CURRENT APPROACHES IN EXTENSION

SONDARVA YAGNESH MDept . of Agri. extension education

B. A. college of Agriculture , AAU, Anand

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CONTENT

1 . Decentralized Decision Making2 . Bottom up Planning3 . Farming System Approach 4 . Farming Situation Based Extension

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•The first organization effort to solve the problem of rural India was mad through the Community Development Progamme in the year 1952 National Extension Service in 1953. •The Planning Commission appointed a high-ranking study team headed by BALWANT RAI MEHTA, Chief Minister of Gujarat.•There should be effective administration was to be placed under the control of selected and integrated local self government system ordinarily of 3 tiered bodies from village level to block level and then to district level.•This democratic decentralized system was named as “Panchayat Raj” . 1st Adopted in madras tried this as a pilot projects as early as1957. 2nd in Andhra Pradesh state had 20 such pilot project then Rajasthan which adopted decentralization on 2nd October ,1959. It was implemented in Gujarat on 1st April,1963.

INTRODUCTION

1 . Decentralized Decision Making , Panchayat Raj

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Objectives:• Assistance to the economically weaker section of

the community.•Cohesion and Co-operative self help in the community.• Development of the co-operative institutions.• Development of local resources including the utilization of manpower.•Production in agriculture as the highest priority in

planning.•Promotion of rural industries.

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Philosophy of Panchayat Raj:❑The philosophy of Panchayat Raj is deeply stetted in

tradition and culture of rural India and is by no means new concept panchayati Raj provide a system of self governance at the village level.

❑panchayati Raj institutions is the grass-root unit of the self-government have been declared as the vehicles of socio-economic transformation in rural India. Effective and meaningful functioning of these bodies would depend on active indolent, contribution and participation of its citizens both male and female.

❑The aim of every village being a republic and panchayati having power has been translated into reality with the introduction of the three-tire Panchayat Raj system to enlist people’ participation in rural reconstruction.

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The Gram Panchayat: ▪ Primary unit of Panchayat Raj institutions or local self- government. Functions:▪Preparation annul budget of village Panchayat.▪Mobilization of relief in natural calamities.▪Preparation of annual plans for the development of the

village Panchayat area.▪Organizing voluntary labour and contribution for community work.▪Maintenance of essential statistics of villages.▪Such other development work as may be entrusted.▪Service or developmental function, such as promotion of education, health, agriculture

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Source of income of village Panchayat:• Share in land revenue.• House taxes & other taxes as specified in Panchayat Raj act.• Contribution and grants• Fees for providing amenities, cess,tolls,ect.• Local rates.

Taluka Panchayat

❑ Knows as Panchayat samiti or Panchayat union. This is the second tier of the administration taluka and block level.❑It is headed by taluka president. Block Development Officer is appointed by the Government. He function as leader of the block.❑The main function of the Panchayat samiti are planning, execution

and supervision of all developmental programmer in the block.

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Zilla Panchayat:

❖Know as district development council or zilla parisad.This is the third tier of Panchayat raj functioning at district level. ❖It is headed by Panchayat union chairman. District collector leads

the work with the help of district development officers.Function:

• It works as advisory body for block for blocks.• It approves budget plan of blocks.• It allots funds to the blocks.• It approves budget and plan of blocks. It allots funds to the blocks.• Secondary education is the responsibility of this council.• It should advise GOVT. in all matter relating to rural development in the district.• It has to review the results achieved under various items a all the blocks. 8

Definition:-❖An established, habitual, logical, or prescribed practice or

systematic process of achieving certain ends with accuracy and efficiency, usually in an ordered sequence of fixed steps.

Objectives-❖ A robust Category Management System for Basic and Fashion

Merchandise, based on industry best practices, which can scale to manage large volumes of data, enabling retail organizations of any size to plan and monitor items down to the store level as well as across multiple channels.

❖Permits the creation and management of profitable merchandise assortments that are appropriate to the store location, store size and store fixturing.

2 . Bottom Up Planning

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➢ Ensures that promotional and event inventory needs are built into the planning process.

➢  Ensures that unit and dollar plans are synchronized.➢  Assists buyers in planning SKU rationalization.➢  Prevents out of stock and overstock situations through the rapid

identification of product trends at a level and within a time horizon in which profitable action can be taken.

