COOLUM PARK SITE

SHELLEY HUMPHRIES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

VISION AND OBJECTIVES...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

COOLUM SITE ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

JACK MORGAN PARK SITE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

TICKLE PARK SITE ANALYSIS............................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

DESIGN SOLUTIONS.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-17

PATHS........................................................................................................................ 8

SIDEWALK INSTALLATIONS...................................................................................... 9

SIDEWALK DIAGRAM................................................................................................ 10 COMMUNITY GARDENS AND PLOTS...................................................................... 11 JACK MORGAN PARK............................................................................................... 12-13 TICKLE PARK............................................................................................................. 14-15 TRAFFIC CALMING................................................................................................... 16

DAVID LOW WAY SKETCH UP.................................................................................. 17

IMPLEMENTATION................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 18

MONITORING LONG TERM OUTCOMES............................................................................................................................................................................. 19

REFERENCES....................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis report addresses Coolum Village’s need for a new urban design solution based on the initial S.W.O.T composed on the site. The strengths and weaknesses cited in the S.W.O.T will be further used to determine what improvements are necessary to the prosperous future of the Coolum site. Based on conclusions drawn from the analysis of the site survey, this report will suggest a number of changes to be made and justify these decisions. It will additionally report the steps necessary to ensure that Coolum Village is maintained and continues to be successful in the future.

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VISION & OBJECTIVESVISIONCoolum Park will be a place where people are encouraged to interact with their environment and with one another. This urban design will foster a close community where people feel proud of their environment because they feel that they directly contribute to its success. The members of Coolum Village must feel in charge of their community and feel safe in it- free to move and free to explore. This plan will work to create a pedestrian site where people walk instead of drive and interact on a personal level with others.

OBJECTIVES With its abundance of locally owned businesses, shops, and a small communal center, Coolum Park is primarily a community town with a largely local population. Over the past few years it has been undergoing remarkable reconstruction and while this is great for the town image it, unfortunately, has lead to a multitude of high rise apartments and hotels popping up over the landscape. This danger of overdevelopment is a threat to the small community that Coolum is so proud of, a community atmosphere that should be enhanced by its designed rather than suffocated by it. And design, according to Carmona, is fundamental in creating a social atmosphere within a place because “Although the physical framework does not have direct influence on the quality, content, and intensity of social contacts, architects and planners can affect the possibilities for meeting, seeing, and hearing people” (Carmona 2007, 144).

Coolum will be a pedestrian friendly place that encourages social interaction and easy movement through and around the site. In order to achieve this it is fundamental that the local area, which includes the shop front, parks, and beach area, to be improved through easier pedestrian access, better facilities, and shaded sitting areas. These factors will contribute to a higher proportion of people walking instead of driving as well as to the desire to linger in the area instead of moving quickly through. According to Grant in his novel, Planning the Good Community, it is the job of the urban planner to “create spaces that afford opportunities for positive social activities. Good physical environments are a necessary component of the good city” (Grant 2006, 68). Good physical environments, he goes on to say, improve opportunities for meeting people and being entertained.

The site plan for Coolum Park will therefore focus on improving the following qualities of the site: Social/ Community Walkability Legibility

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Image curtesy of http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/teenagers

COOLUM SITE ANALYSISCoolum is located 15 minutes north of Maroochydore on the Sunshine Coast. The area is predominantly comprised of national parks including forestry and native bush land. While Coolum has a low overall population density there is great potential for development and tourism, though the area generally attracts more local residents than international visitors. Coolum Park caters to many different functions and land uses, such as residential housing, community facilities, natural habitats, and commercial buildings. This variety makes Coolum a naturally vital and potentially active site.

The town is situated on the beach, which is easily accessible to locals. It has a line of small shops along the beachfront that act as a node or central point of the Coolum Township. Coolum’s edges are influenced by the natural landscape, including the beach and the forest. The main road, David Low Way, acts as the predominant pathway through the site but is, unfortunately, bias towards vehicles. And, due to heavy and fast-moving traffic along the road, pedestrian safety is compromised and the permeability between the two parks is reduced.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Safe, attractive It is being over developed Native vegetation regrowth Overdevelopment

Everything is in good proximity A loss of green space A walkable area with greater permiabil-ity

