cursul complet de management

8/19/2019 Cursul Complet de Management

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Prof. univ. Dr. Marian CONSTANTIN

MANAGEMENT

GENERAL

SINTEZÃ NOTE DE CURS

2003

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CUPRINS

Cap. I MANAGEMENTUL !I ROLUL ACESTUIA "NACTI#ITATEA UNITÃ$ILOR ECONOMICE

%.%&Con'inu(u) *(iin'ifi+ a) ,ana-,n(u)ui. %.2&E(ap /n for,ara *(iin'i ,ana-ria). %.3&Trai'ii *i pro+upari privin *(iin'a ,ana-ria)1 /n 'ara

noa(r1. %.&Con'inu(u) *i +ara+(ru) i(,i+ a) ,ana-,n(u)ui. %.4. & Cara+(ri(i+i) +i5rn(i+ a) i(,u)ui uni(a( +ono,i+1

Cap. II. & STRUCTURA MANAGERIALÃ 2.%&S(ru+(ura ,ana-ria)1 *i prin+ipa)) a) +ara+(ri(i+i. 2.2&Co,ponn( a) (ru+(urii ,ana-ria). 2.3&Prin+ipii 5a61 a) a)+1(uirii (ru+(urii ,ana-ria).

2.&Tipuri) (ru+(urii ,ana-ria). 2.4&"n(o+,ira (ru+(urii ,ana-ria). 2.7&Rpr6n(1rii) -rafi+ /n (ru+(ura ,ana-ria)1

Cap. III 8UNC$IILE MANAGERIALE 3.%&Dfinira *i +on'inu(u) fun+'ii)or ,ana-ria). 3.2&8un+'ia prvr p)anifi+ar. 3.3&8un+'ia or-ani6ar.

3.&8un+'ia ,o(ivar an(rnar. 3.4&8un+'ia +ooronar. 3.7&8un+'ia +on(ro). 3.9&Tra1(uri) -nra) a) fun+'ii)or ,ana-ria).

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Cap. I# IN8ORMA$IA !I PROCESUL MANAGERIAL

.%&Infor,a(ia *i ro)u) a+(ia /n pro+u) ,ana-ria). .2&Mi:)oa+) infor,ar. .3&Cir+u)a'ia infor,a'ii)or. .&Ta5)ou) 5or;in(ru,n( +onu+r opra(iv a) a-n(u)ui

+ono,i+. .4&Pro5), privin or-anoi6arai prf+'ionara i(,u)ui

infor,a'iona) ,ana-ria).

Cap. # DECIZIA !I PROCESUL DECIZIONAL 4.%&D+i6ia ; n'a a+(ivi(1'ii +onu+r.

4.2&E),n() pro+u)ui +i6iona). 4.3&E(ap) *i fa6) pro+u)ui +i6iona) . 4.&Tipo)o-ia +i6ii)or. 4.4&8a+(orii +i6ii. 4.7&Prin+ipii) aop(arii +i6ii. 4.9&8una,n(ara +ono,i+1 a +i6ii)or.

Cap. #I METODE !I TE


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Capi(o)u) I

MANAGEMENTUL !I ROLUL ACESTUIA "N ACTI#ITATEA UNITÃ$ILOR ECONOMICE

"n pro+u) r+on(ru+(ii +ono,i+ +o,p)@i(a(a *i vari(a(a vi'iio+ia)&+ono,i+ vin ,ai a,p)1; iar ar+ini) +ono,i+ a) a-n(u)ui+ono,i+ pun +rin' noi /n +ono,ia pia'1.

A(f) au ap1ru( i,p)i+a'ii aupra +o,ponn()or (ru+(ura) a)

o+i(1'ii; a) +o)+(iv)or oa,ni; ri*in n+i(a(a *(iin'i ,ana-ria) *iaap(1rii a+(ia )a noi) +oni'i (ran6i'i.

Ca a(ar; +unoa*(ra +on'inu(u)ui *i ro)u)ui ,ana-,n(u)uia+(ivi(1'ii +ono,i+ +on(i(ui un i,pra(iv nu nu,ai fa'1 propria ,un+1iniviua)1; +i *i fa'1 /n(r-u) +o)+(iv ,un+1 *i ,ai a) +o,p(ivi(a(a in+aru) pi'i .

%. %. & CON$INUTUL !TIIN$I8IC AL MANAGEMENTUL Ca pro+ orin(ar a oa,ni)or /n +aru) unui for( or-ani6a(;

,ana-,n(u) ( +onira( +a o for,1 a ,un+ii in()+(ua); +u o fun+'i

p+ifi+1 /n o+i(a(; 5a6a(1 p un fon +uno*(in' /n +on(inu1 +r*(r *i6vo)(ar .Mana-,n(u) +ara+(ri6a61 prin(r&o (r11(ura +on(an(1; +uo5i+(iv in(i+ a +o,ana; orin(a; +on(ro)a *i +oorona a+(ivi(a(a pn(rura)i6ara unor +opuri *i o5i+(iv . D+i ,ana-,n(u) (r5ui +onira( o ,un+1+u anu,i( (r11(uri p+ifi+; far1 a n-)i:a fap(u) +1 ,un+a +onu+r ( prin@+)n(1 o a+(ivi(a( o+ia)1; +ar a ap1ru( +u ,u)( /nain( *(iin'a ,ana-ria)1.

Mana-,n(u) +a a+(ivi(a( +ono,i+1 i(in+(1 +on(ri5ui )a porirafi+in'i +ono,i+ a o+i(1'i)or +o,r+ia) *i r-ii)or au(ono,; prin ur,1(oar),oa)i(1'i

%B& Mana-,n(u) )a niv)u) o+i(1'i)or +o,r+ia) po(n'a61 ,un+a @+u'i )a niv)u) fi+1rui )o+ ,un+1 . A+a(1 a+'iun rf)+(1 prin poriraprou+(ivi('(ii ,un+ii. Prin ur,ar; o 5un1 +onu+r a /n(rprinrii ru**( 1ai-ur +oni'ii (=ni+; u,an; infor,a'iona) *i finan+iar n+ar +aprou+(ivi(a(a 1 fi rii+a(1; r6u)(a( a) unui -ra pori( fo)oir a (i,pu)ui ,un+1 *i (ru+(ura +orpun61(oar a+(uia .

2B&Mana-,n(u) +on(ri5ui )a porira fi+in'i *i prin a,p)ifi+arafun+'iona)i(1'ii -)o5a) a fir,i; -nra(1 ra'iona)i6ara ana,5)u)ui +on@iunii+i6iona); infor,a'iona) *i or-ani6a'iona) . Efi+in'a r6u)(1 in ,ou) /,5inar a rur)or ,a(ria); finan+iar *i infor,a'iona) )a niv) fir,1.

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3B& Mana-,n(u) +on(ri5ui )a +r*(ra fi+in''i *i prin in(-rara )a unniv) uprior a a+(ivi(1'i)or fir,i /n +aru) pi'i *i +ono,ii na'iona); p 5a6a +ri(rii +ono,i+; +a + ar +a ur,ar +ono,iira a5o)u(1 *i r)a(iv1 ,un+a vi *i ,a(ria)i6a(1.

B& "n fra ,ana-ria)1 ar )o+ a5orara +on(@(ua)1 a fi+in'i; 5a6a(1 p+on+pra /n(rprinrii +a un i(, +=i; in(-ra(; p ,u)(ip) p)anuri *iin(r; /n +aru) +ono,ii na'iona) *i in(rna'iona) . "n +oni'ii) 6vo)(arii *i ,orni61rii uni +ono,ii pia(1;,ana-,n(u); in pun+( vr pra+(i+ *i (or(i+; af)1 /n p)in pro+ afir,ar *i (a(orni+ir . Mana-,n(u); +a i+ip)in1 *(iin'ifi+1 inpnn(1; arun o,niu uni(ar; oar+ a ra)i6a61 p 5a6a unor (orii; prin+ipii;nor,;,(o *i (=ni+i + run+ /n *(iin'a ,ana-ria)1. "n finira +onu+rii(r5ui avu(1 in vr (rip)a ,nifi+a'i a a+(i no'iunii

&,ana-,n(u) +a a+(ivi(a( ar un anu,i( f) ,un+1>&+ar) + faoar1 a+a(a a+(ivi(a( au un i(, )u+ru>

&,ana-,n(u) +a *(iin(a p 5a6a +1ruia f1*oara /n(ra-a a+(ivi(a( +onu+r. Ca a+(ivi(a(; +a un f) ,un+1 p+ifi+1; ,ana-,n(u) poa( fi

fini( +a a+'iun iri:ar a -rupu)ui; a)-r a +1ii; au or-ani6ara *ira)i6ara a+'iuni)or /nrp(a( +a(r /np)inira anu,i(or o5i+(iv. Li(ra(ura p+ia)i(a( ara(1 +a pro+u) +onu+rii poa( fi defnit ca totalitateametodelor cu ajutorul cãrora se determina, se clasifca şi serealizeazã scopurile şi sarcinile unui anumit grup.

S +onir1 +a a +onu+ /na,n1 a +i; a or-ani6a; a prva; a+on(ro)a. "n ra)i(a(; ,ana-,n(u) nu /na,na nu,ai una au a)(a ina+(ivi(1'i) ,n'iona(; +i (oa( )a un )o+ aa,5)a( *i +=iar a,p)ifi+a( . Pn(ru

(uira +onu+rii nu (r5ui porni( )a anu,i( fini'ii; +i ( n+ar ao5rva + /n(a,p)1 +1n f1*oar1 /n ra)i(a( pro+u) +onu+rii; pornin )a fun+'ii) ,ana-ria); +ar fa+ +a /n(ra-a a+(ivi(a( ,un+1 /n +o,un aoa,ni)or 1 i(u6 )a un /na)( niv) prou+(iv *i fi+in( i,pu /n +aru) pi'i.

Ca *(iin'a; ,ana-,n(u) prupun (a5i)ira unor prin+ipii;,(o i (=ni+i )u+ru +u +ara+(r -nra) a +1ror u(i)i6ar (r5ui 1 ai-urfo)oira op(i,1 a po(n'ia)u)ui u,an; ,a(ria) *i finan+iar in i(,u) +ono,i+;a) +ono,ii pia'1.

Ar(a ,ana-,n(u)ui rpr6in(1 (o+,ai (ranpunra a+(orprin+ipii; ,(o *i (=ni+i )u+ru prin(r&un (i) +onu+r aap(a( )a +oni'ii)+on+r( /n +ar fun+'iona61 i(,u) +onu+r. Ar(a; +a (ip p+ifi+ ,un+1

in()+(ua)1 +ar f1*oara )a ,ai ,u)( niv) +onu+r; r6u)(1 in(r&un(a)n(; a)1(uri ap)i+ara unor +uno*(in' *i /n+r+ari a ra)i6a un +op prinfor(uri )i5r(iv. Dar; pn(ru +a o ar(1 1 a:un-1; *(iin(1 a (r5ui; +a ari pro+up1ri; 1 )i,i(6 a)( pro+upari prin ,(o *i )-i proprii.Mana-,n(u) ar )a 5a6a +r+(1ri i(,a(i+; +u )-i *i prin+ipii propii )ar-ava)a5i)i(a(; +u ,(o p+ifi+ ri-uroa; +u in(ru,n( inv(i-a'i *i )u+ru+ara+(ri(i+ i .

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"n +on+)u6i ,ana-,n(u) (; p o par(; *(iin(a;oar+ ar )-i-nra) + ai-ura ra)i6ara o5i+(iv; iar p a)(1 par( ar(1; oar+ un+onu+1(or +ar *i&a /nu*i( *(iin'a a +onu+; prin+ipii) *i )-i) i ( +apa5i) 1ap)i+ +onu+ra; /n fun+'i (a)n(u) *i ap(i(uini) prona) *i

par(i+u)ari(1'i) pro+u)ui prou+'i. Mana-,n(u) va ra,n (o(auna *i o ar(1; /n(ru+a( @prin'1;(a)n(u) prpi+a+i(a(a; +ura:u); +ara+(ru) +onu+1(ori)or +on(i(ui; /npr,ann'1; fa+(ori i,por(an'i /n /np)inira ar+ini)or.

Mana-,n(u) ( o fun+'i p+ifi+1; + o5( ,un+a uprav-=r profiona)1 au (=ni+1. "n(r-u) pro+ a) ,un+ii +onu+r for,a61 +a r6u)(a( a) ina,i+ii *i ,o5i)i61rii a-n'i)or +ono,i+i.

Ca a(ar ana,5)u) pro+)or ,un+1 po( (ru+(ura /n pro+ @+u'i *i pro+ ,ana-,n( up1 Ni+u)+u;O; .a %2B.

Pro+) @+u'i +ara+(ri6a61 prin fap(u) +1 for'a ,un+1a+'iona61 ir+( au inir+( aupra o5i+()or ,un+ii.

Pro+u) ,ana-,n( ifrn'ia61 fa'1 pro+u) @+u'i prinfap(u) +1 o par( in for'1 ,un+a a+'iona61 aupra +)i)a)( p1r(i; a ,a:ori(1'iirur)or u,an /n vra ra)i61rii uni fi+in( +( ,ai rii+a(; avn un+ara+(r ,u)(i)a(ra). Pro+u) ,ana-,n( /n /n(rprinri +on(1 /n ana,5)u)fa6)or; a pro+)or prin +ar (r,in1 o5i+(iv) a+(ora *i a) u5i(,)or /n+orpora(; rur *i pro+ ,un+1 n+ar r)i61rii )or *i @+u(an'iia+(ora; prin +ar in(-ra61 *i +on(ro)a61 ,un+a prona)u)ui )1n un+o,p)@ ,(o *i (=ni+i /n vra /np)inirii +( ,ai fi+in( a ra'iuni)or +au (r,ina( /nfiin'ara rp+(iv)or fir,."n +aru) pro+u)ui ,ana-,n( )i,i(a61 ,ai ,u)( +o,ponn( prin+ipa) +1rora ) +orpun fun+'ii) aua(ri5u() +onu+rii prvi6iuna; or-ani6ara; +ooronara; an(rnara *i +on(ro).

A+(a a)+1(ui+ +on'inu(u) pro+u)ui (ipi+ ,ana-,n(; +ar @r+i(1 /n(oa( i(,) o+ia)&+ono,i+; +i in+)uiv /n fir,; inifrn( +ara+(ri(i+i))or.

%.2. &ETAPE "N 8ORMAREA !TIIN$EI MANAGERIALE"n pr6n(; /n for,ara *(iin'i ,ana-ria) po( o5i ur,1(oar)

(ri (ap &+onu+ra ,piri+1; /n+pu(uri) +onu+rii *(iin'ifi+ *i +onu+ra*(ii'ifi+1.

Conu+ra ,piri+1 +orpun prioai /n +ar a+(ivi(a(a 5a6a61p u(i)i6ara @prin(i *i in(ui'ii /n pro+u) +i6i; +ooronar *i +on(ro) aa+(ivi(1'i)or. "n a+a(a (ap1 pan )a TaF)or fun+'ia +onu+r ra pra+(i+a(1

in1*i propri(arii /n(rprinri)or; n@i(an ifrn'a /n(r a+*(ia /n +a)i(a( propri(ar *i fun+'ia +onu+1(or.

Pra+(i+a (rai'iona)1 privin or-ani6ara *i +onu+ra 5a6a(1 nu,ai pap(i(uini iniviua) a )i,i(a(; /n a+a(a prioa1; poi5i)i(1'i) o)u'ion1riifi+in( a +)or ,ai i,por(an( pro5), + rvnau +onu+rii uni(1'i)or. A+a(aa(ori(1 +r*(rii i,niunii /n(rprinri)or *i apari'ia o+i(1(i)or 5a6a( pa+(iuni. Tr+ra )a +onu+ra (rai(iona)a )a +onu+ra (iin'ifi+1 a ,ai fo(+oni'iona(1; a)1(uri in(ru) o5'inrii unui profi( in + /n + ,ai rii+a(; *i

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pro-ru) (=ni+o&*(iin(ifi+; +ar a (r,ina( ,oifi+1ri aupra r)a'ii)or + prou+ )a )o+u) ,un+a /n(r fa+(oru) u,an /i o5i+(u) ,un+ii. "n a+( f); ar+ina+onu+rii a fo( /n+rin'a(1 unor p+ia)i*(i; +ar o+upau +u prin+ipa))pro5), a) a+(ivi(1'i)or in /n(rprinr.

"n+pu(uri) +onu+rii *(iin'ifi+ ura61 pan1 /n (apa pr,r-1(oar+)ui &a) oi)a r165oi ,onia). "n a+a(1 prioa1; (oria +onu+rii ( /n +ur for,ar; +ono)ia61 *i +on(ura6a1 +on+p() -nra) +onu+r.N+i(a(a unor prin+ipii i ,(o +u o 5a6a ,ai ,u)( au ,ai pu(in (iin(ifi+ afo( +oni(iona(1 fap(u) +a /n pro+u) prou+r a 5unuri)or ,a(ria) au /n+pu( 1 fi fo)oi( ,i:)ao+ ,un+1 ,ar va)oar *i ,ar rana,n(. Caa(ar; ,(o) +onu+r fo)oi( au /n+pu( 1 fi in + /n + ,ai prf+'iona(;avn /n vr +rin') fo)oirii +( ,ai fi+in( a ),n()or pro+u)ui prou+'i.

