stage.

The number of stages depends upon the load we have and the quantity of power we

required. Too many stages may also develop bending moment and high torque which

in turn the reason of failure of the entire unit of the plant.



6.4 Turbine design

Figure 6.4.1 Turbine

The material used for the turbine design is GI steel the thickness of the steel is

1mm. four turbine blades are made because the pressure of the boiler is high to

withstand the high pressure of the boiler. The size of the turbine height 21.5cm and the

blades of the turbine are bent at an angle of 30 degree. The angel between nozzle and

turbine is 90 degree because when the pressure from the nozzle falls on the blades of

the turbine the turbine should rotate at its maximum speed so that more voltage is

produced.



CHAPTER 7

MECHANICAL ARRANGEMENT

7.1 Tapered bearing

The bearing is used is 8mm ID. Tapered bearing are used for the turbine to

rotate smoothly. The force of the steam is in one direction so tapered bearing is used.

The tapered bearing are based on the observation that cones that meet at a point can

roll over each other without slipping. Four number of bearing are used two for the

turbine rotation shaft and other two for the generator rotation shaft.

Figure 7.1.1 Bearing

7.2 Shaft modification

The turbine has a shaft of 9mm with the length of 1feet which is connected to

the gear system, the bearings are fixed to the shaft. The other end of the shaft is also

9mm which is connected to the rotor and the stator. The size of the shaft is 1 feet

downwards.



7.3 Gear arrangement

The steam produced by the boiler is less hence the cast iron material were not

appropriate to be used due to heavy weight which in turn would affect the rotation of

the turbine and the weight of the setup would also be increased. So we came upon with

the lighter material plastic.With the gear ratio of 54 teeth of 3mm deep on the 6cm

diameter. And the smaller gear is made up of 24 teeth. Giving the gear ratio of 1:3.



CHAPTER 8

GENERATOR

Faraday’s Law; when you see that rotation of the coil continually changes the

magnetic flux through the coil and therefore generates a voltage. Generators, motors,

transformers, and solenoids each use the principle of electromagnetism. This is the

ability to create electrical current in a conductor by moving a magnetic field past the

conductor. The reverse is also true: a magnetic field is produced in a conductor by

passing electrical current through the conductor. In general, the requirements for

electromagnetism are a magnetic field, a conductor, and relative movement between

them.

A permanent magnet has a magnetic field around it. The field is lines of

magnetism (flux) that bend around the metal magnet. The strongest part of the

magnetic field is the region where the lines are closest together. On a permanent

magnet, there are two such regions, one at each end of the magnet. These are called

the north and south poles of the magnet. (The earth is a magnet, with the strongest part

of the magnetic field at the North and South Poles Magnetic of the earth.)

A simple generator has two basic parts – field and winding. The field is the magnetic

field and the winding is the conductor formed into a coil.



The field is connected to a shaft that may be turned. These are two elements

necessary for electromagnetism. When the turning field is placed near the winding, all

of the elements are present for electromagnetism. (In fact, the field could be fixed and

the windings turned to produce the same effect in a generator. However, this

arrangement is normally used for small generators, where the current produced in the

winding is small.)

As the field turns past the fixed winding, the amount of current produced in the

winding depends upon the strength of the magnetic field moving past the winding. As

the North Pole of the field moves past the winding, a large current flows through the

winding.

As the field continues to turn and the North Pole starts to move away from the

winding, the current decreases as the strength of the field “cutting” the winding

decreases. When neither pole is nearest the winding, the current through the winding is

zero.



As the field continues to turn, the South Pole moves toward the winding as the

North Pole moves away. Current starts to flow in the winding, but in the opposite

direction, because of the opposite pole moving closer to the winding. When the South

Pole is opposite the winding, the current is again strong, but in the opposite direction.

As the South Pole moves away, the current in the winding decreases, returning

to zero again when neither pole is close to the winding. While this simple generator

produces AC (alternating current), the current produced is not very large since the

strength of the magnetic field is not very large. The principle of electromagnetism may

be used to produce a magnetic field of much greater strength. If a conductor is wound

around a piece of metal, such as iron or steel, and current is passed through that

conductor, a magnetic field is produced around this assembly. It is called an

electromagnet.



The strength of the magnetic field produced is determined by the amount of

current passing through the conductor. When a stronger magnetic field passes a

winding, more current is produced in the winding. In a generator, the amount of

current produced in the winding can thus be controlled by controlling the amount of

current passing through the conductor causing the magnetic field.

