copyright © 2013 pearson education, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 2 origins of evolutionary...
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Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2Origins of Evolutionary Thought
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What is Science?
Standard scientific research procedure in which a
hypothesis is stated, data are collected to test it,
and the hypothesis is either supported or refused
The Scientific Method
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The Scientific Method
Observation
experimentation
deduction
hypothesis
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The Early Thinkers
The Roots of Modern Science
• Ancient Greeks often are credited with the first written efforts to understand the natural world and our place in it
• AristotleFirst known animal and plant classificationImmutability of species
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The Roots of Modern Science (cont’d)
• The Renaissance (14th – 16th centuries)
• “Rediscovering” the Greeks and Romans• Sense of time• Sense of cultural variation
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The Roots of Modern Science (cont’d)
• The study of human anatomy
• Global exploration
• European Naturalism
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Linnaeus and the Natural Scheme of Life
taxonomyBinomial
nomenclature
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The Road to the Darwinian Revolution
• Comte de Buffon (1707 – 1788)– Accepted the notion of biological change
• Georges Cuvier (1769 – 1832)– Catastrophism
• Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772 – 1844)– Opposed Cuvier
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829)– Theory of the inheritance of acquired
characteristics
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The Uniformitarians: Hutton and Lyell
• Theory that the same gradual geological process we observe today was operating in the past
• James Hutton (1726 – 1797)
• Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875)
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The Darwinian Revolution• Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882)• Voyage on the HMS Beagle– 1831-1836– Southern Hemisphere
• The Galapagos– Variations of tortoise– Finch variation– Adaptive radiation– Biogeography– Natural Selection
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Refining the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection
• Observation 1: All organisms have the potential for explosive population growth
• Observation 2: Yet populations are roughly stable…
• Deduction 1: There must be a struggle for existence
• Observation 3: Nature is full of variation• Deduction 2: Some variations are favored
while others are not
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Natural Selection
• The trait in question must be inherited• The trait is question must show variation
between individuals• The environment must exert some pressure
on the trait
Fitness Population Mutation
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Science and Creationism
Faith vs. Testable Evidence Supreme Court Rulings
“Creation Science” “Intelligent Design”