Ca fona(or a) nou)ui o,niu *(iin'ifi+ ( r+uno+u( a,ri+anu)8..TaF)or; prin )u+r1ri) a) 5a61 Conu+ra a()ir)or %%%B; Prin+ipii)

+onu+rii *(iin'ifi+ %%%B; /n +ar in(rou+ pn(ru pri,a a(1 no'iuna +onu+r *(iin'ifi+1; )u+r1ri +ar au avu( un ,ar +ou /n /n(r-a )u,. A+(ivi(a(a)ui 8..TaF)or a fo( ,u)(ip)1 > +u a:u(oru) unui +o)+(iv )ar- +o)a5ora(ori ao)u'iona( pro5),) +)or ,ai ivr a+(ivi(1'i ,un+1 in /n(rprinri)inu(ria). TaF)or ar ,ri(u) a fi ifi+a( o ,(oa a +onu+rii *(iin'ifi+u1 in ana)i6) (a)ia( a) a+(ivi(1'ii ,un+1; /n +on+p'ia a 5a6a(1 p ori prin+ipii +onu+r. R6u)(a() )ui TaF)or au fo( +r+(a( *i ap)i+a( in+oni'ii) +api(a)i(. A+( ,(o in(rou /n /n(rprinri) +api(a)i( au u )a+r(ra @p)oa(arii; in(ru+a( i,5una(a(ira ,(o)or )u+ru a fo( ino(i(a ,auri privin )i,i(ara r(ri5u(ii)or i +=i)i5rara i(,u)ui +onu+r.Si(,u) )ui TaF)or +on(in ),n( va)oroa; +onira( +u o va)a5i)i(a(

-nra)a. A+(a un( ur,a(oar) - +rara uni 5a6 (iin(ifi+ +ar a fa+a poi5i)a in)o+uira ,(o)or v+=i ,un+a i a in(rprinri)or (rai(iona) >

- parara )u+rari)or (ina( ,un+i(ori)or; for,ara i 6vo)(ara +ooprariiin pro+u) ,un+ii >

- parara )u+rari)or (ina( ,un+i(ori)or p+ia)i6a(i pn(ru a+(ivi(a(i)+onira( 5a6a; )u+rari) pr-a(ir a prou+(ii; ur,arinu&(o(oa(a +a a+(i )u+ra(ori; i(ua(i p (rp() fun+(ii)or infrioar; a ai5a unnu,ar a(ri5u(i +a( ,ai ru >

- parara pr+ia a rapunri)or in(r ,un+a +onu+r i +a @+u(i;ar i o +o)a5orar in(r )u+ra(orii i +onu+a(orii irar=i+i ai a+(ora.

Pro+uparii a,ana(oar; )-a( +on+p(ii) a+(ivi(a(ii +onu+r; au ,aiavu( i unii +on(,porani ai )ui TaF)or. A(f); ,ai poa( a,in(i


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,un+ii; r6u)(an ii + au urvni( i )a ra(iona)i6ara +onu+rii %& @i(n(aunui () +)ar; a unui ia); 2& un 5un i,( or-ani6ar; 3& fa(uri +a)ifi+a(; &i+ip)ina; 4& +o,por(ar +in(i(a; 7& va)orifi+ara rapia i i(,a(i+a ar6u)(a()or; 9& orin in ,un+a; ?& @i(n(a unor nor, i ,o) & +oni(ii

+orpun6a(oar ,un+a; %0& ,(o ,un+a )a5ora(; %%& in(ru+(iuni pr+ipn(ru +i +ar )u+ra6a; %2& i(, i,u)ar B. A(n(ia aupra pro+upari)or pn(ru a+(ivi(a(a +onu+r p

ana,5)u) in(rprinrii a fo( ,na)a(a


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6vo)(ara in +on(inuar; p p)an ,onia); a ,ai ,u)(or fa+(ori i +o)i in a+(o,niu.Difri() orin(ari; +on+p(ii au pun+( vr po( fi -rupa( in +oa)a opra(iona)a; +oa)a ,piri+a; +oa)a +o,por(a,n(u)ui u,an; +oa)ai(,u)ui o+ia); +oa)a (orii +i6ii)or i +oa)a ,a(,a(i+a.

Scoala operationala 5a6a6a p ia +a in pro+u) +onu+riir6u)(a() o5(in +u oa,nii +ar )u+ra6a in grupuri organizate. A+a(a +oa)a+onira (iin(a +onu+rii +a un pro+ univra); fara a )ua in a,a (ipu) auniv)u) 6vo)(ar a in(rprinrii. D a,na; +onu+ra +a ar(a; poa( fi+on(inuu in5una(a(i(a prin @prin(a in)un-a(a o5ini(a in iri:ara ir6o)vara ivr)or i(ua(ii in in(rprinrii. A(f); (oria ,ana-ria)a (+onira(a un ,i:)o+ a or-ani6a @prin(a; in aa f) in+i( pra+(i+ara i a fii,5una(a(i(a prin +r+(ar; prin vrifi+ara ,piri+a a prin+ipii)or i prin(r&oin(ruir a+va(a in o,niu) no(iuni)or funa,n(a).

Scala empirica 5a6a6a p ana)i6a (uirii @prin(i in a+(ivi(a(a +onu+r; in +opu) (ran,i(rii a+(ia +)or +ar (uia6a ,ana-,n(u).

E@ponn(ii a+(i +o)i porn+ )a pr,i6a +a prin (uira cazurilor individualea) a+(ivi(a(ii +onu+r; ini+inu& ra)i6ari) i -r)i); i prin in+r+ara a r6o)va pro5), p+ifi+; +i +ar pr-a(+ in a+( o,niu inva(a ,ou) a ap)i+a; in i(ua(ii i,i)ar; (=ni+i) +uno+u(. Un a,na ,o a5orarporn( )a ia +a (uiu) @prin(i +onu+a(ori)or&+ au inr-i(ra( u++au -r)i&in ifri() in+r+ari r6o)var a pro5),)or +onu+rii ar +on(i(ui+a ,ai 5una +a) inuir a (=ni+i)or +onu+r i a ,oa)i(a(i)or fi+in( ap)i+ar a )or. E@i(a ina un anu, pri+o) in in+r+ara a -nra)i6a @prin(a(r+u(a i a (a5i)i nor, i pr+p( -nra) va)a5i); oar+ +onu+ra fiinprin na(ura a; ina,i+a i upua +=i,5ari)or; nu poa( fi (r,ina(a o a(apn(ru (o(auna.

Scoala comportamentului uman, nu,i(a i scoala relatiilor umane a+orao o5i(a a(n(i pi=o)o-ii iniviua) i o+ia); o5i+(u) )or (uiu fiininiviua); privi( +a fiin(a o+io&pi=o)o-i+a. A+a(a +o)a ( orin(a(a priori(ar+a(r +)arifi+ara ro)u)ui i )o+u)ui o,u)ui in prou+(ia ,a(ria)a i a r)a(ii)or +u+onu+a(orii a+(ui o,niu. In(-rara fira+a a in(rprinrii in ,iu)in+on:ura(or in ,a+ro+ono,iB prupun i,p)i+i( i in(-rara ),n(u)uiu,an; +a + ina,na +a a+(ivi(a(a in(rprinrii (r5ui a vina o pro5),aprona)a a fi+arui o, a) ,un+ii. Con+p(ia a+(i +o)i ur,ar(a o5(inrar6u)(a()or prin i +u +on(ri5u(ia oa,ni)or; (uiu) +onu+rii (r5uin a fi a@a(p r)a(ii) in(rprona) rfri(oar )a r)a(ii) u,an; a (uiu)ui +onu+rau a (iin()or +o,por(a,n(u)uiB.

In+on((a5i); +onu+ra +uprin i o,niu) +o,por(a,n(u)uiu,an; ar nu poa( afir,a&aa +u, fa+ ap(ii a+(i +o)i&; +a a+a(a ar fi+=iva)n( +u aria (iin(i +onu+rii.

Scoala sistemului social ar un p+ifi+ o+io)o-i+ +ar priv( (iin(a+onu+rii in(rprinrii +a p un i(, in(-ra( in o+i(a(. Con+p() a+(i+o)i in( (rin )-a( +) a) +o,por(a,n(u)ui u,an i unori +=iar +onfuna(+u a+(a. Ea +onira +r+(ari) +ar a5ora6a +onu+ra+a un i(, o+ia); + faoara in in(rprinra or-ani6a(a; a+a(a fun+(ionin )a rinu) i +a un

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or-ani, o+ia).Con(ri5u(ia va)oroaa a *+o)ii i(,u)ui o+ia) +on(a i in fap(u) +aa r+uno+u( in no(iuna in(rprinr& un ana,5)u o+ia) in )i,i() ara)u)ui(ri(oria) upu (u(uror a+(iuni)or i fa+(ori)or in ,iu) in+on:ura(or.

Scoala teoriei deciziilor, ii +on+n(ra6a a(n(ia aupra aop(arii

+i6ii)or; ai+a a)-ra uni )inii a+(iun in(r&o ri a)(rna(iv poi5i).Ap(ii +o)ii o+upa o ri pro5),; +a +i6ia; in pun+(u) vr a)+on(inu(u)ui a+(ia > pro+u) +i6ii; prin funa,n(ara )a(uri)or ,(oo)o-i+ap)i+a(iv > funa,n(ara uprioara a +i6ii)or i a+(iuni)or +onu+rii uni(a(iia-ri+o). Pornin )a fra )uarii +i6ii)or; +oa)a ii )ar-( pro+upari) auprain(r-ii pro5),a(i+i a (iin(i; (uiin in(r-u) o,niu a+(ivi(a( a)in(rprinrii i a r)a(ii)or inf)un(a a) a+(ia.

Scoala matematica +onira +onu+ra +a un i(, ,o) ipro+ ,a(,a(i+; in +aru) +aria; ,oa)i(a(a prin+ipa)a a5orar apro5),)or ( +on(i(uira ,o)u)ui ,a(,a(i+. In -nra); ap(ii a+(i +o)i;+uno+u(i u5 nu,) cercetatori operationali au analisti operationali ; porn+

)a pr,ia in+)urii +onu+rii; p)anifi+arii; )uarii +i6ii)or (+.; in pro+) )o-i+;+ar po( fi @pri,a( +u a:u(oru) i,5o)uri)or i r)a(ii)or ,a(,a(i+. Con+p(u)+n(ra) i) for,a6a modelul ; oar+ prin in(r,iu) a+(uia pro5),a poa( fi@pua in r)a(ii) funa,n(a) i in (r,nii unor o5i+(iv (r,ina(. 8o)oirauni ,(oo)o-ii )o-i+o&,a(,a(i+ prf+(iona(; p 5a6a uni @prin(in)un-a( ap)i+ar (iin(ifi+a; +on(i(ui un pu(rni+ in(ru,n( pn(rur6o)vara au i,p)ifi+ara fno,n)or +o,p)@.

Divri(a(a o5iri)or in(r ifri() (orii in +o)i privin+onu+ra; porn+ in a++p(iuna i fini(ii) ifri( a( ,ana-,n(u)ui.

%.3 TRADI$II !I PREOCUPÃRI "N $ARA NOASTRÃPRI#IND !TIIN$A MANAGERIALÃ

"n pro-ru) (iin()or +ono,i+; a +)or in o,niu) +onu+rii ior-ani6arii; oa,nii +u)(ura i p+ia)i(ii in Ro,ania au au o i,por(an(a+on(ri5u(i. In+pu(uri) +u)(urii +ono,i+ in (ara noa(ra fa+ i,(i( a(i( prinpr)uari a) unor +on+p(ii pro-ri(; +i( i prin (uii i )u+rari ori-ina). In(r,arii -ini(ori ai pro-ru)ui no(ru; )i(ra(ura p+ia)i(a( +i(a6a prin(r +i+ar au pu 5a6) -inirii +ono,i+ ro,an(i p D. Can(,ir; N. Ja)++u; M.Ko-1)ni+anu; Ion G=i+a; Ion Ion+u )a Jra; E,anoi) Ion Ni+=ifor; I. C. Pan'uPop Mar'ian; #. Ma-aru; P. S. Aur)ian; J. P.


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+ono,i+. D. P. Mar'ian funa,n(a6a ,ari,a i for,) or-ani6ar a)in(rprinri)or inu(ria). #. Ma-aru +onira +a /n(rprinra +ono,i+1( H ao+ira u5 o +o,ana uni(ara a ifri(i)or fa+(ori prou+(i . S(iin(ain(rprinrii +r+(a6a +u, ( a)+a(ui( a+( or-ani, i fun+(ii) p +ar (r5ui

a ) inp)ina+a; + o5)i-a(ii ar fi+ar in par( i +u, in( au )a inp)inirpn(ru +a in(rprinra a&i a(in-a +opu). "n )u+rari) )ui #. S)1v+u ara(a +ain(rprinra ( (ipu) or-ani6ar +ono,i+a +ar; ipunin un pa(ri,oniupropriu ur,r( o5(inra uni rn(a5i)i(a(i. In +on+p(ia )ui I. Evian;in(rprinra ( o @p)oa(ar in (a(a(oar; +onua unu) au ,ai ,u)(iin(rprin6a(ori. D a,na; GR. Lanna(6 +onira in(rprinra +afor,a(iun o+ia)&+ono,i+a; a)+a(ui(a in una au ,ai ,u)( uni(a(i; @p)ua(ari(=ni+o&+ono,i+; in +ar (apin( voin(a uni(ara a /n(rprin6a(oru)ui. I. Ta(ofin( in(rprinra +a o or-ani6a(i +ono,i+a au(ono,a; +ar ra)i6a6a+onu+ra fa+(ori)or +ono,i+i u5 +o,ana,n(u) in(rprin6a(oru)ui. D. #oina+onira +a prin @p)oa(ar in()- ori+ (ip or-ani6a(i in +ar( +o,5ina

+on(in( i rp(a(a; in +aru) unui p)an )u+ru i(,a(i+ i ura(a )un-a;a+(iuna fa+(ori)or u,ani i ,a(ria)i;pn(ru o5(inra 5unuri i rvi+ii.#. Tar(aara(a +a in(rprinra ar +a ),n( in(rprin6a(oru); rn(a5i)i(a(a iinpnn(a pa(ri,onia)a.

Una in +on(ri5u(ii) +) ,ai in(ran( in -inira ro,ana+a privin+onu+ra 5a6a(a p (iin(a ( +on+p(ia or-ani6arii a,ini(ra(iv a proforu)uiPau) N-u)+u +ar r,ar+a (a5i)ira nor,)or r+ru(ar a prona)u)ui >ror-ani6ara inva(a,in(u)ui profiona) > in)a(urara po)i(i+ii vr,ii ina,ini(ra(i > nor, (iin(ifi+ nar a prona)u)ui +onu+r; (a5i)irauni r(ri5u(ii :u( > +on(ro) +orpun6a(or (+. Toa( a+(a avau +a +op aai-ur orina; ar,onia i +=i)i5ru) in a,ini(ra(ia ro,ana+a.

Pri,a in+r+ar in(rou+r a or-ani6arii (iin(ifi+ &a fa+u( in anu)%09; )a $1(oria Ro,na+1 Ju,5a+ in Pi(*(i. A+a(a a+(iun (+onira(1 +a pri,a /n+r+ar ap)i+ar a i(,u)ui TaF)or in Europa. To( /na+ai prioaa ia or-ani6arii (iin(ifi+ a prou+(ii i a ,un+ii a fo(funa,n(a(a i #. Ma-aru; G. $i'i+a; G=. Ion+u !i**(i; D. Gu(i;M.Ra)a; G=. Marin+u *i a)(ii.

"n anu) %29 &a +ra( in (ara noa(ra In(i(u(u) Ro,n pn(ruOr-ani6ara S(iin(ifi+a a Mun+ii I.R.O.MB; avan +a rpr6n(an(i a,a pprof. C.


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In(aurara +o,uni,u)ui in prioaa upa +) a) oi)a ra65oi,onia) a (r,ina( o i-norar a (iin(i ,ana-ria); +on(i(uin a(f) un r-rin p)anu) (orii i pra+(i+ii ,ana-,n(u)ui.