A lot of fast moving traffic

Accessible Not pedestrian friendly Potential site for communal space/ activities

Shift from community town to tourist site

Active, real Traffic congestion- not easily permiable

Creation of interactive space where locals can contribute to their space

Loss of small businesses

Located on the beach front On street parking is hazardous Local parks being neglected

Area is undergoing redevelop-ment

Lack of open communal space for activities

Destruction of natural environment

Home to many small businesses Neglected buildings and open space

Local parks

Readable

Good parking availability

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COOLUM PARK

- Site Boundary

Image curtesy of http://www.gallerygiselle.com/Art%20Listings%20Logo/

sunshine_coast_map.jpg

- Coolum Park

SUNSHINE COAST

JACK MORGAN PARK SITE ANALYSISJack Morgan Park is located along David Low way behind the row of shops, which runs parallel to the beachfront. While the park is conveniently located it is difficult to see from the main road and, because of this, many people seem to be unaware or indifferent to the park’s existence. Poor site visitation is further aggravated by a lack of formal facilities and shading, which might otherwise persuade people to linger within the area.

JACK MORGAN PARK LAWNPhotographs taken by Shelley Humphries

The park is largely open space and rolling hills free of obstruction. Its edges are, to some extent, defined by the surrounding buildings, car parks and residential build-ings but the lack of concrete edges results in low legibility and poor natural ambiance within the park. Jack Morgan Park’s additional isolation, cut off from both the beach and the neighboring park by a row of shops, compromises the easy movement between the site and the surrounding town, and results in low permeability.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Very green- a lot of open lawn space Surrounding elements are not aesthetically pleas-ing

A nice open space for surrounding community Being neglected or forgotten

Walkable No defined boundaries Planting of vegetation for shade Potentially destroyed or built over

The park is centrally located Lack of distinctive path through space Creation of visible boundaries

In close proxity to surrounding town/ shops etc. No clear entry to park A natural santuary in the middle of the town

Real, authentic Has bad connectivity to beach and other park A visually attractive entrance to attract more visitors

SIte is not readable Addition of benches to encourage people to linger

No facilities or attractions in park Facilities for communal activity

Little shading- park is in full sun most of the day

No benches or places to sit in the park

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SHOPS BACKING LAWN COMMUNITY CENTER

TICKLE PARK SITE ANALYSISTickle Park is located adjacent to the water front within convenient walking distance of the local shops. The park has onsite parking facilities, which make it more convenient and easily accessible. Tickle Park is clearly defined by both natural and manmade edging, such as the beach on the eastern side, the car park to the north and main road to the west. Unfortunately the lawn areas are located in close proximity to the main road, making some activities hazardous to individuals.

In comparison to Jack Morgan Park, Tickle Park has better facilities and is more suitable as a day use area for local residents with multiple picnic benches and a playground for children. But even with its multiple facilities and sitting areas, the park lacks proper shading and is often in full sun during the duration of the day. As most of the natural vegetation has been removed the area is highly exposed and largely constructed.

STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

Safe, walkable Needs further vegetation for shad-ing

Planting of natural vegetation for shelter

Exposure to elements due to lack of covering

Green. attractive Located close to the main road Easier access to pedestrians Close to speeding traffic

Good sitting locations Noise pollution/ danger from traffic A potential social meeting place for locals

Poor pedestrian crosswalk- difficult to access

Great connectivity with sur-rounding town

Lacks interactive opportunities for locals

Place to showcase local artists Erosion due to loss of natural vegetation

Has natural boundaries Park is not sustainable Cultural event location Overdevelopment

Park is convinient and acces-sible

Paths lack legibility

Easily legible

On the beach front

Has good facilities

A multi-use site

Has skatepark and playground

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TICKLE PARK PARKING LOTPhotographs taken by Shelley Humphries

TICKLE PARK LAWN

DESIGN SOLUTIONS

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In order to create a more intimate environment for the inhabitants of Coolum, social areas will be created along the sidewalks, in the parks, and in the town as a whole.

Strict policies should be established as to building type and size in order to maintain the small town atmosphere that the community of Coolum desires. Buildings surrounding David Low Way can be no more than 3 floors in height and all facing the road should maintain similar features to create a unity in appearance such as those seen along the main street of Noosa Heads. As Coolum is a beachfront town, this theme should be reflected in the buildings, which should remain light and casual. Primarily white faced buildings or paint shades of airy tones should be kept to with the addition of numerous lightly tinted windows in all shop fronts to encourage the use of natural lighting.