The three-phase generator is basically three separate generators in one casing. It has

three completely separate windings in which current is produced, but a single rotating

magnetic field. Within the generator, there is no electrical connection between the

windings. The rotating magnetic field is the rotor and the windings in which current is

produced are in the fixed stator.

AC Generators

8.1 Basic Generator A basic generator consists of a magnetic field, an armature, slip

rings, brushes and a resistive load. The magnetic field is usually an electromagnet. An

armature is any number of conductive wires wound in loops which rotates through the

magnetic field. For simplicity, one loop is shown. When a conductor is moved through

a magnetic field, a voltage is induced in the conductor. As the armature rotates

through the magnetic field, a voltage is generated in the armature which causes current

to flow. Slip rings are attached to the armature and rotate with it. Carbon brushes ride

against the slip rings to conduct current from the armature to a resistive load.

Basic Generator Operation An armature rotates through the magnetic field. At an

initial position of zero degrees, the armature conductors are moving parallel to the

magnetic field and not cutting through any magnetic lines of flux. No voltage is

induced.

Generator Operation from The armature rotates from zero to 90 degrees. The

conductors

Zero to 90 Degrees cut through more and more lines of flux, building up to a

maximum induced voltage in the positive direction.



Generator Operation from The armature continues to rotate from 90 to 180 degrees,

90 to 180 Degrees cutting less lines of flux. The induced voltage decreases from a

Maximum positive value to zero.

Generator Operation from The armature continues to rotate from 180 degrees to

270 degrees. The conductors cut more and more lines of flux, but in the opposite

direction. Voltage is induced in the negative direction building up to a maximum at

270 degrees.

Figure 8.1.1 Generator operation

Generator Operation from The armature continues to rotate from 270 to 360

degrees.

270 to 360 Degrees Induced voltage decreases from a maximum negative value to

zero. This completes one cycle. The armature will continue to rotate at a constant

speed. The cycle will continuously repeat as long as the armature rotates.



8.2 THE VARIOUS TERMS ON WHICH INDUCED EMF DEPENDS

The induced E.M.F will be depending on the many parameters which are

explained as follows

e = -Nd ɸ /dt ............... (8.2.1)

Were ɸ= BA

ɸ= Magnetic flux (weber)

N= Numbers of turns (number)

B=Magnetic flux density (tesla)

A= Area (m2)

8.3 GENERATOR DESIGN

Calculation

Number of Coils Design:

In the forums there is a common question, asking how many turns does my

coil need to produce amount of output. That depends on your design, how close your

coils are to the magnets, how strong your magnets are, what size of wire you are using,

and how fast your coils are cutting the magnetic flux. A question is not easily

answered you really have to experiment to find what works best for you (the way

Thomas Silva Edison did it). The higher the RPM’s of your alternator less the number

of turns needed thereby allowing a heavier gauge of wire that can be used giving

higher amperage output or we can do it the way tesla would do it and was with

mathematics the formula for output is below

V= -N*change in ((tesla* area metre squared)/ seconds)

This gives number of turns

N=-1*(-V/change in ((tesla*area metre squared)/seconds))



For V=10V lets figure 5 turns per second, that gives us 150RPM. If we do a good

blade design we might be able to get 150rpm by the steam turbine.

5 turns/second gives us 1 turn every 0.5s.

Seconds=0.5

This gives us formula

N=-1*(-10/((1.35*(2*Π*20*E-3)(20*E-3+4*E-3)/0.5))

N=1228

The wire used for the making of the coil is copper gauge wire of 34swg and

made 8 coils of 1228 turns as per the calculation shown above. The magnets used are

neodymium magnets because it has more conductivity compare to other magnets. The

diameter of magnet is 20mm and Thickness of the magnet is 4.5mm. the magnetic flux

density is of the magnet is 1.35 tesla. The figure is as shown below.

Figure 8.3.1 Generator view



8.4 COIL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

It’s faradays law that you need to employ while trying to determine how big the

coil needs to be for certain voltage from your alternator or your generator. It has being

found a common question, how big does my coil need to be. Faraday’s law will

answer the question but you will soon find that getting the data needed for Faraday to

answer your question will be very difficult because getting exact numbers will be next

to impossible.



CHAPTER 9

MAGNETS

Magnets are objects that generates a magnetic field, a force-field that either

pulls or repels certain materials, such as nickel and iron. Of course, not all magnets are

composed of the same elements and thus can be broken down into categories based on

their composition and source of magnetism. Permanent magnets are the magnets retain

their magnetism once magnetized. Temporary magnets are materials magnets that

performs like permanent magnet when in presence of magnetic field, but lose

magnetism when not in magnetic field. Electromagnets are wound on the coil of wire

that function a magnet when an electrical current is passed through. By adjusting the

strength and direction of the current, the strength of the magnet is also altered.