Dup1 anu) %77; /n ur,a nu,roa)or in(rprinri in +ar &a

+on+r(i6a( un ,ar for( inv(i(iona); a aparu( n+i(a(a unui ,ana-,n( ,airi-uro ,ai a) )a niv) ,i+ro+ono,i+. S po( ,n(iona a+(unii p p)anu) pra+(i+ii;+r+(arii (iin(ifi+ i inva(a,an(u)ui in o,niu) +onu+rii i or-ani6arii > +u,un( a+(iuna or-ani6ar (iin(ifi+a faura(a in %79 )a niv)u) in(r-ii+on,ii na(iona) > or-ani6ara; +u pri:inu) Jirou)ui In(rna(iona) a) Mun+ii;Cn(ru)ui prf+(ionar a pr-a(irii +ar)or +onu+r in in(rprinri+p+aB > infin(ara In(i(u(u)ui +onu+r i or-ani6ar a prou+(ii )aMini(ru) Mun+ii > +on(i(uira +aru)ui or-ani6a(ori+ pn(ru o)u(ionarapro5),)or or-ani6ar a prou+(ii i a ,un+ii;prin +rara in in(rprinri a+o,par(i,n()or or-ani6ar; +on(i(uira pri,u)ui +o)+(iv +r+(ari ino,niu) ,i+ro+onu+rii )a In(i(u(u) Cr+(ri E+ono,i+ > infiin(ara in 47

in +) ,ai ,ari ora in (ara in prin+ipa) rin( :u(B a +a5in()orpn(ru pro5),) or-ani6ar (iin(ifi+a a prou+(ii i a ,un+ii in %7?; +arin%90 i&au faura( a+(ivi(a(a p 5a6a +on(ra+( > infiin(ara prin +r( a)Coni)iu)ui S(a( a Dir+(ii)or or-ani6ar i +on(ro) in ,ini(r > pr+i6arafri a(ri5u(ii +ar rvin in(rprinri)or i +n(ra))or in o,niu) +onu+riiprin L-a nr. %% in %9% +u privir )a or-ani6ara i +onu+ra uni(a(i)oro+ia)i( > in(rou+ra +uru)ui +onu+ra uni(a(i)or inu(ria) )a A.S.E. >infiin(ara in %93a Coni)iu)ui pn(ru Pro5),) Or-ani6arii E+ono,i+o&o+ia)COESB > p+ia)i6ara a 6+i proan in o,niu) ,ana-,n(u)ui in O++in(.

Rfri(or )a inva(a,an(u); +r+(ara (iin(ifi+a i pra+(i+,ana-,n(u)ui in Ro,ania in u)(i,i) +nii pana )a Rvo)u(ia in +,5ri

%?; i,pun ur,a(oar) pr+i6ari up1 Ni+u)+u O. ; .a.; %2B aB P p)anu) (orii i pra+(i+ii prou+ o ifu6ar apr+ia5i)a a +uno(iin()or ,ana-,n( a) in(rprinrii; in +ar r-a+ o ,ar par( in +on+p() iin(ru,n(aru) ,ana-,n(u)ui in (ari) 6vo)(a(.

5B Cururi) i +r+(ari) (iin(ifi+ ,ana-,n(rau ,ar+a( pr+p()o+(rini +o,uni(; ,ai pu(in in +a + priv( in(ru,n(aru) i ,ai ,u)( inprivin(a in(rpr(arii i fo)oirii unor +on+p( .

+B Pra+(i+a ,ana-,n(u)ui in(rprinri)or a fo( pu(rni+ inf)un(a(a ,anif(ara a in +aru) unui i(, +ono,i+ (ip +o,uni(; upr+n(ra)i6a(; in+ar ),n() a,ini(ra(iv&fun+(ionar(i prva)au aa aupra +)or+ono,i+. R(ri+(ii) i ,+ani,) proprii a5orarii +o,uni( a,p)ifi+a( in

+niu) a) I&)a op(i+a +aui(a in +ar au fo( @r+i(a( au (r,ina( oru+r (rp(a(a a fun+(iona)i(a(ii i fi+in(i i(,)or ,ana-,n( u(i)i6a(in +ono,ia ro,ana+a.

B In(r (oria i pra+(i+a ,ana-,n(u)ui in(rprinrii &a ,anif(a( un +a)a: +ar&a ,ari( (rp(a(; u)(i,a fiin ,ai pr-nan( af+(a(a i(,u) +o,uni( invarian(a a +aui(a .

"n a+(ua)a (apa for(u) a+u,u)ar a ),n()or ,ana-,n( ( pr6n()a un niv) apr+ia5i) in ,a:ori(a(a fir,)or. In 5a6a a+(or vo)u(ii; +a i a priunii

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+ono,ii pia(a; fara inoia)a +a in ur,a(orii ani vo, ai(a )a +=i,5ari fon in,ana-,n(u) o+i(a(i)or +o,r+ia) i r-ii)or au(ono,; a+(a +oni(ionan inaiupravi(uira )or.

%. CON$INUTUL !I CARACTERUL SISTEMIC AL MANAGEMENTULUI

A+(ivi(a(a ,ana-ria)a faoara in +aru) o5i+(iv)or or-ani6a(;ur,arin +ooronara for(uri)or oa,ni)or; ai-urara +o6iunii i uni(a(ii (u(uror),n()or +o,ponn(; in +onfor,i(a( +u +rin() i ar+ini) rii( in +rin()pi(i. Dnu,ira ,ana-,n( i(,i+ i,p)i+a o irar=i6ar a i(,)or; +ar ar)a 5a6a ifri() for, in(-rar > in a+( f) +ra6a p ana,5)u) i(,u)ui of)@i5i)i(a( opra(iona)a.

8no,nu) in(-rar; prin ),n() a); i(,u) in(-ran( i ,iu)in(-ra(or; +oni(iona6a a(f) prin+ipa)) pro5), a) a+(ivi(a(ii uni(a(ii .Sistemul integrant ( +ara+(ri6a( prin ,ari,a i (ru+(ura a+(ivi(a(i)oropra(ii)orB +o,ponn(; niv)u) 6vo)(ar a) a+(ora; +ara+(ru) or-an)or ii(,u) +onu+r in uni(a(i) u5uni(a(i)B +o,ponn( .Mediul integratorpr+i6a6a (o+,ai ana,5)u) nor,)or i )-i(a(i)or -nra( (nin() pro-ru)uio+ia); )u+ru +ar +ra6a r+p(ivi(a( fa(a ),n() (ranfor,a(oar noi. A+(pro+ a +on(ri5ui( )a +rara uni noi i+ip)in; nu,i(a ingineria sistemelor; +ar ar in vr +)arifi+ara pro5),)or +o,p)@ p +ar ) -nra6a in(rou+rain pra+(i+a a+(ivi(a(ii prou+(i a noi)or +opriri in o,niu) (iin(i i(=no)o-ii .

"n )i(ra(ura p+ia)i(a(; (ra(ara in(r&o +on+p(i i(,i+a afno,n)or i pro+)or + au )o+ in +ono,ia pia(a ina,na in(ifi+arai(,)or i u5i(,)or +o,ponn(; pr+u, i +on@iuni) ir+( i invr + for,a6a in(r ); (oa( fiin ana,5)u) in i(,u) +ono,ii pia(a.

A5orara i(,i+a; +a o for,a p+ifi+a ap)i+ar a prin+ipii)or+ono,ii pia(a in +r+(ara pro+)or i fno,n)or; ar in vr+o,punra a+(ora in par(i +o,ponn(; +on(inuinu& apoi prin +r+(arai(,i+a +ar pun a++n(u) p (uiu) ana,5)u; pn(ru a u+ infor,a(ii)privin +o,ponn() i(,u)ui. S pun a(f) in vin(a prin+ipii) +o,p)@i(a(iiina,i+; p 5a6a +=i,5ari)or rur u,an; ,a(ria); nr-(i+; finan+iar;infor,a(iona) (+.

Con+p(u) i(, poa( fi fini( up1 Ma+ovi G=.; %?3 +a unana,5)u ),n(; or-ani6a( p 5a6a )-a(uri)or +oni(ionar in(r ); a +aruifun+(ionar; faura(a in(r&un ,iu ina,i+ +ar ( inf)un(a(; pr,i(a(in-ra anu,i(or o5i+(iv.

"n (oria i(,)or; no(iuna i(, rfra )a ori+ n(i(a( +o,puain par(i in(rpnn(; i(,u) nfiin nu,ai (o(a)i(a(a par(i)or; +i i (o(a)i(a(ar)a(ii)or @i(n( in(r par(i. Aaar; no(iuna funa,n(a)a a (orii i(,)or r6iain +a -ra or-ani6ar. Cara+(ri(i+i) prin+ipa) a) i(,u)ui un(aB o5i+(iv) +ar rpr6in(a ra(iuna @i(n(i )ui; rp+(iv ,o(iva(ia i fina)i(a(a

a+(uia >

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5B ),n() au n(i(a(i) + a)+a(ui+ +o,ponn(a +on(ru+(iva; for,a6a (a(i+ai(,u)ui >

+B r)a(ii) au rapor(uri) in(r ),n() i(,u)ui; rp+(iv; +o,ponn(afun+(iona)a au ina,i+a i(,u)ui.

R)a(ii) in(r i(, i ,iu @pri,a u5 for,a in(rari)or i iiri)or .Intrarile in i(, un( inf)un() provni( in ,iu. Un) inf)un( po(

+apa(a anu,i( va)ori i vin para,(ri +u +ara+(r +on(an(; i,pu un opra(or;+ar (r,ina )i,i() varia(i a va)ori)or varia5i))or ),n()or i a r)a(ii)or + (a5i)+ in(r a+(a.

Ieşirile un( for,a( in inf)un() p +ar i(,u) ) @r+i(a aupra,iu)ui. Un) iiri nu,+ +ri(rii; avan o i,por(an(a o5i(a; oar+pr,i( apr+ira fun+(ionarii ana,5)u a i(,u)ui.

"n (rn1 in(rpnn(a +u (ru+(ura af)1 uncţia sistemului .8un+(ia @pri,a i(,u) in a+(iun; rp+(iv ,oa)i(a(a +u, i(,u) pri,(inf)un() ,iu)ui; +u, ) pr)u+ra6a i ) (ranfra aupra a+)uiai ,iu; u5

for,a iiri)or . Ca ),n( oronar a i(,u)ui; +onu+ra ar +a fini(oritrasatura sistemica . Cu a:u(oru) ,ana-,n(u)ui; i(,u) ii pa(ra6a(a5i)i(a(a i ina,i+a a(a( in +a6u) +=i,5ari)or +oni(ii)or in(rn i @(rn;vi(anu& 6or-ani6ara. S+opu) fina); +on(inu(u) i +ara+(ru)ui i(,i+ a),ana-,n(u)ui ( op(i,i6ara fun+(ionarii i(,u)ui; a u(i)i6arii fi+in( a (u(urorrur)or; (+. 8a'1 r6i(n(a fa+(ori)or +ar i) inf)un(a6a; ,ana-,n(u)uii(,u)ui ra)i6a6a +a(r or-an) i ,+ani,) proprii. In a+( f) @p)i+afap(u) +a pro+) +onu+r rpr6in(a un a(ri5u( propriu a) i(,u)ui au(o+onu+r; fi+ar i(, in+)u6an p o par( u5i(,u) +onu+a(o; iar p a)(a par( u5i(,) +onu; upu pro+u)ui iri:ar i r-)a:.

Con+p(ia i(,i+a rpr6in(a in a+( f) o ri +ara+(ri(i+i i

i,p)i+a(ii p+ifi+- ai-ura o vi6iun in(-ra(oar a pro+)or i fno,n)or; (ra(in in(-ra) +a on(i(a( uni(ara i nu +a o a)a(urar a ),n()or +o,ponn(>

- pr,i( vin(ira +a)i(a(i)or in(-ra(iv i(,; p +ar nu ) poa ni+iunu) in ),n() +o,ponn( )ua( para(>

- pun )a in,ina (iin(i ,n-ria) +aru) ,(oo)o-i+ +apa5i) a @p)i++o,por(a,n() +o,p)@ in pun+( vr (ru+(ura) i fun+(iona); (inina,a ina,i+a i(,u)ui&+r(r; au(o6vo)(ar; r-)ar>

- +on(i(ui un ),n( ,(oo)o-i+ +r+(ar pn(ru (a5i)ira r)a(ii)or in(ri(, ifri( +a a,p)oar i +o,p)@i(a(>

- ofra poi5i)i(a(a r6o)varii unor pro5), +o,p)@; prin ru+ra )or )a un

pro+ r+ipro+; fo)oin un in(ru,n(ar ,(oo)o-i+ i,p)u i uni(ar; a)a(uri ,(o) +ono,i+o&,a(,a(i+ pn(ru -aira o)u(ii)or op(i,>- pr,i( ap)i+ara prin+ipiu)ui n(ropii; @pri,a( in (r,ni pro5a5i)i(a(;

oar+ n(ropia ( o +ara+(ri(i+a (ar a ori+arui i(, >- ra)i6a6a in(rfrari +u a)( (iin( i i+ip)in ,a+r+ono,ia; +ono,ia

in(rprinrii; +r+(ara opra(iona)a; +i5rn(i+a (+.B; ofrin poi5i)i(a(aunor a5orari ,u)(ii+ip)inar >

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- a5ora6a in(rprinra +ono,i+a +a un ana,5)u uni(ar; +a un in(r-; a(a( in+a + priv( +onfi-ura(ia (ru+(ura)a; +a( i ,+ani,u) +o,p)@ a)fun+(ionarii a) >

- in(rou+ra in o,niu) (iin(i +onu+rii in(rprinrii ),n( noi; p+ifi+

(nin()or ,orn ina,i,u); aap(a5i)i(a(a; f)@i5i)i(a(a; r-)ara;au(or-)ara (+.- pr,i( +onu+rii a a5or6 p+ifi+; i(,i+; in ,o u+(iv&inu+(iv;

(a5i)in (ra(-ii ana,5)u pn(ru in(rprinra prin for,u)arao5i+(iv)or i (a)ira )or p (ra(-ii par(ia) i po)i(i+i +orpun6a(oarfi+arui +o,par(i,n( >

- fin( in(r&o vi6iun noua ro)u) +onu+rii i r-)a6a pro+u) +onu+rii+onfor, +rin()or a+(ua); +ar (r5ui a ai-ur in(-rara or-ani+a ai(,u)ui in ,iu) o+ia)&+ono,i+; po)i(i+ i (=ni+o&(iin(ifi+; a:u(an +ar) +onu+r a +unoa+a i a r6o)v pro5),); a pr,ann(i66 nouaa(i(uin ,orna; )ar- ,o+ra(i+a; a par(i+ipan(i)or )a +onu+r; in +oni(ii)

+ono,ii ro,an(i."n )i(ra(ura p+ia)i(a( propun ivr +ri(rii apr+ir a uni5un fun+(iona)i(a(i a i(,u)ui; +u, un( - aap(a5i)i(a(a; +apa+i(a(a a ra+(iona up)u )a +rin() i inf)un(a

,iu)ui pi(i >- i,'u) in(i(a(ii; +unoa(ra uni(a(ii +ono,i+ +a(r (o(i ,,5rii i;

privin o5i+(iv) p +ar ) ar i ,ou) ra)i6ar a) a+(ora >- +apa+i(a(a a ((a +on+r( ra)i(a(a >- (a5i)i(a(a; +ar rf)+(a propri(a(a a&i ,n(in fun+(iona)i(a(a in

anu,i( )i,i( >- in(-rara; rfrinu& )a vi(ara +onf)i+()or +u ,,5rii i >

- i,pu)u) pr a+(iun vi6an ai-urara a(ifa+(ii ,,5ri)or i orin()or par(i+ipar )a ra)i6ara o5i+(iv)or >- ra)i6ara; rpr6n(an r6u)(a(u) n( a) a+(ivi(a(ii @+u(a( (+.

8or,) +on+r( p +ar ) i,5ra+a a+(i fa+(ori i ro)u) )or inra)i6ara unui anu,i( niv) a) a+(ivi(a(i)or; un( inf)un(a( in ,o n,i:)o+i( +a)i(a(a +onu+rii pra+(i+a( i i(,u) in +ar ( in(-ra(a +onu+ra.

%.4 CARACTERISTICILE CIJERNETICE ALE SISTEMULUI UNITATE ECONOMICÃ

Ci5rn(i+a a5ora6a (uiu) )u,ii in+on:ura(oar; pornin )apr,i6a ,i+arii pr,ann( )a niv) ,i+ro+ono,i+ i ,a+ro+ono,i+ a+o,p)@u)ui )-a(uri; +or)a(ii i in(r+oni(ionari + +ara+(ri6a6a ori+ n(i(a(in na(ura i o+i(a( .Ci5rn(i+a +ono,i+a a vni(; in +oni(ii) +o,p)@i(a(ii6vo)(arii uni +ono,i pia(a; o (iin(a a +onu+rii ,orn a i(,)or

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+o,p)@; in +ar oa,nii +u pu(r +i6i i @+u(i prin +ar o+upa pri,u))o+.

A(f); i(,) +o,por(a +a n(i(a(i o,o-n; avan propri(a(i ifun+(ii proprii; +a)i(a(iv ifri( +) a) ),n()or +o,ponn(. La niv)

,i+ro+ono,i+ (ri(oria); uni(a(a +ono,i+a; +(ia; +(oru); uni(a(i) +r+(ar;(+.; pr6in(a +a i(, +i5rn(i+ +onu i r-)a( p 5a6a +rin()or pi(iavan niv)uri +o,p)@ ifri(; in fun+(i aria +uprinr a fno,n)or+ono,i+o&o+ia).

