cs 8803 - cellular and mobile network security: cellular ... · pre-history of a mobile internet...
TRANSCRIPT
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
CS 8803 - Cellular and Mobile Network Security:
Cellular Basics
Professor Patrick Traynor9/6/2018
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Pre-History of a Mobile Internet• In 2002, there were 700 Million wireless subscribers worldwide.
• As a point of comparison, there were 850 Million wired phone lines.• The number of Internet users was also doubling annually...• And yet ubiquitous wireless data had stalled. Why?
• Low data rates• Limited terminals• Limited applications
• ... but mobile computing had not...• laptops were everywhere.• dialup was pervasive.
• Hindered by low performance, poor connectivity and inconvenience
2
Global Access Lines (billion) 3
2
1
0
Wireless Cable Wireline
1958 1978 2005
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015258.8 B172.8 M
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015258.8 B172.8 M
1.5 T81 B
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015258.8 B172.8 M
1.5 T81 B
2.3 T1.56 T
Source: CTIA Wireless
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015258.8 B172.8 M
1.5 T81 B
2.3 T1.56 T
Source: CTIA Wireless
2.3 T2.3 T
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Where We Are Today• As of 2017, there are now over 5 Billion wireless subscribers worldwide.
• 7.7 billion mobile devices, 400M+ in the US.• Current approximate world population: 7 Billion.
• In the US annually:
• That’s 7.6 billion mins vs 5.2 Billion text messages per day.• How long is the average phone call?
3
37.8 BN/A
1995 2000 2005 2009 2011Minutes
SMS
2015258.8 B172.8 M
1.5 T81 B
2.3 T1.56 T
Source: CTIA Wireless
2.3 T2.3 T
2.8 T1.9 T
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
Wireless Controller
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
RadioWireless
Controller
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
RadioWireless
Controller
Telephone Network
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
RadioWireless
Controller
Telephone Network
Wireless Gateways
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks• Cellular Telecommunications Network
• Network tailored for voice - very low bandwidth• Devices previously not suitable for Internet and computing apps
• Despite high penetration and coverage, Internet access fizzled until the second half of the decade.
4
RadioWireless
Controller
Telephone Network
Wireless Gateways Internet
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Radio
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Radio Wireless Gateways
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Radio Edge Router
Wireless Gateways
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Access Router
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Radio Edge Router
Wireless Gateways
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
InternetAccess Router
A Tale of Two Networks (2)• The Internet - Wireless Enterprise Networks
• Network tailored for best-effort data traffic• High bandwidth, no controls
• Supports general computing and data networking applications• Gaining high density hot-spots, but not ubiquitous coverage.
5
Radio Edge Router
Wireless Gateways
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Core Internet
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data Rates
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
5G Networks
-Small Cells -Support for IoT
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
5G Networks
-Small Cells -Support for IoT
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Home Networks
-DSL/Cable/FTTH -802.11
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
5G Networks
-Small Cells -Support for IoT
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Home Networks
-DSL/Cable/FTTH -802.11
Urban Network
-Pico Cells -Mesh Networking
Access Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• End-to-end Internet• Common mobility management and control,
transport and services infrastructure
5G Networks
-Small Cells -Support for IoT
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Home Networks
-DSL/Cable/FTTH -802.11
Urban Network
-Pico Cells -Mesh Networking
Access Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• End-to-end Internet• Common mobility management and control,
transport and services infrastructure• Unifies various access technologies (wireless and
wireline)
5G Networks
-Small Cells -Support for IoT
A Vision of Tomorrow - Common Net & Apps
6
Radio Controller
3G Cellular
-Outdoor Areas -High Mobility
Access Router
Enterprise Networks
-802.11++ -Local Mobility -Packet Voice
-High Data RatesAccess Router
4G Networks
-WiMAX -LTE
Home Networks
-DSL/Cable/FTTH -802.11
Urban Network
-Pico Cells -Mesh Networking
Access Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Aggregation Router
Core Internet
Location Presence
Authentication
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Overview of Traditional Wireless Networks
• Primary wireless access to wired networks.• Most networks try to get to the wired side as quickly as possible!