9.1 Permanent Magnet

There are typically four categories of permanent magnet: neodymium iron

boron (NdFeB), Samarium cobalt (SmCo), alnico, ceramic.

9.2 Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB)

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB , NIB or Neo magnet), the most

widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from alloy of

neodymium ,iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure.

Developed in1982 by General motor and Sumitomo Special Metals, Neodymium

magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially available. They

have replaced other types of magnet in the many application in modern products that

requires strong permanent magnet.

9.3 Grades

Neodymium magnets are graded according to their maximum energy product, which

relates to the magnetic output per unit volume .Higher values indicates stronger

magnets and range from N35 to N52.



Grades of Neodymium magnets are

N35-N52

33M-48M

30H-45H

30SH-42SH

3UH-35UH

28EH-35EH

9.4 Magnetic properties

Some important properties used to compare permanent magnets are : remanence

(Br)which measure the strength of the magnetic field ;coercively(Hci),the material’s

resistance to becoming demagnetized; energy product (BHmax), the density of

magnetic energy; and curie temperature(Tc),the temperature at which the material

loses its magnetism;

Neodymium magnets have higher remanence, much higher coercively and energy

product but often lower Curie temperature than other types. Neodymium is alloyed

with terbium and dysprosium in order to preserve its magnetic properties at high

temperatures.

9.5 Applications

Neodymium magnets have replaced alnico and ferrite magnets in many of the

myriad applications in modern technology where strong permanent magnets are

required, because their greater strength allows the use of smaller, lighter magnets for

given application. Some examples are.

1. Head actuators for computer hard disks

2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

3. Magnetic guitar pickups

4. Mechanical e-cigarette firing switches

5. Loudspeakers and headphones



6. Magnetic bearing and coupling

7. Bench top NMR spectrometers

8. Electric motors

9. Cordless tools

10. Servomotor

11. Lifting and compressor motors

12. Synchronous motors

13. Spindle and stepper motors

14. Drive motors for hybrid and electrical vehicles.

15. The electric motors of each Toyota Prius require 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of

neodymium.

16. Actuators

17. Electric generators for the wind turbine (only those with permanent magnet

excitation)

18. Direct drive wind turbines require c. 600 kg of PM material per megawatt.

19. Neodymium content is estimated to be 31% of the magnet weight.



CHAPTER 10

COPPER

Copper is a chemical element with a symbol Cu and atomic no 29.It is a ductile

metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and

malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange colour. It is used as a

conductor of heat and electricity, a building material and constitute of various metal

alloys. Its compound are commonly encountered as copper salts, which often impart

blue or green colour to minerals such as azurite and turquoise.

Copper is an excellent electric conductor. Most of its uses are based on this

property or the fact that it is also a good thermal conductor. However, many of its

application rely on or more of its other properties. For example, it wouldn’t make very

good water and gas pipes if it were highly reactive.

10.1 Properties of copper

1. Thermal conductivity: the thermal conductivity of the copper, 394W/mK, is about

twice that of aluminium and thirty times that of stainless steel. This means that copper

is used for components where rapid heat is transfer is essential. Example include

saucepan bottoms, heat exchangers, car and vehicle radiators and heat sinks in

computers, disk drives and TV sets.

2. Corrosion resistance: copper is non-reactive and does not rust or become brittle in

sunlight.

3. Easy of joining: by brazing or soldering. The latest technology called Cupro braze is

used to fabricate strong and reliable brazed copper/brass heat exchangers for cooling

in vehicles which includes cars trucks locomotive, tractors and JCBs

4. High ductility: tubes are easily bent even when hard.

5. Toughness: does not become brittle at sub-zero temperatures.

6. Heat resistance: withstand fire well, melting point in 1083°C.



7. Antimicrobial: copper is a naturally hygienic metal which slows down the growth of

harmful germs such as E.Cli, MRSA and legionella. Coppers ease of shaping,

corrosion resistance and antimicrobial properties make it ideal for brewing vessels.

8. Ranging of colors and malleability: widely used by designers and architects for

exterior and interior applications.

9. Recyclability: copper is 100% recyclable without loss of properties. The price of

scrape copper is high.

10.2 Application

1. Wire and cables

2. Electronics and related electric motors and devices

3. Architecture

10.3 Design considerations

Its faradays law that you need to employ when trying to determine how big your

coil needs to be for certain voltage from your alternator/generator.