E),n() + +o,pun un i(, +o,por(a +a par(i; in rapor( +ui(,u) in +ar in(-ra6a i +a i(,; in rapor( +u propria a (ru+(ura. Ina+)ai (i,p; fi+ar ),n( poa( +on(i(ui un i(,; +aruia i u5orona6a a)(i(,. In pra+(i+a nu poa( ra)i6a o in+in(a aia5a(i+a prf+(a; in(ru+a(no(iuni) i(,; ),n( au un +ara+(r r)a(iv; i(in+(ia fa+anu& in fun+(i +opu) ana)i6i propu. Ana,5)u) +orn( a) u5i(,)or +ar in(rpr(ani in(r+oni(iona6a for,a6a i(,u) uni(a( +ono,i+a; +ar&i :u(ifi+a

u(i)i(a(a +ono,i+o&o+ia) prin ,ou) in +ar r6u)(a() o5(inu( in prou+(irapun +o,n6ii pi(i a(a( +an(i(a(iv +a( i +a)i(a(iv. Co,ana pi(i @pri,an+i(a(i) pi(i pn(ru +ar uni(a(a +ono,i+a ra)i6a6a fina)i(a(a o+ia)&+ono,i+a; in )i,i() +apa+i(a(ii i prou+(i; a po(n(ia)u)ui prou+(iv; niv) 6vo)(ar i o(ar +u ,i:)oa+) n+ar. Sru+(ura i(,u)ui uni(a( +ono,i+a( (r,ina(a ra,uri) prou+(i; in +ar i,5ina fi+in( i +on+r(i6a6a a+(ivi(a(a u5i(,)or +o,par(i,n( +(ii; +(oarB. Si(,u)uni(a( +ono,i+a ii poa( au(or-)a a+(ivi(a(a prin +onu+ra propri; p 5a6ainfor,a(ii)or pr)u+ra( i va)orifi+a( fi+in(; )uin +i6ii) n+ar orin(ariia+(ivi(a(ii. In a+( f); ,ou) a -ani +i5rn(i+; a or-ani6a i +onu+i(,) +ono,i+; &a ovi( a fi un ,i:)o+ i-ur ,o)ar a pro+)or

+ono,i+; a(a( )a niv) ,i+ro+ono,i+ +a( i )a niv) ,a+ro+ono,i+ . Pn(ru 5una fun+(ionar i ra)i6ar a ar+ini)or prou+(i; uni(a(a+ono,i+a; +a ,i+roi(,; pri,( in a,on() i ava)u) a+(ivi(a(ii prou+(iivr rur; +ar for,a6a in(rari) in i(,; i +uprin fonu) fun+iar; for(a ,un+a; ,i:)oa+) ,+ani6ar; u(i)a: i in(a)a(ii a+(ivi(a(ii prou+(i;,a(ri i ,a(ria); nr-i; rvi+iu @+u(a( (r(i; rur finan+iar; (+. Toa(a+( in(rari un( )ua( in a++p(iuna par(i+ipar fi6i+a )a pro+u) prou+(i;prin (=no)o-i. To( +a in(rari po( fi +onira(i fa+(orii na(ura)i a) a-n(u)ui+ono,i+ .

Iiri) in i(,u) uni(a( +ono,i+a; a(a( u5 ap+( +an(i(a(iv +a( i+a)i(a(iv; un( rpr6n(a( ivri(a(a prou)or inu(ria)i6a( au

,iinu(ria)i6a( rvi+ii; infor,a(ii (+.Din (ru+(ura +)or pr6n(a( r6u)(a +a pri,u) niv) +unoa(r ai(,u)ui uni(a( +ono,i+a ( +) ana,5)u; in +ar &au avu( in vrin(rari) i iiri) in i(,. In +ono,i u(i)i6a6a in ,o +urn( r-)araaap(iva; +ar 5a6a6a p +unoa(ra (ari)or in(r,iar; +ar )a ranu) )orun( )-a( (ara fina)a )a +ar (r5ui a a:un-a i(,u); (r,ina( in fina) pia(a.

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Ra)i6ara a+(or a(ri5u(ii i,pun +onu+rii uni(a(ii +ono,i+ +a in,o pr,ann( a o5rv a(a( i(,u) uni(a( +ono,i+a +a( i u5i(,) i+o,ponn(; in aa f) in+a( a poa(a in(rvni +u pro,p(i(uin i fi+in(a ina+(iuni r-)ar; pn(ru ,n(inra +=i)i5ru)ui i ra)i6ara ri(,i+a a

o5i+(ivu)ui. To( a+( f)u@ +i5rn(i+; ( ina (ri+( )-a( pro+u) ,ana-,n(;in +ar un( +on+pu( i @r+i(a( a(ri5u() a); in ur,a(oar) fa6 fa6aprvi6iona)a in +ar pro,ina ,ana-,n(u) (ip prvi6iona)B; fa6a opra(iona)i6ar +ara+(ri6a(a prin prponn(a or-ani6arii; +ooranarii ian(rnarii prona)u)ui in ra)i6ara o5i+(iv)or B; fa6a +o,nurar iin(rpr(ar a r6u)(a()or +ara+(ri6a6a prin prponn(a @r+i(arii fun+(ii va)oar&+on(ro)B.

Uni(a(a +ono,i+a +a i(, ar un anu,i( +o,por(a,n(; orin(a(pr un anu,i( +op 5in (r,ina(. Co,por(a,n(u) i ra+(ia unui i(, un((r,ina( +oni(ii) @(rioar; ,iu) a,5ian(; +ara+(ri(i+i)

i(,u)ui; in +opu) ur,ari( +onu+r. In pra+(i+a a+(ivi(a(ii in(ra6a ino5i (ara i(,u)ui i ,ari,i) +ar n ara(a -anu) in +ar pro+u) prou+(i + faoara ar in(runi( +oni(ii) op(i, pn(rura)i6arao5i+(iv)or propu. Pn(ru ra)i6ara ro)u)ui i(,u)ui ( n+arau5oronara (u(uror u5i(,)or p (oa( (rp() irar=i+ i (ranfor,ara)or in i(, +u au(or-)ar i orin(ara )or pr ra)i6ara o5i+(iv)or.

Su5oronara u5i(,)or ofra poi5i)i(a(a +a fi+ar in(r ) a+ap( o anu,i(a )ini +o,pr(a,n(; +ar (r5ui a fi (r,ina(a (a5i)irai(,u)ui uni(a( +ono,i+a; a+(a +on(i(uin un +ri(riu 5a6a. S +a6aa(f) +oni(ii op(i, +a fi+ar u5i(, a (ranfor, in sistemautoreglare.

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E=(p.p’) - R 6 PQ

Aap(a5i)i(a(a u5i(,)or ( (ran )-a(a o5)i-a(ivi(a(a +aa+(a a a(ifa+a o5i+(ivu) +ri prin i(,u) rp+(iv. Si(,) +ono,i+un( i(, a +aror aap(a5i)i(a( in +ono,ia pia(a ar +a +op a ai-ur

fun+(ionara a+(ora +u anu,i( prfor,an( in +oni(ii (r,ina(; inaipia(a. Tinan a,a ,o)u) +u ,+ani,u) pr6n(a(; poa( ,on(ra,ou) r-)ar a prou+(ii +a(r fu) prou; iar in ana)i6a6 ,o)u)uira( in fi-ura %.2 prin oua vri-i prin+ipa)aB Controlul productiei, prin +ar; fu) u5uni(a( au +=iar prou

ur,ar( ra)i6ari) f+(iv a) prou+(ii R B; p +ar ) +o,para +up)anu) P B i +u a)( an-a:a,n( p +ar i )&a au,a(PQB>

5B Reglarea productiei, +ar f+(ua6a in fun+(i ,ari,a rorii EB;a+(ionan in pro+u) prou+(i +u +i6ii DB ; pn(ru a in)a(ura inf)un()n-a(iv in a+(ivi(a(a prou+(i.Con(inuan a+( +i+)u; r-)ara rp(a; +onu+a(oru) avan ar+ina a

in(rvni pro,p( a(un+i +an n+i(a(i) pi(i o i,pun. In )i(ra(ura p+ia)i(a( un( ,n(iona(i i a)( ,ouri r-)ar; +a

r-)ara prin a)r(a; an(i+ipa(i; po(r-)ar r-)ar in(ar6ia(aB; +o,5ina(a (+.A+(aun( pra+(i+a( in p+ia) in fr,) prou+(i v-(a)a; un o ri fa+(orip(ur5a(ori ; +a varia(ia +oni(ii)or +)i,a(i+; -ru(a(i aprovi6ionar +u+o,5u(i5i)i; for(a ,un+a; )ipuri a) 5nfi+iari)or i furni6ori)or (+. ; (r,ina +afu) u5uni(a( prou+(i; in fun+(ii) +oni(ii) +on+r(; a ap)i+ una in,(o) r-)ar ,n(iona( a+(a nu rpr6in(a +a( +a6uri par(i+u)ar a)r-)arii aap(ivB.

Uni(a(a +ono,i+a; +a i(, ina,i+ i ,ar +o,p)@i(a(; ( for,a(ain(r&o ,u)(i(uin +o,ponn(; in(-ra( prin in(r,iu) +on@iuni)or ir+( i

invr; a( ivr f)u@uri in(rpnn( ,a(rii; ,a(ria); nr-i; fa+(ori ,un+a; ,i:)oa+ finan+iar; infor,a(iona) (+. Toa( a+(a +onfra a-n(u)ui+ono,i+ +ara+(ru) sistem integrator ; +ar +uprin (ri (ru+(uri

aB(ru+(ura in(rari)or IB> 5B(ru+(ura (ranfor,a(oar PB> +B(ru+(uraiiri)orEB>

8IG.2.In(rari IB

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A+( (ri (ru+(uri I. P.E.B rpr6in(a uni(a(a +ono,i+1 /n (ara i

fun+(ionar in ana,5)u i in ina,i+a. Poi5i)i(a(i) in(-rar a +)or (ri(ru+(uri in +aru) uni(a(ii; r6ia in ur,a(oar) ),n( - in a+(ivi(a(a uni(a(ii +ono,i+ ni+iuna in +) (ri (ru+(uri nu poa( fi

+a)+u)a(a i (r,ina(a +u o +r(i(uin au pro5a5i)i(a(a invaria5i)a>- in(-rara +)or (ri (ru+(uri poa( fi pua in i+u(i nu,ai in +oni(ii)) +an

una in +) (ri (ru+(uri ( +on(an(a.P 5a6a +)or ,n(iona(; in fa'1 +onu+rii pun in(r5ara un

(r5ui a in+apa ana)i6a pn(ru a proi+(a para,(rii i(,u)ui in(-ra(uni(a( )a +ar in(r (ru+(uri E( r+o,ana5i) +a in(o(auna ana)i6a ain+apa )a a+a (ru+(ura +ar af)a +) ,ai aproap +o,p(n(a irar=i+a a+onu+rii uni(a(ii; rp+(iv a+a (ru+(ura +ar poa( fi ,o)a(a i aap(a(a

op(i,; in +on+oran(a +u +r+(ari); (uii) i ana)i6) proprii a) +onu+rii+o)+(iv. In 5a6a a+(or propunri; uni(a(a +ono,i+a +ar ipun oau(ono,i i pu(r +i6i in o,niu) prou+(ii; va in+p +u (ru+(ura PB;(inan a,a +apa+i(a(i) prou+(i; (=no)o-ii ; rur (+.

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Capi(o)u) II

STRUCTURA MANAGERIAL

Re$l#/$re$ une# structur# or)$n#/$tor#ce c$re s $s#)ure $)entulu# econo*#c un(#n$*#s* # $($pt$#l#t$te l$ cer#n:ele p#e:e# treu#e s const#u#e o preocup$re per*$nent $ $cestu#$& $ $t$re perec:#on$re$ $ct#.#t:#lor *$n$)er#$le l$ el c$ #

or)$n#/$re$ pro(uc:#e# nu este o $c:#une te*por$r c# treu#e cons#(er$t o $ct#.#t$te per*$nent presupun;n( $($pt$re$ (e no# concep:## (#n$*#ce # pre.#/#on$le& Pr#nstructur#le *$n$)er#$le se pot $or($ prole*ele (e#n#r## $utor#t:## respons$#l#t:## #(ele)r## (e $utor#t$te& O un structur presupune e#sten:$ pentru $)entul econo*#c $une# str$te)## #ne prec#/$te&

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De $#c# se po$te (espr#n(e conclu/#$ c structur#le or)$n#/$tor#ce *$n$)er#$le $u*$# *ulte trstur# co*une+

- repre/#nt un $ns$*lu (e re)ul# # re)le*entr# c$re (eter*#n ce treu#e s se$c un(e c;n( # cu* (e $se*ene$ (e ctre c#ne # ?n ce el re)ul# # re)le*entr# c$re

$c p$rte #nte)r$nt (#n re)ul$*entul (e or)$n#/$re # unc:#on$re # re)ul$*entul (eor(#ne #nter#o$r $l ?ntrepr#n(er## ($te

- cree$/ c$(rul rep$rt#/r## s$rc#n#lor c$re ur*e$/ $ # ?n(epl#n#te ?n .e(ere$tr$(ucer## ?n .#$: $ (#er#telor unc:#un#

- st$#lesc #er$r@#$ person$lulu#- $s#)ur #n.est#re$ cu $utor#t$te$ # respons$#l#t$te$ cerute ?n ?n(epl#n#re$

s$rc#n#lor pre./ute- st$#lesc pre*#sele coor(onr## (#.erselor co*ponente $le un#t:##- $s#)ur or)$n#/$re$ s#ste*ulu# #nor*$:#on$l- precon#/e$/ un s#ste* (e st#*ul$re pentru $ se pute$ o:#ne re/ult$te c;t *$#

une&

Pr#nc#p$l$ s$rc#n $ une# structur# *$n$)er#$le este s #e (#n$*#c uor $($pt$#l l$ sc@#*r#le sur.en#te $ce$st $($pt$re treu#n( $ # toto($t re$l#/$t l$*o*entul oportun&

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?ntrepr#n(ere pentru $ $n$l#/$ # pro#ect$ s#ste*ul #nor*$:#on$l corespun/tor sc@#*r#lor sur.en#te ?n c$(rul unc:#un## (e pro(uc:#e&

2.2.2 8un+'ii) +onu+r

8un+'ia po$te # (e#n#t pr#n co*peten:ele $utor#t$te$ # respons$#l#t:#leconer#te perso$nelor c$re o eerc#t$& $rc#n#le c$re sunt $tr#u#te treu#e s #e o*o)ene(#n punct (e .e(ere $l n$tur## # co*ple#t:## lor ur*;n( $ # $cor($te ?n *o( re)ul$t #or)$n#/$t une# perso$ne (#n c$(rul un#t:##&

De#n#re$ unc:#e# prec#/e$/ # ele*entele c$re con(#:#one$/ ?n(epl#n#re$ e# #$nu*e+ rolul s$rc#n#le respons$#l#t:#le $utor#t$te$ # le)tur#le&

A.;n( ?n .e(ere $ceste ele*ente unc:##le pot #+$ - de conducere cu ser *$# l$r) (e respons$#l#t:# # $utor#t$te s#tu$te pe

n#.elele super#o$re $le p#r$*#(e# #er$r@#ce #*pl#c;n( s$rc#n# (e con(ucere # coor(on$re$ $ct#.#t:## $ltor c$(re (e eecut$n:#

, de execuţie c;n( t#tul$rul unc:#e# $re co*peten:e pose( $utor#t$te #

respons$#l#t:# l#*#t$te& Acele unc:## ##n( pl$s$te l$ n#.ele #ner#o$re $le p#r$*#(e##er$r@#ce nu $u s$rc#n# (e coor(on$re # se re/u* l$ eectu$re$ unor lucrr# s$ure/ol.$re$ unor prole*e&

Po(u) re/ult pr#n $($pt$re$ ele*entelor c$re (e#nesc unc:#$ l$ p$rt#cul$r#t:#le#ecru# loc (e *unc # l$ c$r$cter#st#c#le t#tul$rulu# ce ?l ocup&

Postul c$ ele*ent pr#*$r $l structur## po$te # (e#n#t # pr#n $ns$*lul s$rc#n#lor ce re.#n s#ste*$t#c une# perso$ne&

El se c$r$cter#/e$/ pr#n+ o#ect#.ele postulu# $tr#u:## $le $cestu#$ - $ns$*lul (es$rc#n# #(ent#ce neces$re pentru re$l#/$re$ o#ect#.elor $utor#t$te$ (reptul t#tul$rulu# postulu# (e $ ?ntrepr#n(e $c:#un# pentru re$l#/$re$ s$rc#n#lor ce-# re.#n respons$#l#t$te$ , ol#)$:#$ ?n(epl#n#r## o#ect#.elor # s$rc#n#lor $erente postulu#& !ot$l#t$te$ postur#lor cu