RECOMMENDED PAINT PALETTE FOR SHOP FRONTS

PATHSIn his novel, The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch claims that “paths with clear and well-known origins and destinations {have} stronger identities” (Lynch 1960, 54). Paths give places legibility and readability. Without them it is difficult for people to navigate through a place because they don’t know which way they are meant to move through them. While Coolum Park has a few beautifully detailed pathways located parallel to David Low Way, the paths located alongside Tickle park lose their identity and strength because instead of having one determinant path there are two running in relatively close proximity to one another. In order to improve both the strength and direction of this path, one should be removed and the other widened to accommodate new plantings and sitting areas.

The pathway located along the shop front is done in pavement alternating with patterned cement and cobbling, this choice creates a natural movement to the path and invites pedestrians to follow it at a leisurely pace. This pattern works well for the area and should be incorporated into a wider pattern, expanding the width of the side-walk and narrowing the lanes of David Low Way so that the emphasis is taken off of the road and focused instead onto pedestrian pathways. To further the unity of the two pathways, the sidewalk on the opposite side of the street will be treated to the same dynamic patterning.

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COBBLING ALONG DAVID LOW WAY

INDESTINCT PATHWAYS BY TICKLE PARK

COOLUM SIDEWALK PATTERNS

Photographs taken by Shelley Humphries

SIDEWALK INSTELLATIONSThe walks along the Coolum shop front are relatively well shaded but lack good sitting spots so people often walk through and keep walking because there is no place to encourage them to linger. According to Newman and Kenworthy “Planters, bollards, and other street furniture… strengthen the visual perception of the area as not being just for the movement of traffic” (Newman & Kenworthy 1999, 147). The sidewalks along David Low Way could be strengthened by the addition of good sidewalk furniture such as benches and plantings. The benches currently found along the road are sparse and often without any coverings.

The installment of dynamic and interesting furniture, such as the wood carved benches demonstrated in Figure A, as well as native trees and plants from the area (Figure B) would provide visually interesting spots that would attract people and provide a comfortable resting spot. The addition of sitting areas along David Low Way creates an open, free space in the public domain, where people are free to stop and rest, thus creating a venue that promotes new social interaction.

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FIGURE A- WOOD-CARVED BENCHES FIGURE B- CORDALYINE KIWI PLANT ACMENA SMITHII

Image curtesy of http://shopping.sierralivingconcepts.com/storefrontprofiles/DeluxeS-FItemDetail.aspx?sid=1&sfid=163917&c=841573&i=246537642

Image curtesy of http://www.zegerbax.nl/potplantspic1.htm Image curtesy of http://www.dream-time.com.au/nursery_evergreen_trees.html

SIDEWALK DIAGRAM

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COMMUNITY GARDENS & PLOTSCOMMUNITY GARDENSThe addition of a garden allotment in Jack Morgan Park in the far corner will be suggested as a way to bring further visitors to the park and encourage their continual partici-pation in it. Community gardens, according to Newman and Kenworthy, “consist of sizeable pieces of land divided into a series of small parcels that are used by individuals and families as a place to grow a wide array of flowers, vegetables, and fruit” (Newman & Kenworthy 1999, 253).

A parcel of the park, out of the way of heavy traffic, but readily accessible to all, will be divided into portions according to the number of people who wish to use the space for gardening such as the one located in High Point. These pieces would be open to all members of the community to plant and harvest as they desire. The presence of a public garden, says Martens and Keul, “can increase interdependence among residents, give residents a vested interest in the success of the collective, and strengthen the neighborhood” (Martens & Keul 2005, 274). The incorporation of this garden into Jack Morgan Park would facilitate a common ownership of land within the space that would encourage members of the community to participate in the park’s up-keeping and in their desire to contribute to its success.

FLOWER PLOTSSimilarly public plots will be available for individual community members or interested local clubs and organizations along the sidewalks by David Low Way. Planting boxes will be constructed every few meters along the side of the main road where people are free to reserve a plot to plant flowers or shrubs. The interested members will then be responsible for the planting, watering, and up-keep of their plots. This addition will not only providevisually interesting street decorations but it will also further contribute to the local community’s ability to contribute to their town in a positive way.

