damage control

NS100

Fundamentals of

Naval Science

Damage Control

Objectives:1. Understand damage control theory and its interaction with the damage control organization.

2. Understand the different classes of fires and their preferred extinguishing agents.

3. Understand the basic purpose of the firemain system.

Objectives:

4. Discuss the basic procedures for combating shipboard fires and flooding.

5. Be familiar with the damage control equipment, used in combating fires and flooding.

Damage Control TheoryShipboard fires and other damage control emergencies can cause loss of life and severely damage equipment. It can go from a small casualty to a shipwide catastrophe in a few seconds.Recent history provides us with example of fire on board Forrestal, Enterprise, Stark, and more recently YP693.

Damage Control Theory

The only way to effectively fight fires and control the spread of damage is to have a well-trained and ready Damage Control organization.

DAMAGE CONTROL INVOLVES EVERY PERSON IN THE SHIP

Damage Control Organization1. The primary duty of the DC organization is the prevention and control of damage in order to keep the ship fighting. DC objectives are attained by taking the necessary action to:

a. preserve stability

b. preserve water-tight integrity

c. control list and trim

Damage Control Organization

e. detect, confine, and remove effects of CBR attack

d. prevent, isolate, combat, extinguish and remove effects of fire.

f. facilitate the care of personnel injuries

g. make rapid repairs to the ship’s structure and equipment

Damage Control Organization3. Damage Control organization is divided into two parts:a. Administrative / preventative organization - PQS / PMS

b. Battle corrective organization - inport fire parties, rescue and assistance (R&A) teams,and repair lockers.

Fire Prevention

Fire Prevention

Background:

Fire and flooding are constant potential hazards aboard ship. All possible measures must be taken to prevent their occurrence or to bring about their rapid control and return to normalcy.

Fire Prevention1. Each ship is required to institute and maintain a fire prevention program.2. The program should heighten the awareness of ship’s personnel in the following areas: a. Reduction of fire hazards

b. Proper stowage, handling, classification

of hazardous material (HAZMAT)

Fire Prevention

d. Hotwork precautions

c. Shipboard fuels fire prevention

e. Removal of trash

f. Removal of fuels and lubricants from drip pans

Fire Prevention

h. Conduct frequent fire safety inspections.

g. Proper PMS on firefighting equipment

Battle Organization (Underway)

1. Commanding Officer (command and control)a. Has overall responsibility for the safety of the ship and the lives of the crew.b. Must ensure the command is adequately trained and continually exercised.c. Must be fully aware of the adequacy and operability of all DC equipment

The basic D.C. organization consist of D.C. central and repair parties.

Battle Organization (Underway)2. Executive Officer

a. Responsible for training and DC readiness

b. Leader of the Damage Control Training Team (DCTT).

Battle Organization (Underway)3. Officer of the Deck (OOD)

a. CO’s primary assistant and / or direct representative on the bridge.

b. Must have extensive knowledge of ship’s systems and DC emergency procedures.


4. Damage Control Assistant (DCA)a. Coordinates action from Damage Control Central (DCC).b. Receives and evaluates information from all repair parties.

c. Initiates orders to repair parties.

Battle Organization (Underway)e. Keeps the bridge informed of the progress of firefighting, flooding control, CBR defense... f. Maintains required charts and diagrams.

Battle Organization (Underway)5. At-sea Fire Party

a. Responds immediately to fire alarms when repair parties are not manned.

b. Extinguishes small fires without disrupting other ship’s operations.

c. Controls fires until general quarters stations can be manned and become ready to effect relief of the Repair party.

Battle Organization (Underway)6. Repair Parties:a. General Functions:- Control and extinguish fires, control flooding- First aid evacuation of wounded- Electrical and sound-powered phone repair- Identification and decontamination of CBR agents- Perform emergency repairs- Evaluate and report damage- Repair hull damage


b. Specific functions:

- Repair II = Forward Repair- Repair III = Aft Repair (secondary DCC)- Repair V = Main Propulsion- Repair VIII Electronics Repair

Repair Party Organization Number of Men Position Team

1 Scene Leader Attack Team

1 Team Leader - OBA Attack Team

1 per hose Nozzleman - OBA Attack Team

2 per hose Hosemen - OBA Attack Team

1 per hose Plugman

4 Rapid Response Team

2 Investigator - OBA

6 Boundaryman

2 Messenger/Phone Talker

1 Electrician

Emergency Party Organization

a. Repair Party Leader - Takes charge at the repair locker. - Receives reports from scene leader and investigators. - Reports to and receives orders from DC Central.


b. Scene Leader - In charge at the scene - Determines the method of attack, what agents to use, where to establish initial fire and smoke boundaries, etc. - Receives information from the team leader and investigators, and makes reports to the repair locker and DC Central

Emergency Party OrganizationATTACK TEAM


c. Team Leader: - In charge of the attack team (nozzleman and hosemen) and reports to the scene leader. - Wears an OBA and protective clothing - Operates the Naval Firefighter’s Thermal Imager (NFTI) when required.