$cele$# c$r$cter#st#c# pr#nc#p$le const#tu#e o funcţie& %#ecre# unc:## ?# pot corespun(e?ntr-o un#t$te unul s$u *$# *ulte postur# postul repre/ent;n( o $($pt$re $ c$r$cter#st#c#lor unc:#e# l$ con(#:##le spec##ce loculu# (e *unc& Postulu# - c$ o co*ponent $ structur##(e con(ucere - treu#e s # se prec#/e/e pr#n (escr#ere$ $cestu#$ # cer#n:ele reer#to$rel$ stu(## .ec@#*e eper#en: c$l#t:# proes#on$le etc& Bn $cest el person$lul (#ncon(ucere$ (#rect $ pro(uc:#e# (#rector #n)#ner e cont$#l e e (e pro(us s$u e sector etc& este st$#l#t pr#n nor*ele pr#.#n( structur$ or)$n#/$tor#c $ un#t:## pesuun#t:# (e pro(uc:#e # co*ponente& Bn cont#nu$re l$ n#.elul suun#t:#lor (e pro(uc:#esec:## secto$re etc& # $ co*ponentelor unc:#on$le ser.#c## #rour# se st$#lesc postur#le person$lulu# ?n unc:## (e con(ucere #n)#ner# econo*#t#&

Pentru #ec$re post este neces$r s #e (e#n#te # s#tu$:#$ celu# c$re ?l ocup ?n

$ns$*lul structur## ?ntrepr#n(er##& De o (eose#t ut#l#t$te esteC#$ postulu#C c$recupr#n(e prec#/$re$ cer#n:elor concrete $le postulu# respect#. s$rc#n#le # respons$#l#t:#lecelu# ce ocup postul l#*#tele (e co*peten:&

Pentru co*plet$re$ #e# postulu# se recur)e l$ $n$l#/$ postulu# pr#n c$re se prec#/e$/ pr#nc#p$lele ele*ente ce-l c$r$cter#/e$/&

Au(ori(a(a *i rpona5i)i(a(a& Bntre respons$#l#t$te$ # $utor#t$te$ coner#teor)$nelor # postur#lor (e con(ucere treu#e s e#ste ?ntot(e$un$ o corespon(en:

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pentru $ se pute$ $s#)ur$ (esur$re$ ?n une con(#:## $ $ct#.#t:## ?n c$(rul un#t:##$)r#cole&

Autoritatea cupr#n(e (reptul (e co*$n( $(#c (e $ (ec#(e (e $ ($ (#spo/#:## #(e $ control$ ?n(epl#n#re$ $cestor$&

$ pr:# co*ponente $le conceptulu# (e $utor#t$te pot # *en:#on$te pe (e o p$rteautoritatea autentică ce se reer$ l$ c$l#t:#le # c$p$c#t:#le con(uctorulu# #$r pe (e $lt p$rte autoritatea oficială sau formală c$re prec#/e$/ prero)$t#.ele oer#tecon(uctorulu# pr#n po/#:#$ #er$r@#c$ pe c$re se s#tue$/ # unc:#$ pe c$re o (e:#ne& Bnl#ter$tur$ (e spec#$l#t$te se $c reer#r# # $supr$ $ltor t#pur# (e $utor#t:#+ autoritatealegală prec#/$t (e c$(rul nor*$t#.-le)#sl$:#e autoritate tehnică reer#n(u-se l$cunot#n:ele (e spec#$l#t$te autoritate operaţională .#/;n( $ct#.#t$te$ eerc#t$t (ec$(rele (e con(ucere&

Delegarea autorităţii const ?n tr$ns*#tere$ co*peten:elor $tr#u:#on$le (e l$ otre$pt #er$r@#c super#o$r l$ un$ #ner#o$r (e l$ un (ec#(ent l$ $ltul suor(on$t pr#*ulu#& Pe $/$ (ele)r# (e $utor#t$te pr#n r$portul person$l ?ntre con(uctor #

suor(on$t con(uctorul tr$nser suor(on$tulu# o p$rte (#n $tr#u:##le s$le #;n(u-#re/ult$tele pe c$re treu#e s le re$l#/e/e ls;n(u-# o $nu*#t l#ert$te (e $c:#une pentru?nptu#re$ lor& Potr#.#t ne.o#lor s#ste*ulu# (e con(ucere pr#n (ele)$re$ (e $utor#t$te seuure$/ *o(##c$re$ per*$nent $ con:#nutulu# cer#n:elor # restr#c:##lor s#ste*ulu# (econ(ucere& Acest proces este neces$r ($tor#t $ptulu# c or)$nul colect#. (e con(ucererespect#. *$n$)erul un#t:## econo*#ce nu po$te # n#c# nu treu#e s #$ (ec#/## ?n to$te(o*en##le (e $ct#.#t$te& D$r (ele)$re$ (e $utor#t$te presupune toto($t eerc#t$re$controlulu# $supr$ *o(ulu# ?n c$re cel cru#$ #-$ ost (ele)$t $utor#t$te$ ?# ?n(epl#nete$tr#u:##le& Ace$st$ (eo$rece o($t cu (ele)$re$ $utor#t:## nu se (ele$) #respons$#l#t$te$ con(uctorulu# c$re r*;ne #nte)r$l re.en#n(u-# ol#)$:#$ (e $control$ re$l#/$re$ s$rc#n## (ele)$te& Pr#n s#ste*ul (e control se ur*rete pstr$re$ unu#

$nu*#t ec@#l#ru ?n s#ste*ul (e con(ucere&Autor#t$te$ se c$r$cter#/e$/ pr#n ur*to$rele ele*ente re($te ?n l#ter$tur$ (espec#$l#t$te +

- cel c$re (ele$) st$#lete s$rc#n# celu# cru#$ # se (ele$) $(#c ?# #n(#c ce .$treu# s $c

- cel ce (ele$) ?l #n.estete pe cel (ele)$t cu $utor#t$te $(#c ?# ( $nu*#te(reptur# ?n $ @otr? # $ $c:#on$ ?n .e(ere$ re$l#/r## s$rc#n## ?ncre(#n:$te

- cel c$re pr#*ete (ele)$re$ ?# $su* o $nu*#t respons$#l#t$te $: (e cel c$rel-$ (ele)$t ?n sensul c $re $: (e $cest$ ol#)$:#$ (e-$ re$l#/$ s$rc#n$ ?ncre(#n:$t&

Dele)$re$ unor $tr#u:## s$u s$rc#n# se re$l#/e$/ pr#n ?ncre(#n:$re$respons$#l#t:## (e $ $t#n)e un o#ect#. suor(on$t $cor(;n(u-# ?n $cest scop # o

$nu*#t $utor#t$te # l#ert$te (e $le)ere $ *#lo$celor pentru re$l#/$re$ lu#& !reu#e ?ns #ne prec#/$t con:#nutul con(#:##le # l#*#tele ?n c$re (ele)$re$ s$rc#n#lor # $tr#u:##lor po$te # re$l#/$t& Astel pe (e o p$rte treu#e coner#t cu prec#/$re$ $ct#.#t:#lor c$retreu#e ?n(epl#n#te #$r pe (e $lt p$rte prec#/$t cl$r # n$tur$ (ec#/##lor pe c$re cel ?nc$u/ este ?*putern#c#t s le #$#;n(u-se l#*#tele $utor#t:## $cestu#$ (e ee*plu+ po$te lu$ (ec#/## ?n ser$ (e#n.est#:## ?n $$r (e&&&C s$u po$te $pro$ c@eltu#el# p;n l$ su*$ (e&&&C&

Bn $cel$# t#*p l$ (ele)$re$ (e s$rc#n# treu#e :#nut se$*$ (e ur*to$rele+

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- s #e $lese cu *ult )r# perso$nele cror$ l# se (ele$) $tr#u:## s$u s$rc#n#- s #e cl$r (e#n#te o#ect#.ele s$u s$rc#n#le $.ute ?n .e(ere (ele);n( cu

pr#or#t$te s$rc#n#le (e *$# *#c #*port$n: # cu #*pl#c$:## (ec#/#on$le *$# re(use - structur$ con(ucer## # $ s#ste*ulu# (e #nor*$re s #e or)$n#/$te $(ec.$t

- controlul s per*#t ur*r#re$ ?n(epl#n#r## s$rc#n#lor pentru $ pute$ #nter.en#oper$t#. cu corectr# ?n c$/ul const$tr## unor $$ter#&

el ce (ele$) nu-# re(uce (#n $utor#t$te ?ns$ el se $:#ne (e $ lu$ (ec#/## ?n(o*en#ul (ele)$t& Acest$ po$rt ?ns o $nu*#t rspun(ere pentru cee$ ce nu $ce (#recteste sol#($r cu #n#:#$t#.ele lu$te (e to:# suor(on$:## s# (#rec:# # treu#e s-# $su*econsec#n:ele $: (e $utor#t$te$ super#o$r&

Pr#n (ele)$re$ (e $utor#t$re pentru n#.elur#le #er$r@#ce super#o$re se pot rel#e$ (e$se*ene$ nu*ero$sele avantaje pr#nc#p$le $t;t pentru suor(on$:# concret#/$te ?nur*to$rele+

- s c;t#)e t#*p pentru $ct#.#t$te$ (e con(ucere- s (e/.olte sp#r#tul (e #n#:#$t#. cre$t#.#t$te$ # co*peten:$ $l suor(on$:#lor

- s (e/.olte s#*:ul (e rspun(ere $l su$ltern#lor- s *en:#n n#.elele (ec#/#on$le e.#t;n(u-se supr$puner#le (e (ec#/##&E#st # neajunsuri pr#.#n( concentr$re$ $utor#t:## pentru to$te c$(rele (e l$

n#.elele super#o$re (e con(ucere c$re se ($tore$/+- unu# s#ste* (e nes#)ur$n: (e ne?ncre(ere ?n pos##l#t:#le # c$p$c#t$te$ (e

$c:#une # cre$t#.#t$te $ suor(on$:#lor- te$*$ c pr#n eectul (ele)r## se .$ (#*#nu$ #*port$n:$ # rolul $utor#t:##

st$tut$re #er$r@#ce $.or#/;n( # concuren:$ pentru postul pe c$re ?l (e:#n $ceste c$(re- prere$ c pr#n (ele)$re .or # (e/#nor*$:# # nu .or pute$ urn#/$ #nor*$:##

co*plete sol#c#tr#lor c$re .#n (e l$ n#.elele #er$r@#ce super#o$re etc& La nivelul subordonaţilor se pot #.# (e $se*ene$ (##cult:# ?n (e/le)$re$

$utor#t:## const;n( ?n ur*to$rele+- sent#*entul (e ne?ncre(ere ?n or:ele propr## te$*$ c nu .or $ce $: s$rc#n#lor (ele)$te cror$ le corespun(e o $utor#t$te # respons$#l#t$te spor#t

- ne?n:ele)ere$ (epl#n ?n restul (ele)r## (#n c$u/$ unor (e#c#en:e (e or*(ele)$re$ #*pl#c#t

- supr$?ncrc$re$ cu propr##le s$rc#n# c$re ?l (eter*#n c nu po$te $ce $: unor s$rc#n# supl#*ent$re tr$nser$te (e l$ un n#.el #er$r@#c super#or etc&

Bn $cest sens se po$te $rt$ c reu#t$ (ele)r## (e $utor#t$te (ep#n(e (erespect$re$ ur*to$relor pr#nc#p## (e $/+

- (e#n#re$ r#)uro$s $ $tr#u:##lor # s$rc#n#lor pe unc:##- st$#l#re$ n#.elelor (e $utor#t$te

- respect$re$ un#t:#lor (e co*$n( # e.#t$re$ suor(onr## *ult#ple- (ele)$re$ ?n unc:#e # prelun)#re$ $cestu#$ treu#e s #e corel$te cu re/ult$tele$tept$te&

Dup *o($l#t$te$ $tr#u#r## s$rc#n#lor # controlulu# ?n(epl#n#r## $cestor$ rec.entsunt ut#l#/$te t#pur#le (e $utor#t$te #er$r@#c # unc:#on$l&

Autoritatea ierarhică este (ele)$t $supr$ perso$nelor (e l$ n#.elul #er$r@#c#ner#or& Acest t#p (e $utor#t$te este co*p$r$#l cu putere$ eecut#. # se eerc#t(o*en#ul $c:#un##& E$ se concret#/e$/ pr#n or(#ne #n(#.#(u$le s$u (#rect#.e )ener$le ?n

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le)tur cu s$rc#n#le ce re.#n eecut$ntulu#& L$ $cest t#p (e $utor#t$te *o(ul (e (ele)$re$l $utor#t:## se re$l#/e$/ pe c$le or)$n#/$tor#c pr#n ?ns# pre.e(er#le re)ul$*ent$rec$re (#r#e$/ s#ste*ul (e con(ucere $l un#t:## ?n $ns$*lul su& De:#ntorul $utor#t:###er$r@#ce este *$# $propr#$t (e $c:#une rspun/;n( (#rect (e eecut$re$ e#&

Bn s#tu$:#$ unor ele*ente pertur$tor## ?n luul (ec#/#on$l ?n scopul $s#)urr##un#t:## (e con(ucere $utor#t$te$ #er$r@#c $re $utor#t$te $supr$ celor unc:#on$le $ce$st$este ust##c$t # (e $ptul c (e:#ntorul (e $utor#t:# #er$r@#ce este *$# $propr#$t (e$c:#une # rspun(e (#rect (e eerc#t$re$ e# #$r pe (e $lt p$rte (esur$re$ e#c#ent $$ct#.#t:#lor neces#t o $($pt$re r$p#( $ (ec#/##lor # #n#:#ere$ unor *sur# (e corect$rec$re nu se pot $ce (ec;t (e con(uctorul #er$r@#c&

Autoritatea funcţională const#tu#e $utor#t$te$ (ele)$t $supr$ $ct#.#t:#lor spec#$l#/$te& E$ se ?ncre(#n:e$/ une# perso$ne ce pr#*ete (reptul (e $ re)le*ent$ un$nu*#t nu*r (e $ct#.#t:# ?n pr#nc#p#u o*o)ene& Re)ul#le # proce(eele ut#l#/$te ?nc$(rul $utor#t:## unc:#on$le sunt (#er#te ($r $c:#une$ lor se (eso$r ?n *o( (#r#$t$utor#t$te$ #er$r@#c coor(on;n( $ns$*lul $ct#.#t:#lor unc:#on$le&De ee*plu

cont$#lul e este posesorul (ele)r## (e $utor#t$te unc:#on$l (#n punct (e .e(ereecono*#c # $re putere$ (e re)le*ent$re # (e control $supr$ $ns$*lulu# $ct#.#t:#lor econo*#ce eerc#t$te ?n c$(rul un#t:#lor $ceste$ (ecur);n( (#n unc:#$ s$&

El $re tot(e$un$ # o $utor#t$te #er$r@#c $supr$ con(uctor#lor (e n#.el #ner#orser.#c## #rour# # $ eecut$n:#lor suor(on$:#&

2.2.3 L-(uri) /n +aru) (ru+(urii +ooronarBntre unc:##le or)$nele co*p$rt#*entele ?ntrepr#n(er## ?n procesul (esurr##

$ct#.#t:## $cestor$ se st$#lesc $nu*#te le)tur# ?n c$(rul con(ucer##& Legăturile structurale c$ ele*ent ce (e#nete structur$ *$n$)er#$l (#n punct

(e .e(ere or)$n#/$tor#c sunt concret#/$te pr#n s#ste*ul (e co*un#cr# (e #nor*$:## #

(ec#/## ?ntre or)$n#s*ele une# ?ntrepr#n(er#& Aceste co*un#cr# pot # re)le*ent$te suor*$ le)tur#lor #er$r@#ce unc:#on$le # unele le)tur# (e col$or$re # cooper$re s$u pot # nere)le*ent$te su $spect ur#(#c (enu*#t # s#ste*ul le)tur#lor neor*$le&Aceste$ (#n ur* se reer l$ le)tur#le (e col$or$re # *$# $les (e cooper$re #)&2&1&

%#ec$re (#n $ceste c$te)or## (e le)tur# re($te ?n #)ur$ 2&2& pot #+ unilateralec$re $u loc ?ntre (ou or)$ne #s$u postur# (e con(ucere ?n s#tu$:#$ c;n( un$ (#n pr:#$re nu*$# ol#)$:#$ (e $ urn#/$ #nor*$:## un#l$ter$le bilaterale co*un#c$:## ?n $*elesensur# ?ntre un con(uctor # #ec$re (#ntre su$ltern## s# # multilaterale c$r$cter#st#ccon(ucer## p$rt#c#p$t#.e $ceste rel$:## se *en:#n #ntre *e*r## unu# )rup repre/ent;n( un$nu*#t (o*en#u (e #nor*$:##& D$c l$ c$te)or#$ le)tur#lor #l$ter$le #ec$re p$rte $rerolul (e e*#:tor # (e receptor $ une# #nor*$:## ?n s#tu$:#$ le)tur#lor *ult#l$ter$le nu

e#st ?n *o( ol#)$tor#u o $stel (e unc:#e (ul pentru #ec$re su#ect&Dup con:#nutul lor pr#nc#p$lele t#pur# (e le)tur# pot # cl$s##c$te ?n le)tur#+#er$r@#ce unc:#on$le # (e cooper$re&

L-(uri) au(ori(a( irar=i+B sunt $cele rel$:## c$re se st$#lesc ?ntreor)$n#s*e unul suor(on$t celu#l$lt& Le)tur#le #er$r@#ce sunt concret#/$te ?n ordine cusens (e c#rcul$:#e (e sus ?n os # ?n rapoarte cu sens (e c#rcul$:#e #n.ers (e os ?n sus&Dul$t # (e o c#rcul$:#e $ #nor*$:##lor ?n $*ele sensur# le)tur#le (e $utor#t$te sere$l#/e$/ ?ntre e## (#er#telor e$lo$ne #er$r@#ce&