• New features when compared to wired networks.• Wireless medium• Mobility
• New features = New Problems (or new challenges)
7
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
What’s the Frequency, Kenneth?
8
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Mobile
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Earth
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Radio-location
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Radio-location
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3.4
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8
4.65
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MARITIMEMOBILE
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300
325
335
405
415
435
495
505
510
525
535
1605
1615
1705
1800
1900
2000
2065
2107
2170
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3000
RADIO-LOCATION
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30.5
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32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
37.5
38.0
38.2
5
39.0
40.0
42.0
43.6
9
46.6
47.0
49.6
50.0
54.0
72.0
73.0
74.6
74.8
75.2
75.4
76.0
88.0
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0
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123.
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128.
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7.03
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7.18
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161.
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173.
217
3.4
174.
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216.
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220.
022
2.0
225.
0
235.
0
300
ISM – 6.78 ± .015 MHz ISM – 13.560 ± .007 MHz ISM – 27.12 ± .163 MHz
ISM – 40.68 ± .02 MHz
ISM – 24.125 ± 0.125 GHz 30 GHz
ISM – 245.0 ± 1GHzISM – 122.5 ± .500 GHzISM – 61.25 ± .250 GHz
300.
0
322.
0
328.
6
335.
4
399.
9
400.
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0.15
401.
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402.
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403.
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455.
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2.537
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2.737
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7.537
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7.737
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4.0
698
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764
776
794
806
821
824
849
851
866
869
894
896
9019
0190
2
928
929
930
931
932
935
940
941
944
960
1215
1240
1300
1350
1390
1392
1395
2000
2020
2025
2110
2155
2160
2180
2200
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2300
2305
2310
2320
2345
2360
2385
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2400
2417
2450
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00
2900
3000
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1430
1432
1435
1525
1530
1535
1544
1545
1549
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10.6
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26.5
1660
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68.4
1670
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1700
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1755
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MARIT
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3.3
3.5
3.6
3.65
3.7
4.2
4.4
4.5
4.8
4.94
4.99
5.0
5.15
5.25
5.35
5.46
5.47
5.6
5.65
5.83
5.85
5.92
5
6.42
5
6.52
5
6.70
6.87
5
7.02
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7.12
5
7.19
7.23
57.
25
7.30
7.45
7.55
7.75
7.90
8.02
5
8.17
5
8.21
5
8.4
8.45
8.5
9.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
10.0
10.4
510
.510
.55
10.6
10.6
8
10.7
11.7
12.2
12.7
12.7
5
13.2
513
.4
13.7
514
.0
14.2
14.4
14.4
714
.514
.714
515
.136
5
15.3
5
15.4
15.4
3
15.6
315
.716
.617
.1
17.2
17.3
17.7
17.8
18.3
18.6
18.8
19.3
19.7
20.1
20.2
21.2
21.4
22.0
22.2
122
.5
22.5
5
23.5
5
23.6
24.0
24.0
5
24.2
524
.45
24.6
5
24.7
5
25.0
5
25.2
525
.527
.0
27.5
29.5
29.9
30.0
ISM – 2450.0 ± 50 MHz
30.0
31.0
31.3
31.8
32.0
32.3
33.0
33.4
36.0
37.0
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.5
40.0
40.5
41.0
42.5
43.5
45.5
46.9
47.0
47.2
48.2
50.2
50.4
51.4
52.6
54.2
555
.78
56.9
57.0
58.2
59.0
59.3
64.0
65.0
66.0
71.0
74.0
75.5
76.0
77.0
77.5
78.0
81.0
84.0
86.0
92.0
95.0
100.
0
102.
0
105.
0
116.
0
119.
98
120.
02
126.
0
134.
0
142.
014
4.0
149.
0
150.
0
151.
0
164.
0
168.
0
170.
0
174.
5
176.
5
182.
0
185.
0
190.
0
200.
0
202.
0
217.
0
231.
0
235.
0
238.
0
241.
0
248.
0
250.
0
252.
0
265.
0
275.
0
300.