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HIGH POINT COMMUNITY GARDEN

SIDEWALK FLOWER PLOTSImage curtesy of http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High_Point_community_garden.jpgImage curtesy of http://www.minnpost.com/steve-

berg/2008/09/16/3517/why_the_path_to_pretty_city_sidewalks_leads_to_the_private_sector

JACK MORGAN PARKSEATING Jack Morgan Park is strengthened by the presence of rolling hills and open lawn area- its natural features are a true draw to anyone passing through but the park can do little to accommodate its visitors. Jack Morgan has a palpable need of sitting spots for people because, without them, it is just a place to walk through but not one that you would want to stop in and enjoy.

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This plan recommends the incorporation of 4 seating areas of picnic benches in various places throughout the park: one area will be placed towards the entrance, inviting people in, another near the far boundary alongside the garden installation, one will be placed near the community center with a good view of the open lawn, and the third will be a place of quiet reflection in the far offshoot of the park. These benches will be traditional form picnic bench-es, weather proofed, and sturdy, painted in a dark brown shade as shown in the picture on the right.

Just having newly furnished sitting areas will not necessarily be enough to encourage people to linger in the area. As the park is an open space and often flooded with sunlight throughout the day, implementing a form of shading is a crucial step. To encourage the natural landscape present in Jack Morgan Park, trees will planted alongside the sitting areas to provide a natural form of shading and shelter. With the addition of shaded sitting spots, Jack Morgan Park will become a place of leisure and relaxation, a place to enjoy nature in the middle of a town. It will encourage picnics and social gatherings within the community because good places are, as Martens and Keul claim in their novel, “facilities that bring people together under conditions that are conductive to meeting and interacting” (Martens & Keul 2005, 274).

NEW PARK PICNIC BENCH

JACK MORGAN PARK BENCH LOCATION

Image curtesy of http://tzantim.co.za/Picnic%20Bench.htm

Photographs taken by Shelley Humphries

EDGINGThe legibility of Jack Morgan Park is compromised by its lack of definitive boundaries. While the edges of the park are somewhat defined by bordering houses, fencing, and shops, the absence of clear entrances and borders make the park illegible and difficult to navigate.

By adding in planted edging- hedges as well as small trees, the park will not only have obvious physical boundaries but it will also have a visual barrier between the natural elements of the park and the surrounding city elements. In addition to the edging, legibility could be further improved throughout the park by adding pathways that connect the various nodes (restrooms, picnic spots, community garden, etc.) throughout the park. This way visitors would have a definitive pathway to follow to easily explore the vari-ous points of the park without being lost as to its boundaries and extent.

SCULPTURESIn the town survey the residents of Coolum requested more opportunities to exhibit local artwork. The addition of crafted sculptures to the park in various locations, such as at the apex of the site, towards the entrance, in the small offshoot at the far end, or by the seating areas, would add an interesting visual element to the park and provide a place to exhibit the work of resident artists.

By allowing the citizens to contribute their own creations to their environment, a communal investment in space is also fostered. Because they are a part of the creation of the park, the inhabitants of Coolum will feel that they can have an impact on their own community and to their space, this will further encourage them to take care of the public space and to be more invested in its future.

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ATTRACTIVE NATURAL PLANT EDGINGPOOR EDGING IN JACK MORGAN

OUTDOOR SCULPTURE EXAMPLE

Images curtesy of http://marrickvillegreens.wordpress.com/vision/street-treatments/odea-reserve-good-shrubbery-around-path-4-small/

Image curtesy of http://www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotos-g297576-Batumi.html

Photographs taken by Shelley Humphries

TICKLE PARKEDGINGThe provision of natural edging in Tickle Park- the beach and the tree line, as well as the man made edging- the parking lot and David Low Way, make the park easily legible and well defined. But the park’s close proximity to both the main road and the parking lot creates a hazardous environment to the visitors of the park as there is little distance between the open lawn and the major roads flanking it.

The addition of a wider sidewalk on the edge of Tickle Park between the open lawn and David Low Way will improve this inherent risk but the conditions could be further improved with a visual barrier between the park and the surrounding elements. The creation of planters and natural foliage will improve the physical appearance of the park, making it more natural in appearance and adding a barrier between the play space and the major roads.

This improvement will create safer conditions for park visitors and thus encourage the use of the park’s facilities as argued by Carmona in Urban Design Reader, where he states that “…improved physical conditions have resulted in a doubling of the number of pedestrians, a lengthening of the average time spent outdoors, and a considerably broader spectrum of outdoor activities” (Carmona 2007, 145).

