Crop-residues and by-products from the agro-

industry as valuable feed resource

Course : Tropical feed resources

J. Th. Schonewille

Department of Farm Animal Health, Chair of Nutrition

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Utrecht University

V. Fievez

Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality

Faculty of Bioscience Engineering

Ghent University

Feedstuff Starch

Ether

Exctract

Crude fiber Crude

protein

Grain 632 16 28 129

Middlings 296 39 100 176

Bran 186 40 122 171

Straw 0 0 420 43

Chemical composition of wheat and selected

wheat by-products

(g/kg dm)

a : Bran (Crude fiber)

b : Gluten layer (Crude protein)

c : Germ (Crude protein + fat)

d : Endosperm (Starch)

Species Feedstuff GE E-feces E-urine,gas ME

Cow Grain 18.3 2.0 3.2 ....

Middlings 18.4 5.0 2.4 ....

Bran 18.3 5.7 2.3 ....

Pig Grain 18.3 2.6 0.7 ....

Middlings 18.4 6.4 0.8 ....

Bran 18.3 8.8 0.8 ....

Poultry Grain 18.3 3.5 ....

Middlings 18.4 9.5 ....

Bran 18.3 11.0 ....

ME values of by-products ? Major tropical grains

Rice

Sorghum

“Sugarcane” molasses

Sorghum gluten feed

Major by-products

Rice bran, Rice feed meal,

Rice husk meal

Beer by-product (brewer’s meal)

Country 106 tonnes

Brazil 514,1 (33%)

India 355,5 (23%)

People's Republic of China 106,3 (7%)

Thailand 64,4 (4%)

Pakistan 54,8 (3.5%)

Mexico 50,7 (3.2%)

Colombia 40,0 (2.6%)

Australia 36,0 (2.3%)

United States 27,8 (1.8%)

Philippines 25,3 (1.6%)

World 1,557,7

Top Ten Sugarcane Producers

(11 June 2008)

Procesing of

sugar cane

Maize / corn Sorghum / millet

Corn Corn gluten

feed

Sorghum* Sorghum gluten

feed

DM 872 893 881 950

Starch 606 127 497 99

Ash 12 60 32 52

CP 82 212 111 267

P 2.7 9.0 2.8

Fat 38 39 40 76

NDF 101 336 145

ADF 28 89 93

DOM** 769 687 651 582

Chemical composition

(g/kg)

* sorghum can contain tannins, ** DOM in ruminants

Major (tropical) oilseeds and their by-produts

Soy bean

Groundnut

Palm

Cotton

Sunflower

Rapeseed

Cakes

Expellers

Extracted meal

Soybean cultivation (2006)

(World :221.5 106 tonnes)

USA 87.7 (39.6%) India 8.3 (3.7%)

Brazil 52.4 (23.7%) Paraguay 3.8 (1.7%)

Argentina 40.4 (18.2%) Canada 3.5 (1.6%)

China 15.5 (7.0%) Bolivia 1.4 (0.6%)

Soybean Groudnut

(with shell)

Groudnut

(without shell)

DM 885 942 932

Ash 49 28 22

CP 351 252 287

Fat 192 359 490

NFE 237 129 110

NDF 110 193 23

DOM (rum.) 736 722 846

Chemical composition (g/kg)

Soybean and Groundnuts

(Leguminosae)

Soybean meal Groundnut meal

Palm and Coconut

(Palmae)

Oil palm (Elais Guineensis)

Palm oil (rich in C16 en C18:1)

Palm kernel oil (rich in MCT) Copra Coconut oil

Cocos Nucifera

kernel : 48% fat

(about 60% fat)

Oil palm frond (OPF)

fruits

palm

frond

stem

leaflets

petiole

DM 900

Ash 32

CP 50

Starch 0

Fat 21

NFE 447

C. Fibre 350

DOM (rum.) 250

Chemical composition

(g/kg)

Oil palm frond

Cotton, Sunflower and Rapeseed

Cottonseed

Extracted

CF<140

Rapeseed

Extracted

CP<380

Rapeseed

Extracted

CP>380

Sunflower

Expeller

CF > 325

Sunflower

Extracted

CF < 160

DM 897 873 906 913 891

Ash 66 67 84 43 66

CP 422 335 388 214 382

Fat 32 26 16 103 18

NFE 257 325 303 182 277

NDF 258 292 237 493 297

DOM

(rum.)

600 625 643 391 633

Chemical composition

(g/kg)

Cotton, Sunflower and Rapeseed

Byproducts

R C

Cassava, tubers and

chips

Cassava

Nigeria 38,2 18,8 %

Brazil 23,8 11,7%

Thailand 21,4 10,6%

Indonesia 19,4 9,6%

Congo, Democratic Rep of 15,0 7,4%

Ghana 9,7 4,8%

Tanzania, United Republic of 6,9 3,4%

India 6,7 3,3%

Angola 6,7 3,3%

Mozambique 6,4 3,2%

Viet Nam 5,5 2,7%

Top Ten Cassava Producers — 2004

Country 106 tonnes