0
ISM – 5.8 ± .075 GHz
ISM – 915.0 ± 13 MHz
INTER
-SATE
LLITE
RADIO
LOCA
TION
SATE
LLITE
(E-S)
AERO
NAUT
ICAL
RADIO
NAV.
PLEASE NOTE: THE SPACING ALLOTTED THE SERVICES IN THE SPEC-TRUM SEGMENTS SHOWN IS NOT PROPORTIONAL TO THE ACTUAL AMOUNTOF SPECTRUM OCCUPIED.
AERONAUTICALMOBILE
AERONAUTICALMOBILE SATELLITE
AERONAUTICALRADIONAVIGATION
AMATEUR
AMATEUR SATELLITE
BROADCASTING
BROADCASTINGSATELLITE
EARTH EXPLORATIONSATELLITE
FIXED
FIXED SATELLITE
INTER-SATELLITE
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MARITIMERADIONAVIGATION
METEOROLOGICALAIDS
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RADIONAVIGATION
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STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL
STANDARD FREQUENCYAND TIME SIGNAL SATELLITE
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O AS
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OMY
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ALLOCATION USAGE DESIGNATIONSERVICE EXAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Primary FIXED Capital LettersSecondary Mobi le 1st Capital with lower case letters
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Telecommunications and Information AdministrationOffice of Spectrum Management
October 2003
MOBIL
EBR
OADC
ASTIN
G
TRAVELERS INFORMATION STATIONS (G) AT 1610 kHz
59-64 GHz IS DESIGNATED FORUNLICENSED DEVICES
Fixed
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IGAT
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E RES
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ssive
)
* EXCEPT AERO MOBILE (R)
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BANDDESIGNATIONS
ACTIVITIES
FREQUENCY
3 x 107m 3 x 106m 3 x 105m 30,000 m 3,000 m 300 m 30 m 3 m 30 cm 3 cm 0.3 cm 0.03 cm 3 x 105Å 3 x 104Å 3 x 103Å 3 x 102Å 3 x 10Å 3Å 3 x 10-1Å 3 x 10-2Å 3 x 10-3Å 3 x 10-4Å 3 x 10-5Å 3 x 10-6Å 3 x 10-7Å
0 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 10 MHz 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz 1013Hz 1014Hz 1015Hz 1016Hz 1017Hz 1018Hz 1019Hz 1020Hz 1021Hz 1022Hz 1023Hz 1024Hz 1025Hz
THE RADIO SPECTRUMMAGNIFIED ABOVE3 kHz 300 GHz
VERY LOW FREQUENCY (VLF)Audible Range AM Broadcast FM Broadcast Radar Sub-Millimeter Visible Ultraviolet Gamma-ray Cosmic-ray
Infra-sonics Sonics Ultra-sonics Microwaves InfraredP L S XC Radar
Bands
LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET X-RAY GAMMA-RAY COSMIC-RAY
X-ray
ALLOCATIONSFREQUENCY
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S..
This chart is a graphic single-point-in-time portrayal of the Table of Frequency Allocations used by theFCC and NTIA. As such, it does not completely reflect all aspects, i.e., footnotes and recent changesmade to the Table of Frequency Allocations. Therefore, for complete information, users should consult theTable to determine the current status of U.S. allocations.
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
What’s the Frequency, Kenneth?
8
Established
Transition
Emerging
Cordless
Wireless CATV
Microwave
Wireless LAN, PBX
Mobile Satellite
Internet & Mobile
Computing Global Coverage Consumer Broadband Intelligent Network
PCS
Cellular
Paging
Fixed Wireless
Rapid Deployment
Private to Public One-Way to Two-Way
SMR
US Spectrum Allocation (Freq in MHz)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Common Deployments• In Atlanta, AT&T uses:
• 850 MHz (GSM, GPRS, EDGE): 200 kHz Channels• 1900 MHz (UMTS/HSPA): 3.84 MHz Channels• 1.7/2.1 GHz (UMTS/HSPA): 3.84 MHz Channels• 700 MHz Spectrum (UMTS/LTE): 5 MHz Channels
• Verizon operates using:• 850 MHz (CDMA), 1900 MHz (CDMA2000), 1.7/2.1 GHz (CDMA2000/1xEV-DO)
and 700 MHz• T-Mobile:
• 1900 MHz (GSM, GPRS, EDGS, UMTS), 1.7/2.1 GHz (UMTS)• Metro PCS; Sprint:
• 1900 MHz (CDMA); 1900 MHz (CDMA, CDMA2000, 1xEV-DO)
9
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Common Deployments• What are the implications of these layouts?