ATTACK TEAM

Team Leader

ATTACK TEAM

d. Nozzleman:- Wears an OBA and protective clothing.- Employs hose or other extinguishing agent under the direction of the team leader.

ATTACK TEAM

e. Hosemen:- Wears an OBA and protective clothing. - Tends hose or other extinguishing agent under the direction of the nozzleman.

Emergency Party Organization f. Access / Overhaul man: - Uses various tools and techniques, as required, to safely gain access to spaces for attack teams. - After fire is extinguished, returns to use various tools as required to overhaul the fire and ensure the fire is completely out.

Emergency Party Organization g. Plugman: - Stands by the fire-plug for hose charging and securing under the direction of the scene leader. - Provides CO2 or PKP bottles to the scene as needed. - Wears an OBA when required.

Emergency Party Organization h. Rapid response Team: - Proceeds directly to the scene of the fire

with portable extinguishers to attack the fire. - Does not dress out. Their job is to extinguish a small fire or to control a large fire to keep it from spreading further.


- Constantly searching all surrounding / boundary areas for fire, damage, and personnel casualties. - Reports to the repair party leader or scene leader as appropriate, using the best means.

i. Investigators:


j: Boundarymen - Cool decks and bulkheads with installed systems - Set fire boundaries as directed by the scene leader or investigator. - Remove/relocate flammables as required.

Emergency Party Organization m. Electrician: - Secures electrical power to and through the affected space when directed by the scene leader. - Secures or energizes ventilation as directed by the repair party leader.

Emergency Party Organization o. Gas Free Petty Officer: - Conducts atmospheric tests following desmoking to ensure the space is safe for personnel.

Fire Fighting Procedures

When the fire is discovered:a. Spread the word

b. On-Scene Leader proceeds to scene

c. Rapid Response Team attempts to extinguish the fire

d. Secure electrical power to the space


e. Attack team dons firefighting gear and proceeds to the space

f. Boundary men will set boundaries - Remove flammable liquids from adjacent spaces - Continually monitor decks and bulkheads for fire and heat - Cool decks and bulkheads if they become hot


g. Investigators rove the perimeter of the fire, report the status of fire boundaries.

h. OSL makes continuous reports to the repair party leader, who reports to the DCA.

i. once fire is out, set a reflash watch

j. Desmoking team will desmoke affected compartments


DCA control the entire evolution from DC Central and advises the CO.

k. Gas free Petty Officer conducts atmospheric tests to ensure compartment is safe

Flooding

Flooding Procedures

The following procedures are general guidelines for controlling either flooding or progressive flooding:a. Attempt to secure the source of flooding

b. Spread the word

c. On-Scene Leader proceeds to scene

d. Rapid Response Team attempts to Secure the source of flooding ( Watertight Compartmentation)

Flooding Procedures

f. Installed eductors can be used on larger ships to provide a greater capacity to remove water

e. Secure electrical power to the space

g. Boundarymen will set flooding boundaries - Continually monitor decks and bulkheads for progressive flooding - Report any additional flooding

Flooding Procedures

h. Investigators rove the perimeter of the flood, report the status of fire boundaries.

i. OSL makes continuous reports to the repair party leader, who reports to the DCA.

DCA controls the entire evolution from DC Central and advises the CO.

Classes of Fires

1. Class ALPHA Fires:

- Characterized by any material that leaves an ash when burned - Fuels are mattresses, books, paper, wood, etc. - Generally produces white smoke

Primary extinguishing agent: firefighting water

Classes of Fires

2. Class BRAVO Fires: - Flammable liquid fires - Gasoline, JP-5, DFM, oils, paints, thinners, solvents, - Generally produces black smoke

Primary extinguishing agent: AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Foam

Classes of Fires

3. Class CHARLIE Fires:

- Electrical fires - Electric motors, controllers, wiring, and electronic equipment - Generally produces bluish-white smoke

Primary extinguishing agent: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Classes of Fires

4. Class DELTA Fires:

- Special fires - Normally associated with burning metals (magnesium, titanium) - No specific type of smoke associated with this type of fire.