SHADING Further improvement to the park’s physical conditions could be made with the addition of shading to the open area. Tickle Park’s chiefly open condition makes it a space that is highly exposed to the elements. During the day the area is subject to direct sunlight in every region of the park with little respite available to its users. Through the planting of heavy canopy trees in the largely exposed lawn area, spots can be created where people can take shelter from the sunlight and relax.

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PARK’S CLOSE PROXIMITY TO ROAD

FIREWHEEL TREEImage curtesy of http://www.flickr.com/photos/blackdiamondimages/3341381820/

Photographs taken by Shelley Humphries

ART DISPLAYThe inhabitants of Coolum Village place an emphasis on the surrounding community and its members’ ability to contribute to the town as a whole. Because of this priority the town’s people expressed a desire for a facility that would provide a place for the exhibition of local art, particularly that of the children of Coolum. The construction of a place to display artwork would greatly contribute to the atmosphere of Tickle Park, which would become not only a place for children to play but also one to show off their own work in an open place where others could see and appreciate it.

The showcase would be a permanent structure with protective plastic covering to preserve the artwork as well as an over canopy to provide shelter to the space. The display case would be open to all artwork submissions and visitors in order to encourage participation and community/parent involvement in the project.

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Image curtesy of http://www.orlandoslice.com/groups/group/list Image curtesy of http://www.blogto.com/arts/2009/07/art_agenda_toae_play_at_47_barometric_reading_series_at_le_gallery_get_over_it_at_show_tell_luke_painter_at_angell_gallery_decimals_rebuilt_at_function_13/

EXAMPLES OF OUTDOOR DISPLAY CASES

TRAFFIC CALMINGA matter of primary concern in Coolum Village is the connectivity between the two sides of David Low Way. Due to heavy traffic flow and limited pedestrian crossing paths it is difficult and often dangerous for pedestrians to cross the road easily and safely. It is necessary, therefore, for steps to be taken in order to improve pedestrian safety and the ease with which they can transverse across the main road. A primary method for accomplishing this according to the novel Sustainability and Cities is through traffic calming, which, explains Newman, “is the process of slowing down traffic so that the street environment is safer and more conducive to pedestrians, cyclists, shoppers, and residential life” (Newman & Kenworthy 1999, 144).

In order to provide a pedestrian friendly site for the inhabitants of Coolum where people are free to explore and enjoy their surroundings without the threat of fast-moving vehicles, this plan will suggest the creation of a pedestrian priority roadway through this region. There are a number of crucial steps that should be taken in order to make David Low Way a pedestrian priority path that ensure the lowering of traffic speed, the increase of pedestrian crossing areas, and the limitation of through traffic.

This plan will suggest that the following steps be implemented in order to ensure better walkability along and across David Low Way:

The construction of signage indicating a pedestrian priority area, a lower speed limit, and a change in road material a few meters ahead of the area

The widening of the sidewalks and resulting narrowing the roadway in order to indicate the emphasis on pedestrian use versus vehicle use

The changing of the road strip to a cobbled material in order to alert drivers to the pedestrian priority area such as that seen in Seattle

Kenworthy explains in his novel that through the creation of traffic calming “you not only reduce fuel use and improve the local air, noise, and traffic disturbance, you also im-prove local business” (Newman & Kenworthy 1999, 22). These traffic-calming steps will work to make the public environment safer and more attractive. It will encourage locals to walk instead of drive and thus create opportunities for people to meet and connect with one another.

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COBBLED STREET IN SEATTLE

Image curtesy of http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007750.html

DAVID LOW WAY SKETCH UP

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IMPLEMENTATIONThe implementation of the site plan will stretch over a number of months or years depending on town response. Since the plan is working into the long term, milestones will be used to determine when parts of the plan are implemented. Whenever the necessary amount of money is raised, through fund-raising or citizen levy, to fund the project the next step in construction will be taken. This way the community will directly contribute to the evolution of their community and will have a greater say in the pace of the alterations. This process is particularly necessary as the only way to ensure that Coolum is built as a community is if its citizens are given the power to make the changes that they would like to see in their community.