• What does this tell you about future service?
10
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
Base Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Telephone Network
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Telephone Network
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Cellular Architecture (High Level)• Why would someone design a network this way?
11
Base Station
SwitchBase Station
Base Station Base Station
Base Station
Telephone Network
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Wireless Networks Characteristics• What makes wireless so different from wired?
• Higher error rates• Lower bandwidth• Variable delay• Inconsistent performance• Easy mobility
12
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Mobile Terminology• Mobile Location
• Finding a mobile device to deliver a connection/packet• Usually requires finding the cell in which a user is located.
• Mobile Tracking• Following the approximate location of a mobile as it moves while not in an active session.• Usually involves some sort of registration• NOT a constant process...
• Handoff/Handover• Transferring/forwarding a connection as a user
moves while in an active session.• Hard vs soft handover.
13
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Coverage Terminology• Pico-cell
• O(10 feet): Covers a room• Femto/Micro-Cell
• O(100 feet): Covers a floor/street• Macro-Cell
• O(10 miles): Big towers• Satellites
• Regions, Countries, Hemispheres
14
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Mobility• Users can move great distances, at great speed.
• Sometimes, they do both.• Personal mobility vs terminal mobility
• High speeds while communicating• Cellular voice
• Travel large distances between communications• Cellular• Messaging/paging
• Limited Mobility• Wireless LANs
15
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Session
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Presentation
Session
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Presentation
Session
Application
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Review of OSI Protocol Model• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
16
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Presentation
Session
Application
Physical
Link
Network
Transport
Application
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer• Communications infrastructure is the air/frequency band.
• Limited Bandwidth• Shared, public media• Highly regulated... for the most part• Re-use of resources is key to providing sufficient capacity to users
• Harsh environment• Continuously changing characteristics: adaptation• High error rate: FEC-based channel coding• Bursty errors due to sudden fades: interleaving• Higher layer error recovery
• Mobility• Signal strength varies with location• Motion affects signals• Must “change” channels during handoffs
17
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
The Decibel• A widely used measurement unit in transmission systems.
• The “Bel” represents a 10:1 power ratio between two sounds.• Logarithmic with the number base 10.
• This allows us deal with very large and very small values easily.• Consider a stereo amplifier with an output of 100 watts where the input is 100
milliwatts. The stereo has an amplification factor of:
• Notice that the 3 in the 30 dB corresponds to the number of zeroes.
18
G =P2
P1=
1000.1
= 1000watts
G = 10log(1000watts) = 30dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Gain and Loss• Gain indicates an increase in signal strength received.
• From the previous slide, the system has a gain of 30 dB.• Loss indicates attenuation, or a reduction in signal.
• If a signal is transmitted at 10 watts and is measured at 6 watts at the receiver, what is the signal decrease factor (in dB)?
• The advantage to dB is that we can add/subtract them directly.• These two factors are a major component in how wireless systems are engineered.
• Why?
20
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Gain and Loss• Gain indicates an increase in signal strength received.
• From the previous slide, the system has a gain of 30 dB.• Loss indicates attenuation, or a reduction in signal.
• If a signal is transmitted at 10 watts and is measured at 6 watts at the receiver, what is the signal decrease factor (in dB)?
• The advantage to dB is that we can add/subtract them directly.• These two factors are a major component in how wireless systems are engineered.
• Why?
20
G = 10log(6/10) = �2.22dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer Degredation• Free space propagation model
• Signal strength diminishes inversely with distance to the power n.• where n is typically between 2 to 4
• Free space propagation model predicts received power as inversely proportional to the square of the distance between transmitter and receiver :
• where Gt and Gr are transmitter and receiver antenna gains, d is the distance between the transmitter and the receiver and λ is the wavelength.
