cropping system interaction
TRANSCRIPT
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CROPPING SYSTEM CROPPING SYSTEM INTERACTION COMPETITIVE – INTERACTION COMPETITIVE –
COMPLEMENTRY – COMPLEMENTRY – ALLELOPATHY ALLELOPATHY
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CROPPING SYSTEM- INTERACTION
In intensive cropping, when crops are grown in association (intercropping or (sequential cropping) interaction between different component crop species occurs, which is essentially a response of one species to the environment as modified by the presence of another species (commonly referred to as interference or interaction).
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Concept of competition in cropping systems
• Interaction The effect of presence of one plant on the
other plants environment Types Removal reactions - competition Additive reaction - Allelopathy and Symbiosis
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Competition in cropping systems
Inter cropping• Solar radiation• Water and
nutrients• Allelopathy
Sequential cropping• Change in soil
condition• Shift in weed flora• Incidence of pest
and diseases
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The interaction may be
CompetitiveNon-competitive Complementary
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COMPETITIVE INTERACTION
• One species may have greater ability to use the limiting factor and will gain at the expense of the other and this is called as competitive interaction or interference.
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The concept of competition The struggle between the individuals
within a population for available resources
Competition function
Any function or formulae that
represents the manner in which the
maximum plan yield is reduced by
increasing competition
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Competition functions
• Intra-Specific competition Competition occurs between the same species
• Inter-Specific competition occurs between the different species
• Parabolic function
• Asymptotic function
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Competitive relationship
1.Competition for growth resources
2.Mechanism of plant population stress
3.Effect of plant population on crop
4.Competition in intercropping and sequential cropping
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1. Competition for growth resources
Competition for nutrients Depends upon the root spacing of dominated and aggressive
crops
Competition for light The growth duration of the component crops play a major role
Competition for water Depends on the Method of irrigation, RGR, Earliness of
water demand, Root extension-Lateral and vertical growth
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2. Mechanisms of plant population stress
• Yield per plant linearly correlated with the available space
• In close planting leaf surface per plant and unit area is reduced
• Effect of rapid growth of weeds on plant population-injurious
• The theory of injurious substances of the rhizosphere
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3. Effect of plant population on growth
• Widely spaced crops have a circular root distribution beneficial to crops
• Closely planted crops have un uniform root spread
• Increased lodging in high plant density• High plant density lead to seedling mortality• Build up and spread of pest and diseases
more in HPD with out proper management
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4.Factors deciding optimum plant density
• Plant size• Tillering • Lodging
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Competition in intercropping and sequential cropping
Important requirements for Successful intercropping Different periods of peak nutrient demand Minimum competition for light The difference in maturity of component
crops should be at least 30 days
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way of increase the light use efficiency
• Proper choice of crops • Proper choice of Genotypes• Adjustment of population density• Proportion of each component in the mixture • Planting pattern
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Nutrient uptake kg/ha of maize and cow pea
Nutrient
Sole crop Inter crop TotalMaize
cowpea
Maize
cowpea
N 185.0 101.0 163.0 40.0 203.0
P 3.97 1.55 3.89 1.30 4.93
K 176.0 54.20 156.0 37.0 193.0
S 157.0 89.0 142.0 62.40 205.0
(Singh et al.,2009)
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• Roots of sunflower Sunflower is not recommended for cropping system approach especially in sequential cropping
• Removal of sorghum stubbles with high C/N ratio plays a major role in cropping system productivity
(Reddy etal.,-2010)
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• Solar energy use efficiency under rice based cropping system, the
efficiency ranged from 1.58 to 2.02 per cent in UP.
• Efficiency of solar energy use in cotton based cropping system at
Coimbatore from 0.82 to 1.77 per cent of PAR for the whole year,
• indicating that by proper choice of crops, the efficiency is doubled.
(Venugopal et al., 2005)
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Non-competitive
• If the crops are grown in association and the growth of either of the concerned species is not affected, such type of interaction is called non-competitive interaction or interference.
• Or if these resources (growth factors) are present in adequate quantities as a result of which the growth of either of the concerned species is not affected, then it is non-competitive interaction or interference.
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Complementary interaction • If one species is able to help the other it is
known as complementary interaction. Or if the component species are able to exploit to supply of growth factors in different ways (temporal or spatial) or if one species is able to help the other in supply of factor.
• complementary interaction between space and time called is annidations.
• legumes supplying part of N fixed by symbiosis to non-legumes)
Eg. Maize intercrop with pulse
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Annidations in Space
Certain crops require less light intensity and high relative humidity . Such an altered micro climate is provided when such crops are grown in between tall growing components in an intercropping system.Eg. Turmeric/ Ginger / Black pepper in coconut gardens.
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Annidation in time
• When two crops of widely varying duration are planted, their peak demands for light and nutrients are likely to occur at different periods, thus reducing competition.
• When early maturing crop is harvested it become favorable for late maturing crop
• Eg. Sorghum+ Redgram, Groundnut+Redgram and maize + greengram
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Other Complementary Effect in Intercropping Systems
• Presence of rhizosphere microflora and mycorhiza associated with one of the crops may lead to mobilization and availability of nutrients which may benefit the associated crop also.
• Similarly provision of physical support by a tall crop to a climbing type of intercrop is another example of complementary effect.
Eg. Coconut + Pepper, Sorghum + Lablab, Maize+ Climbing Beans.
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• The taller component acts as wind barrier protecting the short crop as in maize+ groundnut, onion + castor, turmeric + castor
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Allelopathy effect
• Allelopathy is referred as any direct or indirect harmful effect that one plant has on another through the relates of chemical substances or toxins into the root environment.
• Some crops may be unsuitable as intercrops because they secrete toxins into the soil which will adversely affect the associated crops.
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• Eg.Roots of cucumber, leaves of Eucalyptus globules, decomposing residues of sunflower are known to produce allelo chemicals, affecting the growth of other crops. Such crops must be avoided.
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Types• Allo inhibition : The chemical released by one species may inhibit species of plants other than the one releasing it
• Auto inhibition :inhibit more strongly plants of the producer species itself
• Functional allelopathic :Toxic substances may be converted into active substances by some micro- organisms
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For success in intercropping, the component crops must
Differ in duration : a duration difference of 25% is preferable, other evidences indicate that a difference at least 32-40 days is necessary.
Differ in rooting pattern-peak nutrient and water demand periods should occur at different times
should lead to more complementary effects.should not leave any allelopathic effectshould not encourage the increased incidence of any particular pest, disease or weed.
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