historical development of evolutionary thought

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    Bjp|atj`hm Lkwkmavokn|

    ag Kwam{|janhtz \ba{eb|

    Dhpkl an \bk Bjp|atz ag Kwam{|janhtz \ba{eb|

    gtao [nlktp|hnljne Kwam{|jan dz [@OV hnl N@PK

    http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/history_01http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.phphttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.phphttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/history_01
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    Bjp|atj`hm Lkwkmavokn|

    ag Kwam{|janhtz \ba{eb| @htam{p Mjnnhk{p

    Vmh|a ' Htjp|a|mk

    I{lka/@btjp|jhn `{m|{tk \baohp Ohm|b{p

    Ikhn Dhv|jp|k Mhoht`c

    Ekatekp @{wjkt

    @bhtmkp Mzkmm ' Ihokp B{||an

    Etkeat Oknlkm

    Lhtujn hnl Uhmmh`k

    lk Wtjkp- @attknp- hnl\p`bktohc/Pkzpknkee

    Uh|pan hnl @tj`c

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    Uk `hn maac h| |bk

    lkwkmavokn|

    ag |bk `an`kv| ag

    kwam{|jan |bta{eb |jok

    jn tkmh|jan |a pjojmht lkwkmavokn|p jn ga{t a|bkt gjkmlp ag p|{lz.

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    Hna|bkt uhz ag wjp{hmjyjne |bk

    jn|kttkmh|janp ag |bk ga{t gjkmlp ag

    p|{lz vtjohtjmz jnwamwkl jn

    kwam{|janhtz |bkatz

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    @htam{p Mjnnhk{p "8565/8552*Nkp|kl Bjktht`bjkp- Atlkt ag Nh|{tk

    Pukljpb

    nh|{thmjp|-

    vbzpj`jhn-

    da|hnjp|

    Jngm{kn`kp9

    Vmh|a

    Htjp|a|mk

    I{lka/@btjp|jhn

    `{m|{tkVat|thj| ag Mjnnhk{p ";7 z.a.*

    dz @btjp|jhn Ghdtj`{p

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    VMH\A

    "

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    I[LKA/@BTJP\JHN @[M\[TK @tkh|janjpo "Eknkpjp- Aml \kp|hokn|*

    Pvk`jkp9 jnljwjl{hmmz lkpjenkl- vktohnkn|

    Nh|{thm |bkamaez9 hl ohiatko Lkj ematjho

    @htam{p Mjnnhk{p "8565/8552*Nkp|kl Bjktht`bjkp- Atlkt ag Nh|{tk

    Oj`bkmhnekmap \bk @tkh|jan ag Hlho

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    Pzp|koh Nh|{thk

    "850;*

    Pvk`jkp = ekn{p =ghojmz = atlkt =

    `mhpp = vbzm{o =

    cjnelao

    Djnaojhm

    naokn`mh|{tk

    @htam{p Mjnnhk{p "8565/8552*Nkp|kl Bjktht`bjkp- Atlkt ag Nh|{tk

    \hranaoz

    Gtao uuu.e{htljhn.`a.{c

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    Knemjpb

    k`anaojp|

    Hn Kpphz an |bk

    Vtjn`jvmk ag

    Vav{mh|jan hp j|

    Hggk`|p |bk

    G{|{tkJovtawkokn| ag

    Pa`jk|z "85:2*

    Vavn etau|b wp.

    gaal p{vvmz

    \baohp Ohm|b{p "8577/820

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    vav{mh|jan9ekaok|tj` etau|b

    tkpa{t`kp9

    htj|bok|j` etau|b

    \baohp Ohm|b{p "8577/820

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    Gtkn`b nh|{thmjp|

    Vbjmapavbjk

    Yaamaejx{k"826:*

    Lkpjtk |a `bhnek

    "wj|hmjpo*

    [pk hnl ljp{pk

    Vhppjne an

    h`x{jtkl |thj|p

    Ikhn Dhv|jp|k Mhoht`c"85

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    Gtkn`b nh|{thmjp|

    Vbjmapavbjk

    Yaamaejx{k"826:*

    Lkpjtk |a `bhnek

    "wj|hmjpo*

    [pk hnl ljp{pk

    Vhppjne an

    h`x{jtkl |thj|p

    Ikhn Dhv|jp|k Mhoht`c"85

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    Ikhn Dhv|jp|k Mhoht`c"85

