copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 6 foundation skills
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 6
FOUNDATION SKILLS
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Health Assessment
• Interview and examination– Interview may include the medical
history, nature of the current complaint, and medication record
– Examination determines functional, cultural, spiritual, and physical characteristics
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Vital Signs
• Values used to measure changes in body function, general health, and response to treatment
• Include blood pressure (BP) and temperature, pulse, and respiration (TPR)
• Affected by many factors: age, activity, nutrition, emotion, fitness, medication, and illness
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Assessing Vital Signs
• Once a day (qd)• Twice a day (bid)• Three times a day (tid)• Four times a day (qid)• Every 4 hours (q4h)• Every 15 minutes (q15min)
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Blood Pressure
• Measurement of the force of the blood against the walls of the arteries as it circulates through the body
• Maximum pressure at which the pulse can be heard is systolic
• Minimum pressure at which it is audible is diastolic
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Instruments for Taking Blood Pressure
• Stethoscope amplifies the sound • Sphygmomanometer is an
inflatable cuff that measures pressure using air (aneroid) or mercury
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Figure 6-1 Sphygmomanometer and
Stethoscope
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Temperature
• The measurement of the balance between the heat produced and lost by the body
• Four methods commonly used to measure temperature– Mouth (oral)– Armpit (axillary)– Rectum (rectal)– Ear (temporal)
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Table 6-1 Temperature
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Types of Thermometers
• Glass with an expandable mercury filling– Expandable mercury filling– Oral– Rectal
• Electronic • Disposable chemical thermometers
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Pulse
• Pulse is the heartbeat that can be felt, or palpated, on surface arteries as the artery walls expand
• The pulse is usually assessed using the radial artery near the wrist
• Normal adult pulse rate can range between 60 and 100 beats per minute
• The pulse of an infant is significantly faster than that of an adult
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Table 6-2 Pulse Ranges by Age Group
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Respiration
• One respiration includes the inspiration and expiration of a breath
• The rhythm and character of respiration are important observations
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Box 6-2 Respiration in Adults
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Height and Weight
• Insurance companies determine at which weight for a specific height an individual is predicted to live the longest
• American Heart Association recommends desired weight be considered in relation to other risk factors of heart disease such as blood pressure and cholesterol levels
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Physical Assessment
• Inspection is done by using visual and auditory observation
• Auscultation means listening to sounds, often with a stethoscope
• Palpation is using the hands to observe structures by touch
• Percussion is striking the body to assess the sound made
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Information Exchange
• Basic math– For medication dosages– Measure time– Temperature– Distance– Capacity (volume)– Mass
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Military Time
• A 24-hour system used to measure time
• Hours are numbered from 0 to 24, with noon being 1200
• No need to use the morning (a.m.) and evening (p.m.) designation because there are no times with the same number
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Graphing
• Used to interpret data visually• Commonly used to chart vital signs • Four types of graphs include:
– Bar graph– Pie graph– Pictograph– Line graph
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
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Figure 6-11 Types of Graphs
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Computer Literacy
• Electronic equipment that stores, manipulates, and retrieves information according to a program
• Components of a computer system– Working space– Hardware– Keyboard– Central processing unit (CPU)– Viewing screen (monitor)– Disk drive– Disks
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Medical Terminology
• The vocabulary is based on Latin and Greek roots for common words
• Each word can be divided into parts that are reused to form new terms
• Abbreviations and symbols are used • Physician’s orders
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Emergency First Aid
• Immediate care given to the victim of injury or sudden illness
• Certification in first aid is awarded by several accredited agencies– American Red Cross (ARC) – American Heart Association (AHA)
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)