- Primary extinguishing agent: Large amounts of water; jettison if possible.

Firemain System

- The purpose of the firemain system is to provide seawater for fighting fires, but the firemain also provides many other critical services, such as cooling for electronics and air conditioning.

Firemain System Main Components of the Firemain System:

1. Fire and Flushing Pumps: These pumps are electric, diesel, or steam-driven centrifugal pumps rated between 500 - 1000 GPM. These pumps are designed to have a discharge pressure of between 75 - 175 PSI.

Most ships will have 125 PSI as the nominal firemain pressure

Firemain System

2. Piping: Piping is normally 5 inches to 8 inches CU-NI (a copper nickel alloy) that is highly resistant to corrosion.

3. Risers: Risers are vertical sections of piping that lead to spaces located above the firemain system . Cutout valves are installed to isolate risers from the firemain

Firemain System

4. Fire-plugs: Fire-plugs come in 1-1/2” or 2-1/2” sizes. On larger ships they are located so any point of the ship can be reached with 100 or 50 feet of hose from each of two or more fire-plugs.

Firemain System

5. Fire Stations: Stations consist of a fire-plug and attached fire hoses (1-1/2” or 2-12”). Salt water enters the fire-plug via a riser from the firemain system. Normally used to provide firemain to the hose, but in the event of loss of firemain firefighting water can be rigged from an outside source to the firemain.

Firemain System

6. Firemain Valves (cutout valves): These globe or butterfly valves are used for sectionalization / isolation of the firemain.

Firemain System Types of the Firemain Systems:1. Single Main

2. Horizontal Loop

3. Vertical Loop

4. Composite

5. Multiple Horizontal Loop

Firemain System DC Features of the Firemain System:

1. Sectionalization: The division of the firemain system into the maximum number of independent sections

It Prevents the loss of the entire firemain if one section is damaged by securing selected system cutout valves

Firemain System 2. Isolation: The process of cutting out a damaged portion of the firemain so water loss and / or flooding is stopped and the undamaged portion of that section can continue to function.Once a break is isolated, it can be easily bypassed by jumper hoses.

Firemain System

Regular firehoses are used as jumpers. The firehoses are normally coupled to the nearest available fire-plug, and cutout valves are used to isolate the damaged installed piping.

DC Equipment and Protective Clothing

Overview:In a DC situation, the knowledge one possesses regarding DC equipment, breathing devices, and protective clothing may indeed save not only their life, but those of their shipmates.

DC Equipment and Protective Clothing Fire - Public Enemy #1:Whether at sea or inport there is no greater destructive force to a ship than that created by a fire.

Fire-fighting is an “all- hands” evolution which relies on individuals to properly employ DC equipment associated with combating a fire.

Breathing Devices

1. EEBD:Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBDs)are life-saving equipment designed to provide 15 minutes of breathable air and protection from surrounding hostile toxic atmospheres to personnel while escaping from below decks.EEBDs are designed as a one-time use, throw-away device, and are not intended for use whilefighting a fire.

Breathing Devices

2. OBA:Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) is an entirely self-contained breathing apparatus which enables the wearer to breath independently of the outside air. It produces its own oxygen, thereby allowing personnel to enter a compartment containing smoke, fire, or those having a low oxygen content.

Breathing Devices

2. OBA:- Each Canister allows the wearer to breathe adequately for a max. of 60 minutes, however the actual duration is proportional to the work level.

- It is because the exertion and hard work associated with fire-fighting that each canister is subsequently recognized as safely providing 30 minutes of oxygen to the firefighter.-

Protective Clothing

FFE:The firefighter’s ensemble (FFE) provides the firefighter with greater protection from exposure to heat, steam, water, sharp objects, debris, and flames. The ensemble resembles those worn by civilian firefighters, composed of a one-piece jumper, protective hood, gloves, boots, and helmet.

Extinguishing Agents and Equipment

Water:Water is the extinguishing agent of choice when combating class Alpha fires. Salt water from the ocean is drawn in by means of a pump, pressurized, and discharged through hoses and nozzles. Water is also used when combating class Delta fires. During these fires, the appropriate action is simply to jettison the burning object overboard.