Functions:-▪Assortment Plan▪Re-Ranking▪Markdowns and Promotion Impacts▪Forecasting Options▪Quantity Plan ▪Value Plan

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1.Assortment Plan:

Permits a thorough review of data utilizing drill-downs, filters and alerts to ensure that all levels are reviewed for problems and opportunities.

2. Re-Ranking: Re-ranking is the dynamic evaluation of products within a

classification based on sales performance, value, quantity, margin for a store, for a store cluster or at total company level.

3. Markdowns and Promotion Impacts: During the Quantity plan build, additional stock requirements

due to promotional impacts are calculated based on the promotional calendar and promotional index that are built into the system. Pre-defined markdown scales are defined and applied to every category based on a combination of Margin, Seasonality, Product Lifecycle and breakeven analysis.

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4. Forecasting Options: To facilitate accurate forecasting, different forecasting engines are used based on the product category, these forecasts are applied in the creation of the Quantity and Value plans.

5. Quantity Plan: The Quantity plan is generated on a monthly basis and uses algorithms

to project monthly target sales and projected stock quantities. All integration to Supply Chain systems are managed using the Release Strategy to generate Purchase Orders, changes to Replenishment strategies and Pre-Allocations.

6. Value Plan: Once the Quantity plan is generated, the Value plan is triggered based

on a Retail Sales and Retail Cost basis. SKU level sales and margin values are forecasted, aggregated up the product and location hierarchies so comparisons between the Top Down financial plans and the Bottom Up plan may be made.

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FEATURES

❑ Permits planning of all categories, sub-categories, styles or SKUs❑ Generates an Article and SKU level Quantity plan and Value plan on a monthly

basis❑ Enables on-the-fly comparison between the Top Down Sales Forecast at the

Category level using aggregation algorithms at Store, Article and SKU level❑ Generates a SKU buy plan with or without forecasting models❑ Predicts Average Weekly Unit Sales using advanced SKU forecasting models❑  Provides KPI’s such as sell through, inventory turns, stock to sales ratio and

performance indicators to assist the buyer in planning decisionsTracks and compares in-season actual with forecasted and original sales numbers

❑ Provides the ability to reference an existing article from a Like Store grade or cluster when planning new article introductions

❑ Permits micro-merchandise planning using stock norms such as minimum/maximum stock quantity and DC/Vendor lead time

❑ Suggests markdowns based on the product life cycle for complete SKU rationalization

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BENEFITS✓Provides full integration to supply chain systems ✓Provides full integration between Top Down Plan, Bottom Up

Plan, Allocation, Open To Buy and Purchase Order Management

✓ Identifies potential opportunities and current sales trends ✓ Identifies potential negative impacts due to increased

competition, emerging technology, changes in promotional patterns and new product introductions

✓Maximizes profitability of the merchandise mix ✓ Improves margins by providing unit level sales and stock

management efficiency ✓Provides complete control over the in-season management of

store merchandise assortments through the use of the robust sales forecasting engine

✓Maintains safety stocks to tide over unforeseen situations 14

❑CONCEPT OF FSA

❖Holistic approach.❖Complex in nature.❖Interrelated matrix of soils, plants, animals, power, implements, labour, capital and other inputs.❖Influenced by political, economic, institutional and social forces.❖Biggs (1985) explained the concept of FSA as follows:

It is a problem solving approach for the farmer.Requires commonly homogenous type of farmers. It is an inter disciplinary approach. It is a participatory and bottom up planning and requires on-farm trials.It depends on the concept of learning by doing Farming system approach needs socially desirable technologies.

3 . FARMING SYSTEM APPROACH

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NEED FOR FSA I. High cost of farm inputs.II. Fluctuation in the market price of farm produce. III. Risk in crop harvest due to climatic vagaries and biotic factors. IV. Environmental degradation, depletion in soil fertility &

productivity.V. Unstable income of the farmer.VI. Fragmentation of holdings .VII. Low standard of living.

OBJECTIVES OF FSA ➢Sustained development of farm families and rural communities.

➢Raising production and productivity of farm.

➢Improvement in the economic situation of the farm and family.