It has found a common question, how big does my coil need to be. Faradays law

will answer that question, but you will soon find that getting the data needed for

faradays to answer your question will be very difficult because getting exact numbers

will be next to impossible. At most I’ve found is that you can get ball park figure. The

biggest part of inventing is trial and error. But a ball park figure will cut that down a

bit.

10.4 Formula for the output of the coil

In the forums there is a common question, asking how many turns does my coil

need to be produce x amount of output. That depends on your design, how close your

coils are to the magnets, how strong your magnets are, what size of wire you’re using,

and how fast your coils are cutting the magnetic flux. A question was not easily

answered. You really have to experiment to find what works best for you (the way

Thomas Alva Edison did it). I can tell you this; the higher the RPM’s of your



alternator the less the less number of turns needed there by allowing a heaver gage of

wire that can be used giving higher amperage output.

Type of magnet used is permanent magnets (NdFeB). This type of magnet is

composed of rare earth magnetic material, and has a high coercive force. They have an

extremely high energy product range, up to 50MGOe. Because of this high product

energy level, they can usually be manufactured to be small and compact in size.

However, NdFeB magnets have low mechanical strength, tend to be brittle, and low

corrosion resistance if left uncoated. If treated with gold, iron or nickel plating, they

can be used in many applications. They are very strong magnets and are difficult to

demagnetize.



CHAPTER 11

MATERIALS AND THEIR SPECIFICATIONS

11.1Neodymium

Figure 11.1 Neodymium magnet

Dimensions

Diameter=20mm

Thickness=4.5mm

Magnetic flux density=1.35 tesla

Height= 4mm

11.2 Coils

Figure 11.2 copper coil

Dimensions

Gauge=34SWG

No. of turns= 1228

Resistance of each coil= 42 ohm



11.3 Stator

Figure 11.3.1 Stator

Dimensions

Outer diameter=16cm

Thickness=6mm

11.4 Rotor

Figure 11.4.1 Rotor

Dimensions

Inner diameter=16cm

Thickness=4mm



11.5 Final assembly

Figure 11.5.1 Final set up



CHAPTER 12

RESULT

OBSERVATIONS TABLE

Sl. No. Pressure in pascal Output voltage in

volts

1 40 28

2 35 24

3 30 20

4 25 18

5 20 14

6 15 10

7 10 4



CHAPTER 13

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

13.1 ADVANTAGES

1. Methane evolution caused due to the dumping of waste is eliminated.

2. Electricity is produced.

3. On segregation of waste we get metal and many other renewable materials.

4. Land used for dumping will reduce.

5. Elimination of mosquito breeding

13.2 DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial investment is high.

2. Waste from the power plant it to be managed again.

3. Maintenance cost is high.

4. Health hazards for the people working if safety precautions are ignored.



CHAPTER 14

CONCLUSION

Waste to energy solves the problem of municipal solid waste disposal while

recovering the energy from waste material with the benefits of environmental quality,

increasingly accepted as a clean source of energy. The municipal solid waste is used as

fuel for the production of electricity. The municipal solid waste should be considered

as alternate source of energy and every municipal corporation should use this

technology to reduced pollution, preserve coal, and reduce production of greenhouse

gases protection the ozone layer. By using municipal solid waste as fuel the pollution

will be reduced and we will get the power which can be used in the poor village were

electricity is less. Despite of its high initial cost we are successful to generate a voltage

upto 28 to 30 volts at 40 pascal of pressure. In future the liquid waste can also be used

for the power generation. By some modifications in the model the plastic waste can

also be used for burning, and the output voltage can be increased.



REFERENCE

[1] Switchenbank j, Nasserzadeh V and Goh R in solid waste for power generation

volume 2, year 2001

[2] B. Stanisaa, V. Ivusicb “Erosion behavior and mechanisms for steam

turbine rotor blades” International Journal of Advances in Engineering &Technology

(IJAET), Vol.II , Issue II, April-June, 2011, 110-117.

[3]Anestis Kalfas “Turbine Blading Performance Evaluation Using Geometry

Scanning and Flow field Prediction Tools” Journal of Power and Energy Systems,

Volume 2, Issue 6, pp. 1345-1358 (2008).

[4] Zachary Stuck and Stanley Schurdak, “Steam Turbine Blade Design” Twelfth

Annual Freshman Conference 2214United state of America, Conference Session B6,

14th APR 2012.

[5] Study of energy recovery and power generation from alternative energy source

(Abdulhakim amer A.Agll, Yousif M.Hamad, john w. sheffield)

declaration - kscst i, devendra chawan(2ag13ee403), mahesh jaygonde (2ag13ee406), ashvini desai...

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