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Relaţiile ierarhice se re)sesc *$# $les l$ n#.elur#le #ner#o$re $le un#t:#lor (e pro(uc:#e $)r#col un(e nu se r#(#c prole*$ cu pr#.#re l$ unc:#on$re$ s#ste*ulu#(ec#/#on$l ?n sensul respectr## cu str#cte:e $ or(#n## # (#sc#pl#ne#& Pr#n s#ste*ul(ele)r#lor succes#.e (e $utor#t$te c$re suor(one$/ co*p$rt#*entele ?ntre ele se

per*#te $ se st$#l# ?ntre $ceste$ o succes#une (e le)tur# #er$r@#ce& ele *$#se*n##c$t#.e $.$nt$e $le $cestu# t#p (e rel$:## pot # cons#(er$te ur*to$rele+ or*ul$re$ prec#s $ $tr#u:##lor el#*#n$re$ r#scur#lor nes#)ur$n:ele (#n prec#/$re$ l#*#telor $ct#.#t:## #ecru# (ec#(ent (e *ult#tu(#ne$ uo$r $ (ec#/##lor ses#/$re$ r$p#( $$$ter#lor (e l$ re)ul#le st$#l#te s$u (ec#/#$ $(opt$t& !oto($t rel$:##le #er$r@#ce pot)ener$ # o ser#e (e (e/$.$nt$e ?ntre c$re se pot enu*er$+ l#ps$ uneor# $ el$st#c#t:##cee$ ce l#*#te$/ #n#:#$t#.$ (##cult$te$ cuno$ter## l$ e$lo$nele super#o$re $ tuturor $spectelor $ct#.#t:## #*pos##l#t$te$ et#n(er## spec#$l#/r## person$lulu#&

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8i-.2.2. le)tur#le un#l$ter$le $#l$ter$le # *ult#l$ter$lec #n structur$ (econ(ucere&

'en:#nere$ l$ n#.elele #ner#o$re $ rel$:##lor #er$r@#ce presupune toto($t os#)ur$n: (eose#t ?n unc:#on$re&

%eno*enul cel *$# ne$.or$#l c$re po$te pertur$ $ct#.#t$te$ unu# or)$n#s* #c@#$r $ ?ntrepr#n(er## este cel de scurtcircuitarea legăturilor pr#n c$re sunt ocol#te$nu*#te n#.elur# #er$r@#ce (#n c#rcu#tul nor*$l $l unor #nor*$:## #)&2&3& De ee*plu(#rectorul une# ?ntrepr#n(er# tr$ns*#te or(#ne (#rect unu# e $l sectorulu#& Re*e(#ulscurtc#rcu#tr## se po$te $ce pr#n ne$ccept$re$ $cestu# proce(eu s$u #nor*$re$ #*e(#$t$ e$lonulu# scurtc#rcu#t$t ($r # pr#n un$ unc:#on$re # $($pt$#l#t$te$ s#ste*ulu# (eco*un#c$:## c$re presupun # tr$ns*#tere$ ?n sens #n.ers $ #nor*$:##lor ce treu#e s se$c ?n *o( ol#)$tor#u el#*#n;n(u-se ?n $cest el eno*enele (e scurtc#rcu#t$re&

E!ALON % Le)tur #er$r@#c

le)tur cu nor*$l scurtc#rcu#t$re

*a)onu)ui 2 E>ALO< 2

le)tur #er$r@#c E!ALON 3 (e #nor*$re

8IG.2.3. le)tur# (e $utor#t$te#er$r@#ce

L-(uri) fun+'iona) sunt $cele$ c$re se st$#lesc ?ntre (ou or)$n#s*e (#n c$reunul $re $supr$ celu#l$lt o $nu*#t $utor#t$te unc:#on$l& Aceste le)tur# se st$#lesc (ere)ul$ ?ntre un or)$n#s* spec#$l#/$t # un $lt or)$n#s* ?ns$ pr#n #nter*e(#ul $cestu#$ (#n

ur* con(ucere$ c$re este s#tu$t l$ un n#.el #er$r@#c #*e(#$t super#or& De ee*pluco*p$rt#*entul cont$#l#t:## (#ntr-o ?ntrepr#n(ere c$ or)$n#s* spec#$l#/$t po$tetr$ns*#te unele (#rect#.e unc:#on$le secto$relor (e pro(uc:#e pr#n #nter*e(#ul#n)#nerulu# se&

!oto($t relaţiile funcţionale presupun e#st$n:$ unu# pronun:$t c$r$cter (espec#$l#t$te )rup$te (e re)ul ?ntr-un s#n)ur post& Astel pr#n suor(on$re$ unc:#on$lse po$te per*#te+ spec#$l#/$re$ l$r) $ person$lulu# *unc#tor olos#re$ e#c#ent $ tuturor spec#$l#t#lor pe (o*en## $p$r#:#$ unor rel$:## str;nse (e col$or$re ?ntre spec#$l#t# #

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nespec#$l#t# cee$ ce contr#u#e l$ ?*o):#re$ # perec:#on$re$ cunot#n:elor& $(e/$.$nt$e se pot *en:#on$ ur*to$rele+ $r#$ *$re $ controlulu# pe c$re treu#e s-leectue/e (ec#(en:## co*p$r$t#. cu cee$ ce po$te # $coper#t eect#. #*prec#/#e ?n(el#*#t$re$ l#n##lor (e *$n#est$re $ $utor#t:#lor (eo$rece ?n #nter#orul s#ste*ulu# e#stent

*ulte s$rc#n# ce (er#. (#n $cee$# $ct#.#t$te $ cror (esur$re nu presupune olos#re$spec#$l#t#lor (##cult:# ?n *en:#nere$ or(#n## # (#sc#pl#ne# c$ ur*$re $ nu*rulu# *$re(e le)tur# ?ntre (ec#(ent # eecut$n:# ut#l#/$re$ uneor# nee#c#ent $ c$(relor (espec#$l#t$te $cet#$ eectu;n( (e *ulte or# # prole*e (e (et$l#u su pre)t#re$ lor&

Le)tur#le unc:#on$le se *$ter#$l#/e$/ pr#n tr$ns*#tere$ # co*un#c$re$ (ere)le*ent$r# #nstruc:#un# # proce(ee pr#n $cor($re$ (e ?n(ru*r# (e ctre celel$lteor)$ne # perso$ne (e con(ucere c$re treu#e s :#n se$*$ (e $ceste$ ##n( ol#)$te sco*un#ce $utor#t:## unc:#on$le *o(ul (e ?n(epl#n#re $ #n(#c$:##lor ($te&

#ste*ul (e (ele)$re (e $utor#t$te ?n c$/ul le)tur#lor unc:#on$le corespun(e(ec# une# rep$rt#/r# ?ntre *$# *ulte perso$ne $ $utor#t:## unc:#on$le pe c$recon(uctorul un#t:## o $re $supr$ $ns$*lulu# ?ntrepr#n(er##&

le)tur# 8i-.2..le)tur# unc:#on$le unc:#on$le

L-(uri) +ooprar se st$#lesc ?ntre co*p$rt#*entele s$u postur#le (econ(ucere pe $/$ co*un#cr## (e #nor*$:## c$re nu $u c$r$cter #*per$t#.&

'$# rec.ent sunt ut#l#/$te ur*to$rele tre# t#pur# (e le)tur# (e cooper$re + (econsult$re (e urn#/$re (e #nor*$re&

Legăturile de consultare sau de stat major sunt rel$:##le c$re se st$#lesc ?ntre unor)$n#s* s$u o perso$n spec#$l#/$t (enu*#t (e st$t *$or c$ (e ee*plu ur#stulun#t:## cu or#c$re $lt or)$n#s* (#n ?ntrepr#n(ere& Acest )en (e le)tur# se po$te re$l#/$(#n #n#:#$t#.$ or#cre#$ (#ntre pr:#le cu c$re #ntr ?n cont$ct& Rel$:#$ (e st$t *$or $re l$ $/ un spec#$l#st cu c$l##c$re super#o$r c$re nu $re su$ltern# (#rec:# ?n $$r$

co*p$rt#*entulu# su& u$ltern## (#rec:# $# unu# spec#$l#st (e st$t *$or pot # s$l$r#$:#(#n c$(rul propr#ulu# co*p$rt#*ent ?n c$/ul c;n( spec#$l#stul este eulco*p$rt#*entulu#&

Rel$:##le (e $cest )en se cree$/ ?ntre ce# *$# un# spec#$l#t# (#ntr-un (o*en#u (e$ct#.#t$te (e ee*plu pentru unc:#$ (e pre.e(ere sunt consult$:# spec#$l#t## (e st$t*$or centre (e cercetr# (e c$lcul etc&&

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!oto($t spec#$l#stul (e st$t *$or nu $re putere (ec#/#on$l ##n( nu*$# p$rt#c#p$nt l$ lu$re$ (ec#/##lor $ltur# (e or)$nul con(uctor (ec#(ent eecut#. $cet#$$l;n(u-se pe $cel$# n#.el #er$r@#c&

De $cee$ ?n *ulte c$/ur# rel$:##le (e consult$re pot s #e cons#(er$te le)tur#

unc:#on$le c$re e#st ?n ?ntrepr#n(ere& $ $t$re or#ce co*p$rt#*ent po$te sol#c#t$ser.#c## (e consult$re unu# co*p$rt#*ent (e st$t *$or s$u une# perso$ne (#n c$(rul$cestu# co*p$rt#*ent c$re le s$t#s$ce ?n l#*#t$ co*peten:elor # $ pos##l#t:#lor s$lesol#c#t$ntul $.;n( l$t#tu(#ne$ (e $ :#ne se$*$ s$u nu (e reco*$n(r#&

Legăturile de furni#are s$u le)tur#le ene#c#$r-urn#/or $u loc ?ntre unco*p$rt#*ent prest$tor (e ser.#c## # un or)$n#s* sol#c#t$tor rel$:##le ##n( (e t#pcontr$ctu$l&

Legăturile de informare $u un c$r$cter (e col$or$re # se st$#lesc ?ntre (#er#teor)$n#s*e ce sunt s#tu$te pe $cel$# n#.el #er$r@#c or# (e c;te or# ne.o#$ (e #nor*$reun#.oc s$u rec#proc o cere *ot#. pentru c$re *$# pot # (enu*#te # legături decolaborare& De ee*plu rel$:##le (#ntre cons#l#ul (e $(*#n#str$:#e # co*#s#$ (e cen/or#

(#n soc#et$te$ co*erc#$l (#ntre #n)#nerul se # cont$#l se etc& $cet#$ ##n( s#tu$:# pe$cel$# n#.el #er$r@#c& Aceste le)tur# sunt re/ult$tul e#sten:e# unu# cl#*$t $.or$#l (e*unc $ unu# sp#r#t (e col$or$re ?n un#t$te $p$r ?n s#tu$:##le unor #nor*r#supl#*ent$re contr#u#n( toto($t l$ ?*unt:#re$ lucrr#lor eectu$te&

R)a'ii) rpr6n(ar se re$l#/e$/ $tunc# c;n( un )rup (e repre/ent$n:#st$#lete cont$cte cu or)$nele super#o$re ?ntrepr#n(er## r $ *$# p$rcur)e treptele#er$r@#ce ?n .e(ere$ un($*entr## t##n:##ce $ (ec#/##lor& onsultr#le #l$ter$le ?ntre(#rector # l#(erul (e s#n(#c$t pot # cons#(er$te (e $se*ene$ rel$:## (e repre/ent$re&

!reu#e *en:#on$t totu# c n#c#un$ (#n t#pur#le (e le)tur# nu treu#e s )enere/eele*ente pertur$tor## ?n el$or$re$ (ec#/#e# #n$le co*p$rt#*entele #er$r@#ce ##n(c@e*$te s col$ore/e cu cele unc:#on$le&

2.2. Niv)uri) irar=i+ /n (ru+(ura ,ana-ria)#.elur#le #er$r@#ce prec#/e$/ po/#:##le succes#.e pe c$re or)$nele # postur#le (e

con(ucere le $u $t$ (e or)$nul super#or (e con(ucere $l ?ntrepr#n(er## s$u con(uctor## $#(#er#telor co*p$rt#*ente (e *unc&

Bn $lctu#re$ une# structur# se po$te (#st#n)e linia sau filiera ierarhică c$resuor(one$/ co*p$rt#*entele ?ntre ele # st$#lete ?ntre $ceste$ o succes#une (e le)tur##er$r@#ce respect#. c$n$lul pe c$re sunt .e@#cul$te or(#nele s$u (#spo/#:##le& De ee*plul#n#$ #nor*$:#on$l c$re $ce le)tur$ (#ntre eul (e sec:#e #n)#nerul e (#rectorulcons#l#ul (e $(*#n#str$:#e& Dup po/#:#$ pe c$re o $u $: (e con(ucere$ ?ntrepr#n(er##n#.elur#le #er$r@#ce pot # or(on$te # nu*erot$te corespun/tor&

onor* $cestor cons#(erente $ns$*lul tuturor $cestor l#n## #er$r@#ce st$#l#te?ntre (#er#tele or)$n#s*e $*pl$s$te pe n#.elur#le #er$r@#ce e#stente ?n c$(rul une#?ntrepr#n(er# or*e$/ piramida ierarhică #)& 2&5& $ ele*ente const#tut#.e ce se potre*$rc$ l$ o p#r$*#($ #er$r@#c pot #+ $nălţimea piramidei relect;n( nu*rul (e n#.ele#er$r@#ce e#stente ba#a piramidei $ cre# *r#*e treu#e $ # propor:#on$l cu nu*rultot$l (e eecut$n:# (#n un#t$te$ respect#. nivelurile ierarhice& t$#l#re$ $cestor co*ponente este (eose#t (e #*port$nt ?n un$ (esur$re $ $ct#.#t:## (e con(ucere&

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D#n l#ter$tur$ (e spec#$l#t$te re#ese c p#r$*#($ #er$r@#c po$te # $pl$t#/$t s$u?n$lt #ec$re $.;n( trstur#le s$le c$r$cter#st#ce&

Pira,ia ap)a(i6a( este c$r$cter#/$t pr#ntr-unnu*r re(us (e n#.elur# #er$r@#ce& E$ pre/#nt ur*to$rele

$.$nt$e+- $s#)ur$re$ unor co*un#c$:## (#recte- oper$t#.#t$te # r$p#(#t$te ?n lu$re$ (ec#/##lor- unc:#on$re$ s#ste*ulu# #nor*$:#on$l r

ost$cole- c@eltu#el# re(use cu retr#u#re$ person$lulu# (e

con(ucereBn c$/ul unu# eno*en (e $pl$t#/$re e$)er$t pot

$pre$ # unele (e/$.$nt$e le)$te ?n spec#$l (e ?ncrc$re$eces#. $ person$lulu# (e con(ucere # pos##l#t:#lor (ecupr#n(ere $ $ns$*lulu# (e prole*e. fi- .2.4 pira,ia

irar=i+Pira,ia irar=i+a /na)( ( pos##l#t$te$ e#sten:e# *$# *ultor n#.elur##er$r@#ce l$ $cee$# $/ $ e#& A.$nt$ele $cestu# t#p (e p#r$*#( se concret#/e$/ ?nur*to$rele+

- o stu(#ere $proun($t $ prole*elor supuse re/ol.r##- o c$l#t$te super#o$r $ (ec#/##lor- un )r$( spor#t (e (ele)$re $ $utor#t:##- cre$re$ (e or)$n#s*e # unc:## (e con(ucere spec#$l#/$te&Bn c$/ul p#r$*#(e# ?n$lte pot e#st$ # o ser#e (e (e/$.$nt$e ?n or)$n#/$re$ #

con(ucere$ ?ntrepr#n(er## const;n( (#n+- $lun)#re$ c#rcu#telor (e co*un#c$:## # (#stors#on$re$ #nor*$:##lor

- e#sten:$ eno*enelor (e scurtc#rcu#t$re- sc(ere$ oper$t#.#t:## ?n lu$re$ (ec#/##lor- sc(ere$ respons$#l#t:##- ?nc$(r$re$ cu person$l (e con(ucere cost#s#tor&Ele*entele pre/ent$te se reer ?n(eose# l$ c$/ur#le etre*e (e olos#re $ unor

$stel (e structur#& uno$tere$ c$r$cter#st#c#lor po/#t#.e # ne)$t#.e $ celor (ou t#pur# pr#nc#p$le (e p#r$*#(e #er$r@#ce per*#te o #nterpret$re *$# lo)#c $ ele*entelor (ec#/#on$le # o #nte)r$re $ lor ?n c$(rul une# structur# opt#*e&

8or,a *i i,niuni) pira,ii (ep#n( (e o ser#e (e $ctor# c$+ %ărimea $ntreprinderii& P#r$*#($ po$te # cons#(er$t $pl$t#/$t$ ?n c$/ul

e#sten:e# unor (#.ers#t:# (e $ct#.#t:# # s$rc#n# rec.ent ?nt;ln#te l$ n#.elul une#