➢Raising standards of household and fulfilling basic requirements.16

Farm enterprises

Agro-forestry + Silvipasture

Floriculture + Apiary

Fishery + Duckery + Poultry17

Stages in farming system development approach

•Diagnostic stage•Design stage•The testing and implementation stage.•Dissemination and impact evaluation stage.

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Analysis of existing farming system

➢ Identification of major socio-economic situations.➢ Understanding dominant enterprises and most common farming

systems .➢ Analysis of economic viability of existing farming systems .➢ Understanding relationship between different enterprises within the

system.➢ Analysis of linkages between different farming systems.

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Understanding the modifications made in existing farming system by innovative farmers

➢Understanding the changing scenario in rural areas and its impact on existing farming system .➢Identification of new market opportunities and its impact and relevance to socio-economic situation. ➢Suitable modification made by innovative farm families in existing farming system .➢Type of modification made ( diversification or intensification of the enterprises) .

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❖ New options recommended by the researchers

Identification of new suggested options by researchers around each dominant enterprise.

Understanding the technological details about new options .

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Testing of recommended options.

➢ Selecting representative village / farm families .➢ Training about technical skills .➢ Testing the effectiveness of recommended options

Economic analysis of recommended options :

➢ Analysis of relative profitability of recommended options as compared to existing farming system.

➢ Understanding of implications of each options with regard to

reallocation of resource .

V

IV

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Dissemination and impact evaluation

➢Strategies identified during design and testing stages are extended towards farmers.

VI

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4. FARMING SITUATION BASED EXTENSION (FSBE)

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INTRODUCTION

❖Challenge in Indian agricultural development lies in the effective involvement of farmers in the extension and research programs.

❖Stress is more on developing procedures or methods that encourages farmer’s participation in planning and management of above programs.

❖Involving farmers in the process of technology development can develop appropriate recommendations specific to crop situation.

❖This requires major changes in the attitudes, approach and role of researchers and extensionists.

❖As such an approach which provides active participation of farmer- researcher and extensionists in developing a modified or fine tuned technological recommendations specific to crop situation has been attempted through

❖“Farming Situation Based Extension”25

FSBE

❖Participatory planning of extension activities.

❖ In this method the crop commodity situation in which it is grown is taken as the basis for re-synthesising the blanket technological recommendations rather than an area as a whole.

❖The crop situations are delineated with the agronomic factors like sowing time, previous crop, source of irrigation (canal, tank, well) soil borne problems etc.

❖The variations in these micro level agronomical factors leads to different crop culture and demands for a modified / refined technological package rather than a standardized technological package.

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Factors for deciding the farming situations

1.Sources of irrigation 2. Time of sowing 3. Previous crop 4. Problematic soils5. Endemic or Epidemic pest and disease infested areas6. Soil type etc

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FEATURES:

I. Analysis of major situations of a crop (within a given agro-climatic zone)

II. Re-synthesis of the technological package of the crop (under each crop Situation) through a joint effort of researchers, extensionists and farmers.

III. Assessment of gap in the adoption of technology and using it as the basis for working out the required extension strategy.

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PROCEDURES

➢ Conduct focused group discussions to understand in how many situations the crop/ commodity is grown in the village and the extent of area (in %) .

➢ Draw a two-way table taking any two deciding factors on x-y axis which will describe the situations keeping other factors constant .

➢ Consider those situations which are above 10% of the total area under cultivation .

➢ For each of the selected situation conduct focused group discussion with the farmers who are having the situation .

➢ Identify the production practices followed by the farmers from land preparation to the harvest of the crop/commodity .

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❖ Identify the gap in adoption by comparing farmer’s practices

❖ ( EP) with the research recommended practices( RP ).

❖ Re-synthesis the technological gaps in adoption with the help of scientists in the group.

❖ Compare the farmer’s practices with the Re-synthesis package and identify the gap.

❖ For the identified gaps find reasons for gap in adoption and also the solutions as perceived by the farmers .

❖ The reasons for gap in adoption will become the basis for developing strategies. 30

CONCLUSION

➢This concept can be applied in narrowing down the gap in adoption by re-synthesizing the standardized recommendations emanated from university research by involving farmers, extensionists and researchers.

➢ As such a crop specific and farmer driven technological recommendation can be developed.

➢ In addition to this an extension strategy to bridge the knowledge and skill gap can also be framed thus making the job of extension worker more easy and meaningful.

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THANK YOU

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