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    Ekatekp @{wjkt "857:/8204*@h|hp|tavbjpo- kr|jn`|janp

    Gtkn`b hnh|aojp|

    Na|kl |tknlp jn

    gappjm tk`atl

    Gtao p`jkn`kdmaep.`ao

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    Ekatekp @{wjkt "857:/8204*@h|hp|tavbjpo- kr|jn`|janp

    Vktjalj` `h|hp|tavbjkp `h{pkl ohpp kr|jn`|janp

    Kht|bp hek9

    ~

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    P`a||jpb ekamaejp|

    Vtjn`jvmkp ag

    Ekamaez "8206* [njgatoj|htjhnjpo

    Jngm{kn`kl dzB{||anp

    ethl{hmjpo

    @bhtmkp Mzkmm "85:5/825;*[njgatoj|htjhnjpo

    Vba|aethvb dz Ktnkp| Kluhtlp-

    gtao uuu.dtj|hnnj h.`ao

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    IHOKP B[\\AN

    "8547/85:5*

    P`a||jpb ekamaejp|

    Gh|bkt ag oalktnekamaez

    Ethl{hmjpo9

    Vtaga{nl `bhnek

    jp |bk `{o{mh|jwkvtal{`| ag pmau

    d{| `an|jn{a{p

    vta`kppkp

    @bhtmkp Mzkmm "85:5/825;*[njgatoj|htjhnjpo

    Vat|thj| dz Pjt Bkntz Thkd{tn-

    gtao uuu.dtj|hnnj h.`ao

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    H{p|tjhn oanc

    Gh|bkt ag oalktn

    eknk|j`p

    Etkeat Oknlkm "8244/822

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    [pkl vkh vmhn|p u! ljggktkn|

    `bhth`|ktjp|j`p

    Uatc v{dmjpbkl jn 8276p- tk`aenjykl

    jn |bk 8:66p/

    Etkeat Oknlkm "8244/822

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    Knemjpb nh|{thmjp|

    Adpktwkl ljwktpj|zag mjgk hmane Pa{|b

    Hoktj`hn `ahp|mjnk

    Dtj|jpb nh|{thmjp|

    Adpktwkl |bkljwktpj|z ag mjgk jn

    |bk Hohyan tjwkt

    hnl jn |bk Ohmhz

    ht`bjvkmhea

    @bhtmkp Lhtujn "826:/8224*

    Hmgtkl T{ppkm Uhmmh`k "8240/8:80*Nh|{thm pkmk`|jan

    \bk Lhtujn/Uhmmh`k

    oklhm

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    An |bk Atjejn ag

    Pvk`jkp dz

    Okhnp ag Nh|{thm

    Pkmk`|jan- at |bk

    Vtkpktwh|jan ag

    Ghwatkl Th`kp jn

    |bk P|t{eemk gat

    Mjgk "82;:*

    @bhtmkp Lhtujn "826:/8224*

    Hmgtkl T{ppkm Uhmmh`k "8240/8:80*Nh|{thm pkmk`|jan

    Gtao opnd`.opn.`ao

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    An |bk \knlkn`z

    ag Whtjk|jkp |a

    Lkvht|

    Jnlkgjnj|kmz gtao

    |bk Atjejnhm \zvk

    "82;2*

    @bhtmkp Lhtujn "826:/8224*

    Hmgtkl T{ppkm Uhmmh`k "8240/8:80*Nh|{thm pkmk`|jan

    Gtao uuu.{`m.h`.{c

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    @bhtmkp Lhtujn "826:/8224*

