copyright 2003 by mosby, inc. all rights reserved. chapter 12 respiratory system
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Copyright 2003 by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 12
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Structure and Function
• External respiration, or ventilation, brings oxygen into the lungs
• Internal respiration exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and body cells
• Cellular respiration changes acid produced during metabolism into harmless chemicals in the cells
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Figure 12-2 Mechanics of Breathing
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Following the Inhalation Process• Air enters the respiratory system through the nose
or mouth• Air from the nose or mouth is then funneled
through the throat and into the trachea• The trachea branches into two tubes called bronchi• Each bronchus enters one of the lungs and then
branches into smaller tubes called bronchioles• The bronchioles have small sacs at their ends
called alveoli• Capillaries in the walls of the alveoli exchange
oxygen and carbon dioxide by the process of diffusion
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Assessment Techniques
• Rate– The normal rate of respiration varies with
age, gender, posture, exercise, temperature, and other factors
• Character– Respirations should have a regular rhythm,
occurring at regular intervals
• Sounds– Breath sounds can be heard by using a
stethoscope
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Assessment Techniques (continued)
• Lung volume– The amount of air that can be brought into
the lungs is called respiratory capacity
• Blood gases– Studies measure how much oxygen (O2) and
carbon dioxide (CO2) are in the blood, the blood's pH and other gases
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Figure 12-3 Respiratory Capacity
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Disorders of the Respiratory System • Anthrax
– Caused by spores of the bacterium
• Asthma attack– May result from exposure to an allergen,
cold temperature, exercise, or emotion
• Atelectasis– A collapse of part or all of a lung, caused by
a tumor in the thoracic cavity, pneumonia, or injury
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Bronchitis– An infection of the bronchi
• Carbon monoxide poisoning– Occurs from breathing carbon monoxide
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – A group of chronic respiratory disorders
including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary emphysema
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Cold – A respiratory infection
• Cystic fibrosis – A genetic disorder of the exocrine glands
• Emphysema – The alveoli lose elasticity and become
dilated and do not exchange gases well
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Hantavirus – A respiratory condition spread by breathing in
materials contaminated by urine or saliva of infected rodents such as deer mice and chipmunks
• Hay fever – A respiratory inflammation caused by allergens
such as plants, dust, and food
• Lung cancer – Directly linked to smoking and smoke products
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Pleural effusion – A condition in which air or fluid enters the
pleural cavity
• Pleurisy– An inflammation of the membranes that line
the lungs
• Pneumonia – An inflammation of the lungs, in which a
buildup of excessive moisture impairs breathing
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Pneumoconiosis – An inflammation in the lungs caused by
inhaled irritants • Respiratory acidosis
– A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood, causing a lowered blood pH
• Respiratory alkalosis – A deficiency of carbon dioxide in the blood
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Respiratory distress syndrome– A condition that occurs when the alveoli do
not inflate properly
• Sinusitis – An inflammation of one or more of the
paranasal sinuses • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
– A respiratory disorder of newborns
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Disorders of the Respiratory System (continued)
• Tuberculosis – Caused by bacteria that are difficult to
destroy, and it can be transmitted through the air
• Upper respiratory infection– Caused by a virus or bacteria in the nose,
pharynx, or larynx
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Issues and Innovations • Tobacco issues
– Secondhand smoke– “Smokeless” tobacco– Heart disease and cancer
• Environmental health risks– Sick building syndrome– Asbestos– Berylliosis– Black lung disease