21
Pr(d) =PtGtGr�2
(4⇥)2d2
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
FSPL Calculations• Loss is generally calculated in decibels, with this simpler equation:
• where D is distance in kilometers and f is frequency in MHz.• A transmitter A sends a message to a receiver B, which are separated by
40km. What is the FSPL at 1.7 GHz?
• What does this mean about the transmitting antenna?
22
LdB = 32.44 + 20logD + 20logf
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
FSPL Calculations• Loss is generally calculated in decibels, with this simpler equation:
• where D is distance in kilometers and f is frequency in MHz.• A transmitter A sends a message to a receiver B, which are separated by
40km. What is the FSPL at 1.7 GHz?
• What does this mean about the transmitting antenna?
22
LdB = 32.44 + 20logD + 20logf
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(40) + 20log(1.7 � 103)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
FSPL Calculations• Loss is generally calculated in decibels, with this simpler equation:
• where D is distance in kilometers and f is frequency in MHz.• A transmitter A sends a message to a receiver B, which are separated by
40km. What is the FSPL at 1.7 GHz?
• What does this mean about the transmitting antenna?
22
LdB = 32.44 + 20logD + 20logf
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(40) + 20log(1.7 � 103)LdB = 129.09dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Practice Problem
• A is connected to a transmitter by a cable with -2.22 dB.• B is connected to a receiver by a cable with -1.4 dB.• B’s antenna has an 11dB gain.• A’s antenna transmits with 10 watts of power.• The two 802.11 towers are separated by 5 km.• What is the power at the receiver (in mW)?
23
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW5 km
1 dB
-1.4 dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW5 km
1 dB
-1.4 dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW5 km
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW5 km
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW 1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW 1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB
Tx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
10 mW 1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB10 dBm
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB10 dBm
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
PB = �2.2dB + 10dBm� 114dBm + 1dBi� 1.4dB
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB10 dBm
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
PB = �2.2dB + 10dBm� 114dBm + 1dBi� 1.4dB
PB = �106.6dBm
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB10 dBm
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
PB = �2.2dB + 10dBm� 114dBm + 1dBi� 1.4dB
PB = �106.6dBm
mW = 10(dBm/10) = 10(�106.6/10)
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Work Through It
24
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
1 dB
-1.4 dB
LdB = 32.44 + 20log(5) + 20log(2.4 � 103)LdB = 114dB
-114 dB10 dBm
Tx = 10dBmTx = 10mW = 10log(10/1)
PB = �2.2dB + 10dBm� 114dBm + 1dBi� 1.4dB
PB = �106.6dBm
mW = 10(dBm/10) = 10(�106.6/10)
mW = 2.2 � 10�11mW
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.• What could we change in the previous system to ensure that the message
was received?
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.• What could we change in the previous system to ensure that the message
was received?• Increase transmission power
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.• What could we change in the previous system to ensure that the message
was received?• Increase transmission power• Increase receiver gain
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.• What could we change in the previous system to ensure that the message
was received?• Increase transmission power• Increase receiver gain• Decrease distance between A and B
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Receiver Thresholds• The previous inputs are consistent with real 802.11 devices.
• The average 802.11 card has a receiver sensitivity of -80 dBm.• What could we change in the previous system to ensure that the message
was received?• Increase transmission power• Increase receiver gain• Decrease distance between A and B
• Let’s focus on that last one...
25
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Maximum Range• What is the security implication of “maximum range” in this example?
26
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
x km1 dB
-1.4 dB
10 dBm
x = 0.4km
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Maximum Range• What is the security implication of “maximum range” in this example?
26
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
x km1 dB
-1.4 dB
10 dBm
80dBm = �2.2dB + 10dBm� x + 1dBi� 1.4dB
x = 0.4km
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Maximum Range• What is the security implication of “maximum range” in this example?
26
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
x km1 dB
-1.4 dB
10 dBm
80dBm = �2.2dB + 10dBm� x + 1dBi� 1.4dB
x = 72.6dBm
x = 0.4km
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Maximum Range• What is the security implication of “maximum range” in this example?