?ntrepr#n(er# *#c# s#tu$:#e ?n c$re con(uctor## sunt conrunt$:# cu to$te prole*ele ce secer re/ol.$te $cet#$ ##n( ne.o#:# s #$ (ec#/## corespun/to$re&Gradul de delegare a autorităţii &i a atribuţiilor & Acest $ctor este cons#(er$t c$

##n( (#rect propor:#on$l cu ?nl:#*e$ p#r$*#(e# #er$r@#ce& Un )r$( r#(#c$t (e (ele)$re $$utor#t:## # $tr#u:##lor , con(#:#on$t ?ntr-o ?nse*n$t *sur$ (e *r#*e$ ?ntrepr#n(er### (e co*ple#t$te$ $ct#.#t:## e# , se concret#/e$/ ?n re$l#/$re$ une# p#r$*#(e #er$r@#ce?n$lte&

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Gradul de autonomie& "nluen:$ $cestu# $ctor este #n.ers propor:#on$l cu?nl:#*e$ p#r$*#(e# # se reer ?n spec#$l l$ $utono*#$ (#er#telor suun#t:# (#n c$(rul?ntrepr#n(er##&

2&3 PR"


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Prin+ipiu) iniviua)i6rii fun+'ii)or *i a in(rpnn'i ,ini,. Pe $/$$cestu# pr#nc#p#u se $re ?n .e(ere prec#/$re$ pentru un suor(on$t $t;t $ s$rc#n#lor c;t #$ (o*en#ulu# (e $ct#.#t$te&


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- pos##l#t$te$ el$orr## oper$t#.e $ celor *$# corespun/to$re (ec#/## cult#.;n(# pro*o.;n( sp#r#tul (e s#nte/ const#tu#n( pr#n $ce$st$ o un co$l (e or*$re $c$(relor (e con(ucere

- nu $p$re neces#t$te$ sol#c#tr## spec#$l#t#lor ?n st$#l#re$ sc@e*elor

or)$n#/$tor#ce $ceste$ ##n( (estul (e s#*ple&

8i-.2.7 tructur$ #er$r@#c+F31 nu po$te lu$ le)tur$ cu A32 (eec;t pr#n e## #er$r@#c# - con(ucere$

Bn $cest s#ste* (e or)$n#/$re $ con(ucer## #ec$re e este ol#)$t pr#nrspun(er#le s$le s cuno$sc s corele/e # s opt#*#/e/e to$te $ct#.#t:#le cerute (ere$l#/$re$ unu# o#ect#. $cu*ul;n( toc*$# eper#en:$ (e c$re $re ne.o#e un con(uctor super#or& O ?ntrepr#n(ere or)$n#/$t l#n#$r repre/#nt un $ns$*lu $l un#t:#lor (e pro(uc:#e un(e (e $pt #ec$re e este con(uctorul un#t:##& Pentru $ceste *ot#.estructur$ #er$r@#c const#tu#e o sc@e* (e $/ $ *ultor .$r#$nte ?*unt:#te preer$#le*$# $les l$ or)$n#/$re$ suun#t:#lor co*ponente ?ntrepr#n(er##& u c;t ?ns ?ntrepr#n(ere$este *$# (e/.olt$t cu

r$*ur# (e pro(uc:#e *$# #ntens#.e *$# etero)en c$ pro#l ?n $pl#c$re$ une#structur# #er$r@#ce se se*n$le$/ # o ser#e (e (e/$.$nt$e+

- o c#rcul$:#e )reo$#e $ #nor*$:##lor ?n pl$n or#/ont$l ?ntruc;t le)tur#le ?ntreco*p$rt#*entele s#tu$te l$ $cele$# n#.ele #er$r@#ce nu se pot re$l#/$ (ec;t pr#n#nter*e(#ul eulu# #er$r@#c super#or

- nu se per*#te $tr$)ere$ person$lulu# ?n $ct#.#t:#le spec#$l#/$te un($*ent$le

ne$s#)ur;n(u-se ?n $cel$# t#*p con(#:#$ co*petente# *ult#l$ter$le $ e#lor& e $un)e l$neces#t$te$ colect#.elor (e con(ucere # l$ prole*ele r#(#c$te (e unc:#on$re$ e#c#ent $$cestor$

Deo$rece or)$n#/$re$ l#n#$r $s#)ur (o$r ne.o#le unu# nu*r restr;ns (e un#t:#(e pro(uc:#e $ $prut neces#t$te$ ut#l#/r## # $ $ltor or*e structur$le&

S(ru+(ura fun+'iona). Acest s#ste* (e or)$n#/$re $ con(ucer## precon#/$t (e%& !$lor cut$ s re*e(#e/e unele (e/$.$nt$e $le s#ste*ulu# l#n#$r& Pr#n structur$unc:#on$l se cree$/ toto($t unele $.$nt$e *$# $les pr#n *o(##c$re$ pr#nc#p#ulu#

34

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un#c#t:## con(ucer## ($r # $nu*#te (e/$.$nt$e pr#n etr$)ere$ (#.#/#un## # spec#$l#/r##*unc##& Pr#nc#p$l$ c$r$cter#st#c $ structur## unc:#on$le o const#tu#e $ptul c ?n c$(ruln#.elur#lor #er$r@#ce $tr#u:##le sunt (#.#/$te ?ntre con(uctor# spec#$l#/$:# ?n $nu*#te(o*en## #ec$re (#ntre $cet# con(uctor# pentru (o*en#ul (e $ct#.#t$te $tr#u#t $u

$utor#t$te (epl#n $supr$ n#.elur#lor #er$r@#ce #ner#o$re& Astel un sus#ste* nu estecon(us (e ctre o s#n)ur perso$n c# (e *$# *ulte #ec$re ?n spec#$l#t$te$ s$& Bn c$(ruls#ste*ulu# unc:#on$l $p$re o s#n)ur rel$:#e (e con(ucere ce$ unc:#on$l pr#n c$re seconecte$/ to$te pr:#le co*ponente $le structur## ?ntrepr#n(er## #)ur$ 2&7& Ace$st$structur este (enu*#t conducere funcţională ?ntruc;t e## #$u (ec#/## reer#to$re l$$ct#.#t$te$ une# s#n)ure unc:#un# or)$n#/$tor#ce te@n#c or)$n#/$re pro)r$*$recont$#l#t$te etc&& >e## respect#.# con(uc $ceste unc:#un# # nu o#ect#.e $le pro(uc:#e#&E# rspun( (#rect # #nte)r$l nu*$# (e un$ (esur$re $ $ct#.#t:## une# s#n)ure unc:#un## nu*$# #n(#rect # p$r:#$l (e re$l#/$re$ o#ect#.elor ?ntrepr#n(er##&

8i-.2.9 tructur$ unc:#on$lOF4 or)$ne # postur# (e con(ucere

on(uctor#lor unc:#on$l# l# se cere ?n pr#*ul r;n( o co*peten: proes#on$lsuper#o$r c$ n#.el ($r l#*#t$t c$ (o*en#u # nu*$# ?n sus#(#$r c$l#t:# (e con(ucere #cunot#n:e (e s#nte/&

e pot se*n$l$ c$ avantaje $le $cestu# s#ste* o punere ?n .$lo$re $ spec#$l#/r##c$re $tr$)e (up s#ne o # *$# *$re el$st#c#t$te ?n or)$n#/$re$ lucrulu# # e.#t$re$t#*p#lor neocup$:#C&

De#avantajele pot # concret#/$re ?n ur*to$rele+- re:elele structur## unc:#on$le sunt ne$.or$#le c#rcu#telor #nor*$:#on$le pr#n

co*un#cr#le sep$r$t#ste # co*pl#c$te $t;t pe .ert#c$l ?ntre n#.elele structur## c;t # peor#/ont$l& R$po$rtele (e pro(uc:#e sunt )reu (e ?ntoc*#t # ?n *o( rec.entrespons$#l#t:#le pentru re$l#/$re$ (e $ns$*lu $ o#ect#.elor sunt (#scut$#le

- $.or#/e$/ or*$re$ ?n ?ntrepr#n(ere $ unor c$(re (e con(ucere cu eper#en:)ener$l cu pre)t#re # .e(er# (e s#nte/

- l$ $pl#c$re$ s#ste*ulu# unc:#on$l se oser. #*pos##l#t$te$ (e $-l respect$ recep:#e pe to$t sc$r$ #er$r@#c& Pe treptele super#o$re treu#e s #nter.#n ?n *o(ol#)$tor#u s#nte/$ tuturor unc:#un#lor pe cele #*e(#$t ur*to$re tot super#o$re

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sep$r$re$ unc:#un#lor se #*pune ?n *o( nor*$l c$ s#n)ur solu:#e pe treptele#nter*e(#$re s#ste*ul unc:#on$l nu se po$te $pl#c$ ?n *o( (#rect ?ntruc;t pe $cestetrepte nu $.e* ?n to$te c$/ur#le e# unc:#on$l# pentru c$ ?n ult#*ele trepte (e eecu:#e(#spo/#:##le (e spec#$l#t$te #nterpret$t#.e ($te pe l#n#e #er$r@#c$ (e e## unc:#on$l# s-#

(o.e(e$sc ut#l#t$te$ s#ste*ul (e.en#n( pr$ct#c # ut#l&A*ele t#pur# (e structur# , #er$r@#c # unc:#on$l - su or*$ lor cl$s#c$ sunt

cons#(er$te c$ (ep#te& tructur$ l#n#$r # unc:#on$l pot const#tu# $/$ (e (#scu:#e s$uter*en (e co*p$r$:#e pentru or#ce pro#ect (e or)$n#/$re $ structur## (e con(ucere&

S(ru+(ura ,i@(& ele (ou$ t#pur# (e structur# $n$l#/$te $nter#or nu se eclu(rec#proc c# (#n co*#n$re$ *ult#plelor .$r#$nte $le $cestor$ re#es no# .$r#$nte (estructur# pentru cele *$# (#er#te # co*plee ?ntrepr#n(er#& Pentru structur#le co*#n$te pot e#st$ no# rel$:## ce re)le*ente$/ $nu*#te (epen(ente c$re le con(#:#one$/ rec#proc$t;t n$tur$ c;t # con:#nutul& Bn $cest el se pot #.# # $lte c$te)or## (e rel$:## *$#co*plee c$re con(#:#one$/ (ec#/##le (e $nu*#te $.#/e pre$l$#le $le unor con(uctor#spec#$l#/$:#&

Pr#n structur$ *#t se reunesc $.$nt$ele structur## #er$r@#ce # unc:#on$le pr#n?*#n$re$ # spec#$l#/$re$ c$(relor (#n $nu*#te (o*en## *en:#n;n( $utor#t$te$ #respons$#l#t$te$ con(uctor#lor l#n#$r# $supr$ $ct#.#t:## (e pro(uc:#e& Este t#pul cel *$#rsp;n(#t ?n et$p$ $ctu$l& Astel t#pul (e rel$:## (e st$t *$orC (#n structur *#t$ $re unc$r$cter re/olut#. (e (ec#/#e eul oper$t#. $21 (#ntr-un $nu*#t (o*en#u A1 (ec#(e ?n(o*en#ul respect#. nu*$# cu $.#/ul eulu# unc:#on$l (e st$t *$or 1 (#n (o*en#ul$1 #*pl#c$t #)ur$ 2&8

8i-.2.? tructur$ *#tO&&A11 A2112 , or)$ne # postur# (e con(ucere

2&5 B


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Et$pele )ener$le $le procesulu# (e el$or$re $ structur## *$n$)er#$le #or)$n#)r$*e# ?ntr-o un#t$te econo*#c $u ur*to$re$ succes#une lo)#c +

- proiectare &i clarificarea obiectivelor &i funcţiilor unităţii economice &i a funcţiilor de structură managerială& onst#tu#e un stu(#u prel#*#n$r c$re treu#e s

cupr#n(+ s#tu$:#$ econo*#c s#ste*ul (e rel$:## prole*e te@n#ce co*erc#$le (e person$l le)#sl$:#$ # re)le*entr#le ?n .#)o$re& Bn $cest el se $ce o #(ent##c$re $ tuturor $ct#.#t:#lor ce treu#e (esur$te ?n .e(ere$ ?n(epl#n#r## unc:##lor ?ntrepr#n(er## $lecon(ucer## # $t#n)er## o#ect#.elor st$#l#te

- definirea &i anali#a volumului de muncă &i activităţii de conducere c$reur*e$/ s se (eso$re ?n $ns$*lul un#t:## precu* # ?n c$(rul c$p$c#t$:#lor (e pro(uc:#e # $ co*p$rt#*entelor or)$n#/$tor#ce& Bn c$(rul $ceste# et$pe este neces$r?ntoc*#re$ une# l#ste $ $ct#.#t:#lor st$#l#n(u-se or(#ne$ (e succes#une $ lucrr#lor ?n.e(ere$ #r## $tr#u:##lor #ecru# or)$n unc:## precu* # $ le)tur#lor (#ntre $ceste$

- identificare informaţiilor necesare &i stabilirea circuitului acestora c$re s$s#)ure eerc#t$re unc:##lor con(ucer##

- clasificare lucrărilor de conducere (up n$tur$ # con:#nutul lor rec.en:$*o(ul (e eecu:#e (est#n$:#e n#.elul pre)t#r## sol#c#t$te etc&- constituirea) descrierea) asamblarea &i determinarea necesarului de personal

de conducere &i reparti#area acestuia pe compartimente $n mai multe variante& Pentru#ec$re $ct#.#t$te # pe tot$l un#t$te se c$lcule$/ neces$rul (e person$l rep$rt#/$t pe postur# pe $/$ nor*elor un#t$re (e structur& Ace$st$ $re l$ $/ structur$ centr$l#/$ts$u (escentr$l#/$t

- preci#area legăturilor ierarhice &i funcţiile dintre compartimente &i &efiiacestora

- elaborarea regulamentului de funcţionare - evaluarea variantelor structurii de conducere c$re se $ce pe $/$

ur*to$relor cr#ter## pentru $le)ere$ cele# *$# r$:#on$le .$r#$nte + respect$re$ pr#nc#p##lor (e el$or$re $ structur## (e con(ucere *#n#*#/$re$ c@eltu#el#lor cu unc:#on$re$structur## oper$t#.#t$te ?n c#rcu#tul #nor*$:#on$l , (ec#/#on$l etc&

Aceste et$pe pot suer# *o(##cr# $.;n( ?n .e(ere c el$or$re$ structur## (econ(ucere # or)$n#)r$*e# po$te # eectu$t pentru o ?ntrepr#n(ere nou s$u pentru un$(e$ e#stent&

Bn c$/ul une# $ntreprinderi nou $nfiinţată pentru ?ntoc*#re$ structur## *$n$)er#$lese re*$rc ?n *o( c$r$cter#st#c ur*to$rele et$pe+

- inventarierea structurală a sarcinilor &i responsabilităţilor pe compartimentede muncă &i funcţii c$re const$ ?n+ (e#n#re$ unc:##lor eerc#t$te st$#l#re$ s$rc#n#lor peunc:## st$#l#re$ respons$#l#t:#lor $su*$te (eter*#n$re$ le)tur#lor e#stente& De#n#re$

pr#nc#p##lor cr#ter##lor *eto(elor # te@n#c#lor (e or)$n#/$re # con(ucere ut#l#/$te ?n(#er#te $/e (e re$l#/$re $t;t $ structur## c;t # $ celor (e re$l#/$re $ $ct#.#t:#lor spec##cepl$n##c$re pro)r$*$re eecu:#e ur*r#re control # e.$lu$re etc&

- confruntarea elementelor culese cu părerea unor conducători decompartimente &i redactarea unei prime forme a organigramei

- definirea elementelor de autoritate) subordonare) relaţii etc& c$rec$r$cter#/e$/ un $nu*#t loc (e *unc$ s$u $nu*#t$ unc:#e

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- normali#area elementelor structurii &i elaborarea definitivă a organigramei pr#n c$re se .er##c # se corecte$/ structur$ or)$n#/$tor#c re)ul$*entul (e or)$n#/$re# unc:#on$re #nstruc:#un#le (e lucru etc&

Reer#tor l$ $lctu#re$ structur## *$n$)er#$le pentru o ?ntrepr#n(ere nou $ce$st$

pre/#nt $.$nt$ul #ne#sten:e# unor (eose#r# (e concep:## $le o$*en#lor *unc## c$re sunt?nc$(r$:# (e$ ?n ?ntrepr#n(ere $: (e ce# c$re el$ore$/ stu(#ul precu* # $ pos##l#t:#lor (e concret#/$re *$# uo$r $ pr#nc#p##lor # ele*entelor (e $/ c$reconcur l$ $lctu#re$ structur##& !otu# sunt #ncon.en#ente le)$te (e $ptul c nu se pot purt$ (#scu:## cu (#er#:# lucrtor# c$re s per*#t (e#n#re$ co*plet $ unc:##lorrespons$#l#t:#lor $ )r$(ulu# (e (ele)$re $ $utor#t:## etc& F$l$n:$ $.$nt$elor #(e/$.$nt$elor pe c$re le presupune $lctu#re$ une# structur# (e con(ucere pentru o?ntrepr#n(ere nou nu po$te # ec@#l#r$t (ec;t (up ce pe $/$ une# or*e cons#(er$t pro.#/or#e c$re s se ?nc$(re/e ?n pr#nc#p##le enun:$te $nter#or s se tre$c l$eper#*ent$re$ e#& D#n $ce$st eper#*ent$re ur*e$/ s se pre#$ ele*entele (e corec:#eneces$re ?n perec:#on$re$ structur##&

