Approaches in Extension

Approaches in ExtensionObjectivesDifferentiate an extension approach from that of a method and a technique;Enumerate the guides in the use/selection of an approach;Explain the nature and meaning of selected and popular approaches in extension; andIdentify the guides and benefits in the use of the approach.Introduction

The primary concern of an extension office/agency is the approach and method to be used in disseminating a particular technology. It is not enough that a technician knows the technology. One must be able to select and use the most appropriate and effectives approaches and methods to ensure high percentage of technology adoption. In this connection, three terms must be defined clearly, namely; approach, method, and technique.

ApproachEmbraces the entire spectrum of the process. Within an approach, there can be several methods.Is an enlightened viewpoint toward teaching/technology promotion. It provides sound philosophy and orientation to the whole process of teaching/techno promotion.It is axiomatic, having the quality of a generally accepted principle or rule as a basis for the whole process of teaching (Allen and Campbell, 1975) or technology promotion.MethodIt is procedural consisting of a series of actions arranged logically for the smooth operation of a particular teaching task (Allen and Campbell, 1975) or techno promotion.is an overall plan for the orderly presentation of a lesson; it is an organized, orderly, systematic and well planned procedure aimed at enhancing and facilitating learning (Garcia 1989) or technology adoption.Is a procedure or step by step way of guiding prospective clients/adoptors in knowing, trying and adopting specific technology.TechniqueIt is implementational, having an immediate applicability to the EW/teacher owning to its specificity, feasibility and convenience to the one using it (Allen and Campbell 1975)It is a particular trick, strategy, individual artistry of the teacher/EW.A technique has a couple of meaning; first, a procedural variation of a given method as a highly personalized style of carrying out a particular step of a given method; second, is shown in a step called motivation.Guides in the use of Approach

The objective or target adoptors of the agency promoting the technology influence selection of an approach. The cost in using approach is an important factor that influence selection. Mass media though very effective in reaching a great number of people need relatively big budget to pay for radio broadcast or time slot.The nature or the long-range impact of the technology influence the selection of approach.Extension agencies use approaches they are very familiar with and in accordance to the techno-promotion capabilities.Applicability of the approach to the target audience or target community, to the package of technology being promoted and the situation where the people are.The extension approach should be parallel or in accordance with the diffusion stage of the clientele.Approaches to be used ultimately develop/change the persons ; a. knowledge , b. skills, abilities and habits c. attitudes and values.The principle of flexibility and adaptation to changing environment whether internal or external environment.The approach must be properly documented as bases for improvement and revision of future projects/programs.Unexpected outcomes may come out as a result of the approach. Therefore, implementors must be aware and sensitive of unexpected outcomes.

Approaches in Extension 1. Participatory ApproachThe use of participatory approach is very popular in irrigation system development, agrarian reform, local governance, and technology gemeration, verification up to utilization. Gelia T. Castillo - How participatory is participatory approach? The benefits usually derived from participation are:A. lower cost B. greater likelihood of user acceptance of the technologyC. appropriate and socially accepted designsD. users care maintenance of the facilities.E. Assumption by users of some if not at all, of the O&M responsibilitiesParticipatory approach institutionalizes the democratic process wherein every member of a group of target users must be involved in the whole process of program/project development: siyuation analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring and documentation and evaluation.In irrigation development, type and degree of farmers participation can vary by project phase such as pre construction, construction and operation phase.NATURE OF PARTICIPATORY APPROACHThis approach opportunity for project beneficiaries or targets of technology promotion to be involved in all stages of program/project development.APPROACH-requires a process of education to enlist peoples participation in all projects stages. Sufficient knowledge and skills are required for project implementers. This is a developmental process that is people-centered and ultimately contribute to people empowerment. People can structure their developmental directions, make decisions and act on it.Benefits of people participationAcceptance and understanding projectFast adoption and/or greater support to the projectProject sustainabilityProtection and concern on the projectAdvancement of the projectProject management by the people not outsiderHigh benefits from the projectFull control of project operationLess graft and corruptionTransparency in implementation 2. Mass ApproachThere are technologies or specific products like soap, toothpaste, shampoo, sardines, toilet paper where mass approach is very affective. Guides in using MAAdequate funds must be availableTechnologies are simple so that adoptors can use them even without the assistance or guidance from EW.Techno promotion activities can be packaged and implemented nationwideMA is basically used in creating awareness and interest among target adoptors/users.Provide ways of interaction