26
Tx RxA B
-2.22 dB
x km1 dB
-1.4 dB
10 dBm
80dBm = �2.2dB + 10dBm� x + 1dBi� 1.4dB
x = 72.6dBm
72.6dBm = 32.44 + 20log(x) + 20log(2.4 � 103)x = 0.4km
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Deviations from the Ideal• Note that the previous models represent a best-case scenario.
• Unobstructed line of sight between receivers.• Lack of environmental noise
• These factors are significant and often dynamic.• Trees blowing in the wind; weather changing.• The presence of other wireless devices.• User walking through a city.• User covering and uncovering their device’s
antenna.• iPhone 4?
27
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Signal to Noise Ratio• Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is the ratio expressing the amount by which a
signal exceeds its corresponding noise.• A device may receive a “signal” at a certain power, but if it can not
distinguish the signal from the noise, the received message is useless.• If signal is more powerful than noise, the SNR is positive. If noise
dominates the signal, the SNR is negative.• From Watts:
• In dB:
28
SNR(dB) = 10 � log(Ps
Pn)
SNR(dB) = Ps � Pn
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Signal to Noise Ratio• Let’s take a look at the practical implications:
• Assume that natural background noise is approximately -100 dBm.• The Orinoco PCMCIA Silver/Gold card requires an SNR of 16 dB to receive at
11 Mbps.• Assume that the receiver sensitivity is -80 dBm.• -100 + 16 = -84 dBm• -80 dBm > -84 dBm• This means that the minimum receiver
sensitivity is the limiting factor in this system.• Is this good or bad?
29
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer Degredation
• Multipath fading• Signal can become severely distorted due to reflection (objects larger than wavelength), scattering (objects smaller
than wavelength) and diffraction (shadow fading - signal variation has a log-normal distribution).
• Rayleigh fading (fast fading)• Statistical model of fading over the air. Good for non-line of sight.
• Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)• Subsequent symbols can interfere with each other because of the above.
Dealt with by guard intervals, rake receivers.
30
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer Degredation
• Multipath fading• Signal can become severely distorted due to reflection (objects larger than wavelength), scattering (objects smaller
than wavelength) and diffraction (shadow fading - signal variation has a log-normal distribution).
• Rayleigh fading (fast fading)• Statistical model of fading over the air. Good for non-line of sight.
• Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)• Subsequent symbols can interfere with each other because of the above.
Dealt with by guard intervals, rake receivers.
30
Reflection
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer Degredation
• Multipath fading• Signal can become severely distorted due to reflection (objects larger than wavelength), scattering (objects smaller
than wavelength) and diffraction (shadow fading - signal variation has a log-normal distribution).
• Rayleigh fading (fast fading)• Statistical model of fading over the air. Good for non-line of sight.
• Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)• Subsequent symbols can interfere with each other because of the above.
Dealt with by guard intervals, rake receivers.
30
Reflection
Diffraction
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Physical Layer Degredation
• Multipath fading• Signal can become severely distorted due to reflection (objects larger than wavelength), scattering (objects smaller
than wavelength) and diffraction (shadow fading - signal variation has a log-normal distribution).
• Rayleigh fading (fast fading)• Statistical model of fading over the air. Good for non-line of sight.
• Inter-symbol Interference (ISI)• Subsequent symbols can interfere with each other because of the above.
Dealt with by guard intervals, rake receivers.
30
Reflection
Diffraction
Scattering
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Limits of Wireless Channel• Shannon defined to capacity limits of a communication channel with
additive Gaussian noise:• For a channel without fading, shadowing, and ISI, the maximum possible
data rate on a given channel of bandwidth B is:
• where B is in hertz and S and N are in Watts.• This theoretical limit cannot be achieved in practice.
• Advanced coding techniques help us get close though.
31
R = B � log2(1 +S
N)bps
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Decrypt
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Decrypt
Deinterleaving
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Decrypt
Deinterleaving
Channel decoding
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Decrypt
Deinterleaving
Channel decoding
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• What are the layers of the OSI protocol stack?
• What are the layers of the Internet protocol stack?
