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Rice Based Cropping System

Submitted to:

Dr. H.M. Viradia

AssO. Professor

Dept. of Agronomy

N.M.C.A.,N.A.U.

-Navsari-396450

Submitted by:

Keshar Singh Solanki

M.Sc. (Agri.) Agronomy

Reg. No. 2010114040

Dept. of Agronomy

N.M.C.A.,N.A.U.

-Navsari-396450

AGRON 511: CROPPING SYSTEMS

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CROPPING SYSTEM

• Cropping system is a critical aspect in developing an effective ecological farming system to manage and organize crops so that they best utilize the available resources. (soil, air, sunlight, water, labour, equipments)

• It represents cropping patterns used on a farm and their interaction with farm resources and farm enterprises and available technology which determine their makeup. It is executed in the field level.

Types of cropping systemsMono cropping: Growing of single crop on a piece of

land year after year.

Multiple cropping: Two or more crops grown in the same field with in a given year with a definite row arrangement.

Intercropping: Growing two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row pattern.

Sequence cropping: Growing two or more crops in sequence on the same piece of land in a farming year.

Efficient cropping systems• Cropping systems depends on farm resources, farm

enterprise and farm technology.• When land is limited, intensive cropping is adopted to

fully utilise available water and labour.• When sufficient and cheap labour is available,

vegetable crops are also included in the cropping system.

• When capital is not a constraint, commercial crops like sugarcane, banana, turmeric etc can be fitted in cropping system.

• Rainfall is <750 mm/annum, mono cropping is followed.

• Rainfall is >750 mm/annum, intercropping is practiced.

• When water is plenty, triple and quadrate cropping is adopted.

• Farm enterprises like dairying, poultry etc also influence the type of cropping system.

• When farm enterprises includes dairy, the cropping system should contain fodder crops as component crops.

Benefits of cropping systems• Maintain and enhance soil fertility.• Enhanced crop growth. • Minimize spread of diseases. • Control weeds.• Inhibit pest and insect growth. • Increase soil cover. • Use resources more effectively. • Reduce risk for crop failure. • Improved food and financial security.

Major Cropping Systems in India

 Rice – wheat (10.5 m ha)

 Rice – rice (5.89 m ha)

 Cotton – wheat (1.09 m ha)

 Soybean – wheat (2.23 m ha)

 Maize – wheat (1.86 m ha)

 P. millet - wheat (2.26 m ha)

Rice based cropping pattern in India:• Found in heavy rainfall area

• Most traditional area- UP, Bihar, MP, WB, Orissa, AP, TN, Kerala etc.

• Non traditional area- Punjab, Haryana & Western UP

• Total 30 rice based cropping patterns are adopted in India and the most prominent & adopted one is Rice - Wheat

Rice based cropping systemsIn rice growing areas several crop combinations

(cropping systems) are in practice.Based on

1. Agro-ecological conditions,

2. Market and domestic needs

3. Facilities available with farmers.

Some of the rice based systems are,• Mixed varietal cropping of rice.• Inter cropping rice with other crops.• Relay/paira/utera cropping.• Sequential cropping in rice.

Mixed varietal cropping of rice:• System of mixing seed of early rice (ahu) with late

maturing deep water rice (bao).• Mainly practiced in West Bengal.• Can avoid total crop loss at the event of flood.• The seed of both the types of mixed in 1:1 ratio and

has given higher yield than sole cropping of either type.

• Growing of a mixture of autumn and winter varieties in 3:1 ratio in Tamil Nadu (known as udo) and Kerala (called as koottumundkan).

Intercropping rice with other crops• It is a common practice under upland conditions in

north and north-eastern part of the country

• To grow rice intercropped with black gram, green gram, sesame, maize, finger millet or other miner millets.

• The ratio of rice and inter crop is preferred to be 3-4:1.

Relav/paira/utera cropping• The seed of succeeding crops like lentil, gram, pea,

lathyrus, berseem, linseed etc. is sown broadcast in maturing rice crop.

• This practice saves time; money (to be spent on land preparation etc.) utilizes residual fertility.

• This practice is common in both upland and low land rice culture.

Sequential cropping in rice

Irrigated conditions• Rice-Rice-Rice• Rice-Rice-Cereal

Rice under integrated farming system

• Rice-Fish-Poultry • Rice-Fish-Duckery

Under upland• Rice-Chickpea • Rice-Lentil• Rice-Rice-Pulses• Rice-Wheat-Pulse• Rice-Toria- Wheat• Rice-Mustard/Unseed Rice-

Barley • Rice-Pea

Sequential cropping refers to the crops grown as preceding or succeeding with rice as shown below;

Diversification of Rice- Rice

• Area under Rice- Rice : 2.98 m ha.

• Av yield: 4.81 t/ha.

• Potential range of diversified systems 12-21 t/ha.

• Expected gain if 10% area is diversified : 3-5 mt.

Diversification of rice-wheat

• Area under Rice-wheat: 10.5 m ha.

• Av yield: 4.71 t/ha(REY).

• Potential range of diversified systems 12-43 t/ha.

• Expected gain if 10% area is diversified : 24.0 mt.

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Review of Research

Performance of site-specific nutrient management as compared to farmer's fertilizer practice under rice-wheat cropping system

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Sabour

Palampur

Ranchi

R.S. Pura

Ludhiana

Faizabad

Kanpur

Modipuram

Varanasi

Pantnagar

Mean

System productivity (t/ha)

Farmer's practice

SSNM

Tiwari et.al. (2006)

Effect  of  planting  techniques  on  productivity  of  rice based cropping systems

Cropping systems REY (t/ha) Productivity(kg/ha/day)

FB BBF FB BBF

Rice - wheat 7.96 8.23 35.2 36.5

Rice - mustard 5.89 6.14 28.8 31.2

Rice - groundnut 9.32 9.74 25.9 27.7

Gangwar et.al.(2005)

Effect of Tillage/Crop establishment in Rice (hybrid) Based Cropping Systems(REY t/ha)

Treatment(Tillage Practices)

Rice- wheat Rice- chickpea  Rice- mustard 

Direct-seeding (dry bed) 14.84 13.90 14.31

Drum-seeding (wet bed) 14.91 13.88 13.66

Mechanical transplanting (puddled) 

13.75 11.07 12.28

Mechanical transplanting (unpuddled)

13.99 12.60 12.66

Manual transplanting (puddled)

13.43 10.89 12.22

Gangwar et.al.(2006)

Ray et.al. 2009West Bengal

Table : Effect of leguminous crops on soil fertility in rice based cropping systems

Pakistan Ali et al. 2012

Conclusion

•The diversified rice based systems proved to be more efficient than existing rice based systems and calls for adoption of strategies as presented above.

•The quantum jumps in total farm production are achievable with use of improved management practices under diversified systems as identified.