STEP ACTION TIME PERIOD

1 The addition of shade and seating in Jack Morgan Park Step should be followed by a stretch of weeks where pedestrian traffic is tallied

2 New facilities for Jack Morgan: restroom, art installations, etc. Proceeds quickly after step one when traffic has increased

3 Better signage and entrance for Jack Morgan Order of step is dependent on previous two- if traffic is still low in park after step 2 follow through with 3

4 Addition of new sidewalk benches and shading along shop front Implemented shortly after additions of Jack Morgan begin

5 Addition of shading and art display in Tickle Park Improvements are lower priority than Jack Morgan- should begin after use of Jack Morgan has improved

6 Reconstruction of Tickle parking lot Accommodates new visitors

Traffic calming of David Low Way implementation Should begin after finishing of parks and increased traffic flow

7 Posting of traffic signs indicating both pedestrian crossing zone and lower speed limit

Install quickly- possibly while still completing park improvements

8 Change road material and add planters and hedging along road-side

Best if left for a few months to see if improvement of traffic congestion is made by signage

The following table lists the suggested order to project implementation though it may be altered by vote of Coolum citizens if a step is proven unnecessary or more vital than another before it. Timing is suggestion only and should be taken in accordance with amount of additional visitors to parks.

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Image curtesy of http://gallery.wvca.us/Streambank-Restoration-and-Riparian-Planting-Completed-in-Sleepy-Creek/Participants_planting_trees

MONITORING LONG TERM OUTCOMESThe creation of a successful city depends on more than a beautiful design. As much as a good urban environment can do for the outlook of a town, it will not be successful in the long term if no one in it can be bothered to continue to put forth the effort to make it flourish. To ensure that Coolum meets its long term goals, local committees and programs need to be established. These committees will be responsible for implementing actions that will positively contribute to the future condition of the town. The com-munity gardens and flower plots will need maintenance and continual care, the event platform will useless if no events are held, and no improvements to conditions can be claimed if no goals are set.

When evaluating the successive progression of cities, Newman argues in his book, Sustainability and Cities, that it is necessary to establish a comprehensive list of indicators as well as goals that the city wishes to achieve. These positive indicators will help the community to determine if they are headed in the right direction of their established goals or if a new tact needs to be taken. Newman says that “Specific indicators are chosen on the basis of being feasible and measurable each year to guide a city as it at-tempts to create livable communities” (Newman & Kenworthy 1999, 18). For Coolum to measure its achievements it needs a list of indicators specific to its community. Indica-tors that should be measured following each stage of implementation in order to establish its success or determine further needs.

Recommended starting indicators for the town of Coolum based on the adjustments made to site are as follows:

Traffic Monitoring: distributing a town survey to community members where they indicate car use in Coolum- has it increased or decreased? Stayed the same?

Community Gardens: how many plots have been taken out by local residents or committees? What is the condition of these plots?

Flower Plots: How many of these have been sponsored by local residents or committees? Are they well tended or neglected?

Overall Use of Main Road Area: Survey of pedestrian use of site center, the number of people browsing shops, walking along the sidewalk, or sitting along David Low Way. Has pedestrian population increased? What activities along the road are most common (shopping, walking, resting, socializing, etc.)?

Park Condition: Survey of park condition. How much litter is there? Are the plants trimmed back or have they been left to grow wild? Is there artwork displayed or is the area empty?

Park Use: Distribution of a town survey to community members where they indicate how often the use as well as if they enjoy using the parks. How many people use the park? Do they use it regularly or only one in a while? Never? Would they continue to use it?

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REFERENCES

Carmona, M & Tisdell, S 2007, Urban Design Reader, Architectural Press, Oxford, UK.

Grant, J 2006, Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Theory and Practice, Routledge, New York, New York.

Lynch, K 1960, The Image of the City, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Martens, B & Keul G., A (Editors) 2005, Designing Social Innovation: Planning, Building, Evaluating, Hogrefe & Huber Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Newman, P & Kenworthy, J 1999, Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Queensland Government, “Plants and Wildlife”, 18/05/2010 <http://www.sunshinecoast.qld.gov.au/sitePage.cfm?code=mrbbg-plants-wildlife>

IMAGES

Google, Google Images, 06/05/2010, <http://www.google.com.au/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi>

PG.19http://www.life123.com/home-garden/gardening-tips/organic-gardening/organic-vegetable-garden-primer.shtml

http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2009/06/lemoyne_flags.html

http://washingtondc.craigslist.org/nva/hss/1740321487.html

http://www.cougar-automation.com/News/Hampshire_Picnic_Bench.htm

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