P-250 mod 2 Pump:The P-250 pump is an internal combustion engine that is designed to take a suction from the sea to provide water for fire-fighting purpose. The P-250 draws a large volume of water by means of a suction hose which is placed over the side of the ship, pressurizes the column, and discharges it through an exit port, which can be connected to standard hose or fitting.


P-250 mod 2 Pump:- The 55 horsepower engine is capable of pumping 250 gallons per minute at 125 psi.

- The P-250 is found on the weather decks of vessels in large full cover containers.


P-100 Pump:The P-100 replaced the P250 on board the Navy ships . However on board some YPs we still use the P250. P100 pump is designated to be: - lightweight (16 pounds)

- reliable

- easy to operated

- capable to use JP% or DFM as fuel


The pump is capable of pumping 275 gallons per minute at 45 PSI

DisadvantageThe pump is not intended to provide water to ship’s firemain .


Fire Hoses:The orange fire-fighting hoses used onboard ships are made of rubber synthetic which is abrasive-proof and cold resistant. The standard Navy fire hose comes in two sizes, reflecting the diameter of the hose: 1. 1-1/2” 2. 2-1/2”


Fire Hoses: -The standard length of fire hose is 50 feet, although other lengths can be found.

- The hoses can be found ready to be connected to fire-plugs at fire stations located throughout the ship.


Variable Nozzles: - The bail operated Vari-nozzle has a pistol grip on the underside of the nozzle for better control of the fire-fighting water discharge. - The two-position bail is closed when forward and opened when back. The discharge pattern is regulated by a variable nozzle which rotates to provide numerous spray patterns from wide angle to solid stream.


Portable CO2 Fire Extinguishers:The standard Navy portable CO2 fire extinguisher is primarily used in combating class Charlie fires, and in limited cases against class Alpha fires.

- Each extinguisher has a rated capacity of 15pounds of CO2, providing an effective range of four to six feet, and lasting approximately 45 seconds during continuous use.

Co2 Extinguisher


Dry Chemical (PKP) Extinguishers:Portable dry chemical extinguishers are primarily used on class Bravo fires. The dry potassium bicarbonate powder (PKP), interrupts the chemical reaction of a fire and thereby slows down combustion.

The 18 and 27 pound extinguishers contain a cartridge containing CO2 which is used to expel the powder from the canister.


Dry Chemical (PKP) Extinguishers: - The max effective range is 18 feet, and each extinguisher lasts approx. 18 seconds during continuous use.

PKP extinguishers are found at variouslocations onboard ships, especially nearengineering spaces, galleys, and flammablestore lockers.

PKP EXTINGUISHER

How to Activate a Portable Fire Extinguisher

1. The pin at the top should be removed from the valve, and the cylinder placed on the deck to prevent static electricity.


2. When ready, one hand should grasp the horn by the handle to direct the flow of CO2 to the BASE of the fire


3.Squeeze the release lever to regulate the discharge.


4. Sweep the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire. After the fire is out, watch it carefully since it may re-ignite.


AFFF Fire Extinguishing systems:Aqueous Film Forming Foam, commonly referred to as light water, is used primarily against class Bravo fires.

- AFFF is combined with water, in the precise ration of 6% AFFF to 94% water, to produce foam.


AFFF Fire Extinguishing systems:Placing this layer of foam on top of a flammable liquid, serves a dual purpose. - First, the AFFF / water mixture produces a film on the surface of the flammable liquid which prevents the escape of vapors.

- Second, the layer of foam effectively keeps oxygen from the fuel source.


AFFF Fire Extinguishing systems:These two actions inhibit the combustion process, ultimately extinguishing the fire. AFFF can be applied easily and quickly by a number of different systems:

- Inline Eductor - Bilge Sprinkling System - Installed AFFF System

HALON 1211 /1301


Halon 1301:The Halon 1301 system is a fixed DC system which is used primarily against class Bravo fires. Halon is a halogenated hydrocarbon stored as a liquid super-pressurized with nitrogen in cylinders ranging from 10 to 125 pounds in engineering spaces.


Halon 1301:Halon 1301 is particularly effective against large, flammable liquid fires, and is therefore found in nearly all fuel compartments, propulsion spaces and other similar areas.


Halon 1301: - Upon activation of the system, and a subsequent time delay, Halon is released into the compartment as a colorless, odorless gas with a density 5 times that of air.

- This chemically inhibits the flame front, not allowing the chemical chain reaction to occur.


Halon 1301: - Because Halon does not smother a fire, it is vital that the compartment is completely air-tight before the system is activated, so that the gas does not escape and allow the fire to reflash.


