CONTROLLING CONTROLLING COOKING EMISSIONS COOKING EMISSIONS

A SECOND CONSIDERATION A SECOND CONSIDERATION IN DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE IN DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE COMMERCIAL KITCHENSCOMMERCIAL KITCHENS

by Robert Ajemian, MSPH by Robert Ajemian, MSPH President- Green Kitchen Designs Inc.President- Green Kitchen Designs Inc. www.GreenKitchenDesigns.com

TAKE –HOME MESSAGETAKE –HOME MESSAGE 1) COMMERCIAL COOKING EMISSIONS 1) COMMERCIAL COOKING EMISSIONS

ARE LIKELY TO BE REGULATED AS AIR ARE LIKELY TO BE REGULATED AS AIR POLLUTION IN THE FUTUREPOLLUTION IN THE FUTURE

2) CURRENT, HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, BUT 2) CURRENT, HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, BUT COSTLY TECHNOLOGIES EXIST TO COSTLY TECHNOLOGIES EXIST TO CONTROL THESE EMISSIONSCONTROL THESE EMISSIONS

3) PROPER SIZING, INSTALLATION AND 3) PROPER SIZING, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THIS EQUIPMENT ARE MAINTENANCE OF THIS EQUIPMENT ARE CRITICAL TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULTCRITICAL TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULT

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

CURRENT PRACTICE FOR REGULATING CURRENT PRACTICE FOR REGULATING SMOKE AND ODORSSMOKE AND ODORS CURRENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIESCURRENT CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PARADIGMAIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT PARADIGM POTENTIAL HAZARDS IN MEAT SMOKEPOTENTIAL HAZARDS IN MEAT SMOKE TWO AIR POLLUTION (NAAQS) CONCERNSTWO AIR POLLUTION (NAAQS) CONCERNS

GROUND LEVEL OZONE (O3)GROUND LEVEL OZONE (O3) PARTICULATE MATTERPARTICULATE MATTER

SCIENCE BEHIND RISK ASSESSMENTSCIENCE BEHIND RISK ASSESSMENT NEW REGULATIONS/FUTURE CHANGENEW REGULATIONS/FUTURE CHANGE

CURRENT REGULATORY CURRENT REGULATORY PRACTICE IN NYCPRACTICE IN NYC

COOKING EMISSIONS ARE THOUGHT COOKING EMISSIONS ARE THOUGHT OF AS GREASE,SMOKE AND ODORSOF AS GREASE,SMOKE AND ODORS

NYC BUILDING CODE REQUIRES NYC BUILDING CODE REQUIRES DISCHARGE AT ROOF DISCHARGE AT ROOF

COOKING EMISSIONS ARE NOT COOKING EMISSIONS ARE NOT ADDRESSEDADDRESSED

EPA 10% OPACITY RULE HOLDS BUT EPA 10% OPACITY RULE HOLDS BUT NOT APPLICABLE FOR COOKINGNOT APPLICABLE FOR COOKING

CURRENT NYC PRACTICECURRENT NYC PRACTICE-USAGE OF POLLUTION -USAGE OF POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES (PCD)CONTROL DEVICES (PCD)

WHEN ROOF CAN NOT BE ACCESS WHEN ROOF CAN NOT BE ACCESS THROUGH BUILDING,SIDEWALL THROUGH BUILDING,SIDEWALL DISCHARGE IS ALLOWED WITH PCDDISCHARGE IS ALLOWED WITH PCD MUST HAVE 10 FOOT CLEARANCE TO MUST HAVE 10 FOOT CLEARANCE TO

OPERABLE AIR INTAKES (FIRE HAZARD)OPERABLE AIR INTAKES (FIRE HAZARD) ALSO USED TO HEAD OFF NUISANCE ALSO USED TO HEAD OFF NUISANCE