Benefits of MALess manpower requirementFast and can reach greater number of peopleModerate interaction between source and receiver

3. Single Purpose ApproachExtension agency (GO, NGO, PO) as the initiator of the techno promotion is promoting as single technology like organism, fertilizer, pioneer, corn seeds, tissue culture banana, Kubota reaper, rice seeder and many others.Guides in SPAThe single technology promoted and adopted by users will not affect other practicesAdoption of single technology promoted will make a big difference in production and profit.Technology is readily available, can be acquired easily and less cost.4. COMMODITY APPROACHMeaning and Nature The agency is promoting a package of technology (POT) for a specific commodity like rice, corn, soybean, super peanut, etc. The POT starts from production storing, processing and marketing. The concept of seed to shelf technology is the essence of the commodity approach.

Guidelines in the Use of Commodity ApproachThere must be POT for:a. Productionb. Storage Transportc. Processingd. Marketing2. Well-trained staff in every aspect of the technology must be readily available.3. Other factors of production are considered like capital, labor, soil, irrigation and source of quality seeds/breeds.4. Quality and quantity are primarily concerns which will contribute to overall profitability.5. production of great volume is planned and implemented through organized groups.6. strengthened farmers coops, producers and traders.7. Farm inputs must be controlled by farmers.8. Explore market potentials before producing in great volume.9. Storage must be well-planned.10. Continuous technical assistance is necessary until self-reliance is achieved.Benefits of Commodity Approach1. Focus research and development activities on major commodities.2. For food/feed sufficiency.3. For export potential.4. Answer industry needs.5.Maximum utilization of resources.`6. Credit and market support.5. COMMUNITY APPROACHMeaning and Nature. An extension agency whether public or private, assists a community to develop in all aspects economical, social, cultural, political and environmental. The main objective is the total community development

Guides in the Use of Community ApproachThe local political structure spearheads and plays active role in designing the development program. The local development councils at the barangay/municipality levels are mobilized as planning bodies.Major problems and needs are analyzed by the Local Development Councils (LDCs).Using the Internal Revenue Allotment (IRA) and other fund sources, Barangay/municipality/city development plans are prepared to answer the needs of communities.All areas of concern are taken into consideration agricultural, non-agricultural, forest resources, water resources, social service like health, education, nutrition, peace and order, power, safety and recreation.Various social institutions such as school, church, market, government, families are involved in development.Long-ranged plans are prepared to answer long-term needs.6. AREA APPROACHMeaning and Nature. The target is categorized by regions (1,2,3, etc.). It can be categorized according to ecological zones as lowland, upland and coastal areas. Each area ha unique characteristics that are different from the others. An extension agency usually introduce different technologies according to the needs and resources of the area.

Guides in Using the Area Approach1. Resources scanning/assessment should be conducted.2. Match technology to the resource in the area.3. Consider cultural differences and needs.4. Large number of clientele requires more funding for travelling/mobility of extension workers.5. If possible, modern communication facilities must be utilized.6. Coordination between and among offices with similar target/users/adoptors must be done.

7. INTEGRATED APPROACHMeaning and Nature. The integrated approach can be used in different modes. This can be in the context of project implementation of a specific project like hybrid rice production.DAPhilriceBPRENIAQuedencorLGUsIntegrated ApproachTrainingSeed ProductsTechno-demoCoop DevtProvince-wide ProductionIncrease Rice Production and Profitability Job Generation Food SufficiencyINPUTOUTPUTPROCESS19INPUTOUTPUTPROCESSFeedbackPeopleLDCsCLSULGUsBNS/BHWIntegrated Development ApproachHealth and NutritionFood ProductionInfrastructure devtJob placementSpiritual devtJustice, peace and orderEducation and technology transferPopulation education and environmental protection and conservationImproved quality of life and Nutrition improvement

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