Range Guard Fire Extinguishing System:The range guard fire system is a fixed fire extinguishing that is specifically designed for use with shipboard galley/pantry deep fat fryers. The system responds automatically to the detection of a fire, or it can be manually operated by the use of manual controls.

Extinguishing Agents and EquipmentRange Guard Fire Extinguishing System:- A fire extinguishing chemical, aqueous potassium carbonate (APC), is discharged fromcylinders through nozzles located over the deep fat fryers.

- When APC comes in contact with the burning oils in the fryer, a soapy foam is formed. This prevents air from mixing with the oil, inhibits the combustion, and ultimately extinguishes the fire.

Flooding

Flooding may occur from a number of causes: - Underwater or waterline hull damage

Flooding

- Ruptured water piping

Flooding

- The use of large quantities of water for Fire-fighting or counter-flooding

Flooding

If the ship suffers extensive damage, such that it does not stop listing, trimming, or settling in the water, chances are that it will sink within minutes. It is because of these dramatic consequences that all hands must be prepared to use the available assets o combat the effects of flooding and progressive flooding.

Flooding Equipment

Shoring:Shoring is often used onboard ships to: - support ruptured decks - strengthen weakened bulkheads - build up temporary decks and bulkheads against the sea - support hatches doors - provide support for equipment that has broken loose.

Shoring

Flooding Equipment

Shoring:The basic materials required for shoring are:

- shores - portable beam- wedge - triangular block- shole - rectangular block- strongback - wooden piece used to distribute pressure from a shore

Flooding Equipment

Portable Eductors:Portable eductors are jet-type pumps used to move liquid from one place to another by entraining the pumped liquid in a rapid flowing stream of water (Venturi Effect).

Flooding Equipment

Portable Eductors:These portable eductors are ideally suited for removing liquid from a flooded compartment because of their ability to pump liquids containing small particles of foreign matter in addition to contaminated water.

Flooding Equipment

Portable Eductors:Since the operating medium of an eductor is water under pressure, they can be actuated through fire hoses by either firemain pressure or the discharge of a P-250 pump.

Flooding Equipment

1. Single-jet - Uses a single jet around the periphery of the vacuum chamber. A strainer prevents debris from being sucked into the eductor, and a foot valve prevents back-flooding.

Portable Eductors: Two Types

Flooding Equipment2. Peri-jet eductor - Uses six jets around the periphery of the vacuum chamber. The peri-jet is approximately 7% more efficient than the single-jet eductor, but does not have a strainer or foot valve.

Flooding Equipment

Portable Electric Submersible Pump:The portable electric sub-pump is used aboard ships for dewatering flooded compartments that do not have an installed drainage system.

- It is a centrifugal pump driven by a constant speed AC or DC motor.

- The discharged liquid is routed overboard via a 2-1/2” fire hose.

Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)

Controlling the effects of a CBR attack involves limiting the exposure of vital areas of the ship and personnel to the agent, as well as removing the contaminant from the vessel.

A practical knowledge of the protective masks, clothing, and equipment used in the event of a CBR attack is crucial to the survivability of the crew.


Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing

Protective Masks:The protective masks found onboard naval vessels are worn during CBR attacks. These rubber masks remove contaminants from the environmental air through attached canisters. The protective mask currently found onboard ship is: MCU-2/P protective mask



MCU-2/P protective mask:This unit uses one C2 canister which also filters vapors, aerosols, and particulate matter but uses a standard NATO thread for canister replacement. Each canister will filter the environmental air safely for 30 days.



Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO):The CPO is a light-weight, charcoal-lined suit offering protection against chemical and biological agents only.



Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO):The suit, when worn in conjunction with a protective mask,, chemical protective gloves, and chemical protective boots, affords the wearer the maximum protection against these environments



Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO):In a contaminated environment the CPO provides 6 hours of protection from agent penetration.

Because of the reduced effectiveness when wet, wet weather clothing should be worn over the CPO when contact with water is inevitable.


Equipment

Countermeasure Washdown System:The countermeasure washdown system is a series of “sprinklers” located on the weather decks of ships which showers the vessel with salt water.


Equipment

Countermeasure Washdown System:- Prior to a CBR attack the system is activated to lay a protective coating of water on the vessel.

- After the attack the system is again activated to flush and remove the contaminant agents.


Equipment

Countermeasure Wash-down System:This serves to remove a majority of the contaminants, the remainder of which is scrubbed by the decontamination teams.

Review Questions

None

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