Reer#tor l$ ?ntoc*#re$ structur## pentru o $ntreprindere deja existentă*o(##c$re$ $ceste#$ se $ce ?n unc:#e (e $ctor## no# ce )enere$/ perec:#on$re$structur## e#stente&

De $#c# conclu/#$ )ener$l c ?n el$or$re$ structur## *$n$)er#$le treu#e :#nutse$*$ (e ur*to$rele ele*ente +

- rep$rt#/$re$ u(#c#o$s $ s$rc#n#lor ?ntre e## co*p$rt#*entelor - #nclu(ere$ unor $ct#.#t:# etero)ene ?n c$(rul person$lulu# (e con(ucere - #*pos##l#t$te$ une# coor(onr# $(ec.$te- e#sten:$ unu# e.$nt$# pre$ l$r) s$u pre$ ?n)ust (e suor(onr#- corel$re$ (eectuo$s $ treptelor con(ucer##

2&6 REPREJE

const#tu#e o diagramă #$r le)tur#le (#ntre ele*entele (#ntr-un $ns$*lu const#tu#e oreţea se pune prole*$ neces#t$:## repre/entr## )r$#ce $ structur## (e con(ucere& Gs#re$*#lo$celor (e repre/ent$re )r$#c $ $cestor structur# (e con(ucere se $ce #)ur;n( ?n*o( )r$#c $t;t or)$nele # postur#le (e con(ucere c;t # le)tur#le (#ntre $ceste$& ee$ce po$te # repre/ent$t pr#ntr-o or)$n#)r$*&

u $utorul or)$n#)r$*e# se pot )s# c#le ?nlturr## unor )reel# (e suor(on$re $or)$n#s*elor s$u ?ncrc$re neec@#l#r$t$ $ c$(relor (e con(ucere& De $se*ene$ e$ per*#te s se sco$t ?n rel#e o ser#e (e cons#(er$:## $supr$ n#.elur#lor #er$r@#ce e#stente&

Bn stu(#ul (e el$or$re $ une# or)$n#)r$*e este neces$r s se pre/#nte concrete#c$c#t$te$ ce se .$ o:#ne& Pentru $cest lucru pr$ct#c$re$ $utoe.$lur## s$rc#n#lorrespons$#l#t:#lor co*peten:e# (e $ (ec#(e etc& (e ctre lucrtor## ?ntrepr#n(er##repre/#nt o *eto( c$re uure$/ # (eter*#n$re$ $c:#un#lor (e ?*unt:#re $ or)$n#/r##structur$le $ ?ntrepr#n(er## respect#.e&

onor* l#ter$tur## (e spec#$l#t$te se pot *en:#on$ or)$n#)r$*e or(on$terect$n)ul$r # or)$n#)r$*e or(on$te c#rcul$r&

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Or-ani-ra,) orona( r+(an-u)ar. Aceste$ se pot $ce pe or#/ont$l # pe.ert#c$l& ele *$# ut#l#/$te or)$n#)r$*e sunt cele verticale s$u piramidale #)ur$ 2&9($tor#t su)est#.#t:## # uur#n:e# (e constru#re&


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(e *#loc #$r celel$lte or)$ne # postur# ?n urul $ceste#$ ?n cercur# concentr#cecorespun/tor n#.elulu# #er$r@#c&

Or-ani-ra, +u a@ ra5a(a( #)ur$ 2&11& Re/ult (#n co*#n$re$or)$n#)r$*elor .ert#c$le # or#/ont$le&

8i-.2.%.% Or)$n#)r$* cu $e r$$t$te

De re*$rc$t c ?ntoc*#re$ corect $ or)$n#)r$*elor e.#(en:#$/ cl$r concep:#$ c$re st l$ $/$ structur## *$n$)er#$le *o(ul (e tr$ns*#tere $ $utor#t:## locul #ecru# lucrtor ?nun#t$te&

Capi(o)u) III

8UNC$IILE MANAGERIALE

A+(ivi('i) /n(rprin /n +aru) pro+u)ui ,ana-ria) un( rpr6n(a(

(o+,ai fun+'ii) ,ana-ria); +ar; )-a( )o-i+ /n(r ); +on(ri5ui )a a(in-ra

o5i+(iv)or (a5i)i(.

3.% DE8INIREA !I CONN$INUTUL 8UNC$IILOR

MANAGERIALE

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8un+'ii) a(ri5u()B ,ana-ria); +a /nu*iri n'ia) a) a+(ivi('ii

+onu+r; au fo( for,u)a( pri,a oar /n anu) %%7 +(r


42/127

+o)+(iv ar-u,n(ar *i ,o(ivar; +ar au ,nira +onvin-; an(rn6

oa,nii )a ra)i6ara o5i+(iv)or (a5i)i(.

O pro5), i,por(an( a +onu+rii /n(rprinri)or; +ar un( in + /n +

,ai +o,p)@ *i +u o ,ai ,ar iprar /n (ri(oriu o +on(i(ui ar,oni6ara

(u(uror a+(ivi('i)or; )u+ru +ar ra)i6a6 +u a:u(oru) fun+'ii +ooronar. "n

ana,5)u) /nu*irii a+(ivi('i)or +onu+r /n+ara6 or-ani+ pro+u)

+on(ro); +ar ( (rn )-a( (a5i)ira o5i+(iv)or; )a5orara *i

(ranpunra /n pra+(i+ a +i6ii)or; ra)i6ara ar+ini)or p)an. To(oa(;

+on(ro)u) ar ,nira 6v)ui noi r6rv a) pro-ru)ui +ono,i+ *i o+ia);

(r,in fo)oira fi+in( a po(n'ia)u)ui ,a(ria) *i u,an @i(n( /n

/n(rprinr.8un+'ii) ,ana-ria) nu po( fi +on+pu( *i @r+i(a( inpnn( una

a)(a; +i (r5ui fi )-a( /n(r ) prin ,ou) f*urar a ,un+ii

+onu+r. A(f); o a+(ivi(a( ( +or+( iri:a( a+ rp+( u++iuna

fi@ara o5i+(iv)or prvraB; finira ,(o)or *i ,i:)oa+)or ra)i6ar a

)or or-ani6araB> ipo6i'ia *i an(rnara @+u(an'i)or +o,ana; +i6iaB;

ar,oni6ara *i in+roni6ara a+(ivi('i)or n+ar +ooronaraB; va)uara

r6u)(a()or /n rapor( +u o5i+(iv) +on(ro)u)B.

3.2 8UNC$IA DE PRE#EDERE&PLANI8ICARE

D*i opinii) ifri'i)or au(ori un( (u) ifri( +u privir )a for,a

,anif(ar a fun+'ii prvr&p)anifi+ar; ,a:ori(a(a o +onir +a o fun+'i

5a6 a +onu+rii; un ),n( n'ia) a) +onu+rii *(iin'ifi+; +ar pr,i(

prfi-urara 6vo)(rii vii(oar; -ira +)or ,ai a+va( poi5i)i('i a+'iun /n

vra ra)i6rii o5i+(iv)or +ar (au /n fa'a ra,uri)or prou+'i in +aru)

+ono,ii pia' *i a a-n'i)or +ono,i+i.

8un+'ia prvr&p)anifi+ar poa( fi privi( +a un ana,5)u for(uri

-nir *i a+'iun a) +onu+rii; /n +opu) a (+(a +u an(i+ipa'i pro5),)

+u +ar vor +onfrun(a /n vii(or +o)+(iv) ,un+; a pr-(i o)u'ii; a fa+

poi5i) +or+(ara a+'iunii p ,ura ra)i6rii i.

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Prvra ,a(ria)i6a6 /n pro-no6; prin in(r,iu) +ria po( prfi-ura

+oni'ii) /n +ar va va)ua i(,u) /n(rprinr /n(r&un anu,i( in(rva)

(i,p; ,ou) +o,por(ar *i fun+'ionar a) i(,u)ui.

"n a-ri+u)(ur a+(ivi(a(a prou+'i f*oar u5 a+'iuna fa+(ori)or na(ura)i

+u +ara+(r a)a(or; /n+( )a5orara pro-no6)or +( ,ai vrii+ prupun

+unoa*(ra aprofuna( a ,ou)ui ,anif(ar a a+(or fa+(ori; +( *i a

poi5i)i('i)or pr/n(,pinar a f+()or )or n-a(iv.

Prvra (r5ui vin o par( in(-ran( a ,n(a)i('ii +onu+(ori)or; +ar

(r5ui priva+ ,ru /nain(; prva ,ou) f*urar a uni a+'iuni.

Mana-,n(u) (r5ui orin(6 pr,ann( a+(ivi(a(a /n(rprinrii pn(ru a o

i(ua p +oorona() 6vo)(rii /n prp+(iv. Pn(ru a+a(a; (r5ui an(i+ipa(,oa)i('i) ru)ar a fno,n)or 5a6a( p r6u)(a( *i @prin'a a+u,u)a(

privin (=ni+a *i (=no)o-ia ap)i+a(; a)(uri +oni'ii) +ono,i+o&

or-ani6a(ori+.

Ca a(ar; @r+i(ara fun+'ii prvr; in+)u par+ur-ra ur,(oar)or (ap

prin+ipa)

& (a5i)ira prp+(ivi; rp+(iv a ir+'ii /n +ar (r5ui iri:a( a+'iuna;

ur,rin in(ifi+ara (u(uror infor,a'ii)or +onira( u(i); p 5a6a +rora po(

for,u)a o)u'ii poi5i).

& pr+i6ara o5i+(iv)or; +ar +oni'iona6 /n(r-u) ,o or-ani6ar a ra)i6rii

ar+ini)or; +onira( +a o5i+(iv -nra) fiin n+ar a ra)i6a )a niv)u)

fi+ri (rp( irar=i+.

& )i5rara (ra(-ii)or; +uprin6n ana,5)u) +i6ii)or + ai-ur /np)inira

a+(or o5i+(iv.

& (a5i)ira pro-ra,)or pn(ru fi+ar +(or prou+'i; fiin +onira( +a

par( in(-ran( in pro-ra,u) -nra).

& (a5i)ira ,i:)oa+)or finan+iar; pr,i'n fo)oira +( ,ai +ono,i+ *i

ra'iona) a a+(ora; a(( )a niv)u) uni('ii +( *i a u5uni('i)or or-ani6a(ori+.

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&va)uara =o(rri)or aop(a(; o (ap + +on(ura6 a(( i(,) in(nivi(a(

a) p)an(a'ii)or oiuri) + vor p)an(a; (=no)o-ii) u(i)i6a(; (+B; +( *i (ina'ia

va)orifi+ar a prou+'ii)or.

"n a+( f); a-n(u) +ono,i+ ( o5)i-a( fa+ prvi6iuni aupra

6vo)(rii prp+(iv a uni('ii ur,n (r,in p a+a(a 5a6

prin+ipa)) (ra(-ii prvi6iona).

Pro-no6) rpr6in( o par( in(-ran( a pro+u)ui funa,n(rii

-nra) a p)anuri)or. Prin p)an (a5i)+ o5i+(iv) fina) *i in(r,iar a)

6vo)(rii i(,u)ui; pro5), + (r5ui o)u(iona(; (in-ra o5i+(iv)or;

,oa)i('i o)u'ionar; rur) n+ar; ur) pro+urar *i ,ou) )or

a)o+ar. Prin p)anuri prp+(iv (a5i)+ o5i+(iv) ,a:or a) 6vo)(riiprivin ra,uri) prou+'i profi)u); p+ia)i6ara /n(rprinriiB; or-ani6ara

unor +(oar prou+'i.

P)anifi+ara anua) pr+i6a6 o5i+(iv) in(r,iar pn(ru a(in-ra +)or

prp+(iv ,ou) a)o+ar a) rur)or; (=no)o-ii); +o(uri) n+ar;

r6u)(a() prou+'i *i finan+iar.

P)anu) (r5ui +on(i(ui un (o( uni(ar; +uprin ,u)(ip)) *i ivr)

a+(ivi('i + au )o+ /n /n(rprinri; /,5ina( /n ,o ar,onio. Conu+ra

/n(rprinrii (r5ui (a5i)a+ o propor'i +=i)i5ra( /n(r ra,uri;

+ooron6; :ui+io p)anuri) p vr(i+a) /n(r +'iuni) p)an; +( *i p

ori6on(a) /n(r p)anuri) u5uni('i)or prou+'i; a +(oar)or *i p ana,5)u)

/n(rprinrii. P)anuri) (r5ui fi 5in funa,n(a( in pun+( vr

(=ni+o&+ono,i+ *i ai5 un +ara+(r +( ,ai ra)i(.

"n @r+i(ara fun+'ii prvr&p)anifi+ar ,ana-rii (r5ui +unoa+

(,ini+ a+(ivi('i) + fa*oar /n /n(rprinr; /n u5ivi6iuni)

or-ani6a(ori+; ai5 un ori6on( )ar-; +apa+i(a( in(6 *i i6ar a ap+()or

noi -nra( ina,i,u) pi'i.

3.3 8UNC$IA DE ORGANIZARE

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Pornin )a +on+p'ia i(,i+ a /n(rprinrii; a+'iuni) p+ifi+ a+(i

fun+'ii +on(au /n (a5i)ira +aru)ui (ru+(ura) +orpun6(or f*urar a

a+(ivi('i)or i(,u)ui; a u5i(,)or a); po(rivi( profi)u)ui *i ar+ini)or

/n(rprinrii; pr+i6ara n+aru)ui rur ,a(ria); finan+iar *i u,an;

+o,5inara *i ar,oni6ara )or /n vra ai-urrii fun+'ionrii /n +opu) ra)i6rii

o5i+(iv)or (a5i)i(; /n +oni'ii) fi+in' rii+a(.

Prin or-ani6ara i(,u)ui )+'iona6; (a5i)+ par'i) a)

+o,ponn( i(,u) +onu+(or; +i6iona) *i i(,u) +onu; opra'iona)B;

ra)i6a6 anu,i( propor'ii *i )-(uri /n(r ); ,ou) )or a+'iun; /n +opu)

fun+'ionrii i(,u)ui; a ra)i6rii +opu)ui.

"n 5a6a fun+'ii or-ani6ar a ,ana-,n(u)ui ai-ur (a5i)ira(ru+(urii i(,u)ui +onu+(or; a i(,u)ui +onu; pr+u, *i a i(,u)ui

infor,a'iona); +ar pr,i( )-a(uri) ir+( *i invr /n(r ),n() +)or

ou i(,. "n @r+i(ara a+(i fun+'ii a+(ivi('i) +onu+rii un( /nrp(a(;

a,na pr ai-urara fun+'iona)i('ii i(,u)ui +onu *i +onu+(or; ra'iona)

au +=iar op(i, a pro+u)ui prou+'i *i ,ana-ria).

"n pro+u) prou+'i in(rvin fa+(ori (=ni+i; ,a(ria)i *i u,ani;

rii+nu& pro5),a ai-urrii :ui+ioa a n+aru)ui rur; a +o,5inri)or

/n propor'ii op(i,; a or-ani6rii )o+u)ui ,un+; a (a5i)irii ,oa)i('i)or

f*urar a pro+u)ui prou+'i.

Or-ani6ara; +a fun+'i a +onu+rii; prupun; po(rivi( prin+ipii)or

or-ani6ar a pro+)or ,un+; (a5i)ira ra'iona) a par+u)ui ,a*ini *i

(ra+(oar; u(i)i6ara )or fi+in(; ai-urara +u for' ,un+ a+va( *i

or-ani6ara *(iin'ifi+ a ,un+ii; /n +opu) poririi prou+(ivi('ii ,un+ii.

La niv)uri) uprioar +onu+ra (r5ui ai-ur r6o)vara

pro5),)or -nra); a,p); +ar priv+ /n(ra-a a+(ivi(a( a /n(rprinrii; +'ii;

+(oarB; pro5), +on+r( (a)iu.

E@r+i(ara +orpun6(oar a fun+'ii or-ani6ar n+i( rp+(ara

ur,(oari u++iuni a+(ivi('i p+ifi+

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&infor,ara pr i(ua'ia or-ani6a(ori+ @i(n( /n /n(rprinr au a-n'i

+ono,i+i>

&ana)i6a +ri(i+ a i(,u)ui or-ani6ar @i(n( *i vin'ira pun+()or +ri(i+>

&+rara i(,u)ui /,5un('i( /n fun+'i iponi5i)i('i) ,a(ria) *i u,an

@i(n(>

&pr-(ira ,i:)oa+)or +ono,i+ *i or-ani6a(ori+ a)o+ara fonuri; (a5i)ira

rpona5i)i('i)or; pr-(ira prona)u)uiB>

&ap)i+ara propriu&6i a a+'iunii or-ani6ar.

3.

cursul complet de management

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