• Why are they different?
• Most current protocols/systemsdesigned for highly reliable,wired environment.
In the Context of Phones
32
Modulation
Ciphering
Interleaving
Channel coding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Demodulation
Decrypt
Deinterleaving
Channel decoding
Digitization/ Voice Coding
Speech Data Gen
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Channel Sublayer : Frequency Assignments• The spectrum picture discussed earlier is actually far more complicated than initially
indicated.• How much of that spectrum you purchased can you actually use at each tower?
• FDMA/TDMA systems:• Split spectrum into sets of frequencies (channels) and reuse frequencies in distant cells.
Careful frequency planning!• Take advantage of frequency attenuation• Dynamic channel allocation
• CDMA systems:• Entire spectrum available to all cells. Full re-use; little planning required.• Capacity depends on interference level (soft capacity)• Coverage is dynamic and depends on instantaneous number of users.
• Careful planning of power required!
33
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Frequency Reuse• Each hexagon represents a
cell.• Each color represents a
different subset of the totalavailable carriers.
• Re-use factor of 3 shown here.
34
C = C � � C ��
C � ⇥ C �� = �
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
MAC Layer• Maximize capacity and minimize delay (circuit vs packet switching)
• FDMA, TDMA, CDMA - for voice, streaming• Aloha, Slotted Aloha - low delay for bursty, short messages (signaling)• CSMA-based protocols - bursty messages, larger number of users• PRMA and reservation-based - bursty, long messages, large number of
users.• Fairness/Quality of Service
• Don’t allow a user to hog bandwidth• Schedule traffic to meet requirements
• Handoffs• Assign new channels
35
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Link Layer• Error Recovery
• Yes or no?• Ordered data delivery
36
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Network Layer• Responsible for routing
• Circuit-switching: performed at connection establishment time• Datagrams: performed on each packet
• Key problem caused by mobility• Address no longer equals location to route connections/messages• Address is strictly a logical identifier.
• Ad hoc networks• No infrastructure• Self-organizing networks• This area is saturated - no course projects in this space!
37
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch Switch
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
Alert
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
AlertACM
ACM
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
AlertACM
ACMAlert
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
AlertACM
ACMAlert
Connect
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
AlertACM
ACMAlert
ConnectANM
ANM
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
• Route determination performed once.• Hierarchical geographical addressing
• Area code - Exchange - Terminal
Circuit-Switched Connection Establishment
38
SwitchCPE CPESwitch SwitchSetup
IAMIAM
Setup
AlertACM
ACMAlert
ConnectANM
ANMConnect
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
Host CPE
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPE
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Traditional Datagram Addressing• Each packet router individually (potentially on different paths)• Hierarchical address (network + host)
• Not geographical
39
RouterHost CPERouter Router
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Mobility and the Network Layer• Circuit Switching
• Address no longer points to location• Must find user once, then establish connection• Connections MUST be updated for handoffs
• Datagram• Find user each time?• Smart solutions avoid this...
40
Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Transport Layer• Current data transport protocol (TCP) designed to work in fixed networks.
• Establish end-to-end connection (in end-points only)• Recover from errors• Flow control (react to congestion)
• Mobility causes problems due to errors or discontinuous transmission.• May misinterpret lost packets• May be affected by delay in locating mobile users
• Wireless Medium• Error rates• Low bandwidth
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Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Applications• Wireless Medium
• High error rates• Low bandwidth• Can high quality audio, video be supported?• Can data applications be supported?
• Mobility• Pauses in transmission• Possibility for new applications
• Solution Techniques• Asymmetric design of applications and protocols• Network-based proxies to perform complex functions on behalf of mobile users.• Pre-fetching and caching of data
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Florida Institute for Cybersecurity (FICS) Research
Wrap-Up• Wireless changes the assumptions we make at virtually all layers of the
protocol stack.
• Successful wireless systems require a great deal of planning, robustness, resiliency and redundancy.
• It doesn’t hurt to have lobbyists to help you with some of those spectrum issues, either.
• In combination with our security primer, we are now ready to see how these networks are designed to deal with these issues.
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