    Hmgtkl T{ppkm Uhmmh`k "8240/8:80*Nh|{thm pkmk`|jan

    \bk Lhtujn/Uhmmh`k

    oklhm

    Da|b p`jkn|jp|p jnlkvknlkn|mz

    httjwkl h| |bk jlkh ag nh|{thm

    pkmk`|jan hp h ok`bhnjpo

    gat kwam{|jan

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    Ljp`awktkl |bk

    p|t{`|{tk ag LNH

    jn 8:;0 Huhtlkl |bk

    8:75 Nadkm Vtjyk

    jn Vbzpjamaez at

    Oklj`jnk"|aek|bkt u!

    Oh{tj`k Ujmcjnp*

    Gthn`jp @tj`c"8:87/466

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    Gthn`jp @tj`c"8:87/466

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    P`jkn`k d{jmlp an

    eaal jlkhp. Oalktnp`jkn|jgj` `an`kv|p htk d{jm|

    {van |bk oap| {pkg{m jlkhp

    |bh| vtkwja{p eknkth|janp bhl

    |a aggkt.

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    Johek Pa{t`kp

    Pmjlk 0 /

    b||v9!!kwam{|jan.dktckmkz.kl{!kwamjdthtz!ht|j`mk!6Q6Q6!bjp|at

    zQ68

    Pmjlk

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    Johek Pa{t`kp

    Pmjlk : /

    b||v9!!uuu.dd`.`a.{c!bjp|atz!bjp|atj`Qgje{tkp!ohm|b{pQ|bao

    hp.pb|om

    Pmjlk 86 /

    b||v9!!uuu.dd`.`a.{c!bjp|atz!bjp|atj`Qgje{tkp!ohm|b{pQ|bao

    hp.pb|om Pmjlk 88 /

    b||v9!!uuu.vdp.ate!uedb!kwam{|jan!mjdthtz!64!0!mQ640Q68.b

    |om

    Pmjlk 84 /

    b||v9!!uuu.uhnlktjnehmdh|tapp.ate!pa{|bekatejh.b|om-

    "hmdh|tapp*-

    b||v9!!aamanephoozethpp.dmaepva|.`ao!466:!6

    "cjuj*

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    Johek Pa{t`kp

    Pmjlk 8< /

    b||v9!!p`jkn`kdmaep.`ao!mhkmhvp!4662!6:!8:62QlhtujnQhllt

    kppkp.vbv

    Pmjlk 8; /

    b||v9!!p`jkn`kdmaep.`ao!mhkmhvp!4662!6:!8:62QlhtujnQhllt

    kppkp.vbv Pmjlk 87 / b||v9!!uuu.dtj|hnnj`h.`ao!KD`bk`ckl!|avj`/

    ht|!0;4754!8;:5;!@bhtmkp/Mzkmm/vba|aethvb/dz/Ktnkp|/

    Kluhtlp

    Pmjlk 85 /

    b||v9!!uuu.{uo`.{u`.kl{!ekaethvbz!b{||an!Ihokp+46B{|

    |an+46ethwk.b|o

    Pmjlk 82 /

    b||v9!!uuu.ekampa`.ate.{c!epm!`h`bk!aggan`k!kl{`h|jan!ta`

    c`z`mk!vjl!0

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    Johek Pa{t`kp

    Pmjlk 8: /

    b||v9!!oknlkm.jov.h`.h|!oknlkmipv!djaethvbz!djaethvbz.ipv

    Pmjlk 46 / b||v9!!uuu.p`x.{d`.`h!h/oancp/gma{tjpbjne/ehtlkn/

    |bk/dhpj`p/ag/oamk`{mht/djamaez/krvmhjnkl!

    Pmjlk 48- 4< /

    b||vp9!!uuu.ekamaez.{`lhwjp.kl{!jzvk!i{mz!jnlkr.b|om Pmjlk 44 / b||v9!!uuu.opnd`.opn.`ao!jl!856

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    VauktVajn| |kovmh|k \jok 6