COMPLAINTS (SMOKE/ODORS)COMPLAINTS (SMOKE/ODORS) QUITE COMMON IN MANHATTANQUITE COMMON IN MANHATTAN

NO “GREEN” APPLICATIONSNO “GREEN” APPLICATIONS NO CLEAR LEED POINTS ASCRIBEDNO CLEAR LEED POINTS ASCRIBED

POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICESPOLLUTION CONTROL DEVICESSMOKE (PARTICULATE) FILTRATIONSMOKE (PARTICULATE) FILTRATION

ELECTROSTATICELECTROSTATIC CHARGE IMPARTED CHARGE IMPARTED

TO PARTICLE THEN TO PARTICLE THEN DEPOSITION ON DEPOSITION ON CHARGE PLATES CHARGE PLATES

OFFERED WITH OFFERED WITH AUTOMATIC WASHAUTOMATIC WASH

SINGLE (400 FPM) SINGLE (400 FPM) DOUBLE PASS (500) DOUBLE PASS (500)

MECHANICAL(HEPA)MECHANICAL(HEPA) SERIES OF SERIES OF

INCREASINGLY INCREASINGLY GREATER FILTERSGREATER FILTERS

UP TO 500 FPMUP TO 500 FPM FREQUENT FILTER FREQUENT FILTER

CHANGES -CLOGGED CHANGES -CLOGGED FILTER INDICATORSFILTER INDICATORS

ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGESADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES

ELECTROSTATICELECTROSTATIC LOW S.P. LOSS LOW S.P. LOSS

(LESS FAN HP) (LESS FAN HP) HIGHER CAPITAL HIGHER CAPITAL

COST (10-25%)COST (10-25%) LOWER LOWER

OPERATING OPERATING COST(10-25%)COST(10-25%)

GREASE TO GREASE TO SEWER-NO SEWER-NO LANDFILLING LANDFILLING

MECHANICAL(HEPA)MECHANICAL(HEPA) HIGHER SPHIGHER SP LOWER CAPITAL COSTLOWER CAPITAL COST HIGHER OPERATING HIGHER OPERATING

COSTCOST GREASE TO LANDFILL GREASE TO LANDFILL

–NO CAUSTIC TO –NO CAUSTIC TO SEWERSEWER

UNCHANGED FILTER UNCHANGED FILTER IS FIRE HAZARDIS FIRE HAZARD

ADVANCED HOOD FILTRATIONADVANCED HOOD FILTRATION REDUCTION IN SMOKE CONTROL MAINTENANCE REDUCTION IN SMOKE CONTROL MAINTENANCE

FREQUENCY/COSTSFREQUENCY/COSTS HISTORICAL BAFFLE FILTERS TO 20%HISTORICAL BAFFLE FILTERS TO 20% NEW ASTM 2519 TEST STANDARDNEW ASTM 2519 TEST STANDARD TWO NEW GROUPINGSTWO NEW GROUPINGS

ONE GROUPING 50-60% REMOVAL EFFICIENCYONE GROUPING 50-60% REMOVAL EFFICIENCY NOMINAL 25% INCREASE IN S.P.NOMINAL 25% INCREASE IN S.P. MINIMAL EXTRA CLEANINGMINIMAL EXTRA CLEANING

ONE GROUPING 80-90% REMOVAL EFFICIENCYONE GROUPING 80-90% REMOVAL EFFICIENCY DRAMATIC DOUBLING OF S.P.DRAMATIC DOUBLING OF S.P. OFTEN DAILY CLEANING REQUIREDOFTEN DAILY CLEANING REQUIRED

MOST OF MASS IN LARGER SIZES-FINES (<.1um) MOST OF MASS IN LARGER SIZES-FINES (<.1um) NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTEDNOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED

CONTROL OF ODORSCONTROL OF ODORS

CHEMICAL ADSORPTION CHEMICAL ADSORPTION ACTIVATED CHARCOAL MOST COMMONACTIVATED CHARCOAL MOST COMMON

CAN BE SUPPLEMENTED WITH ADMIXTURES, KMnO4 IS CAN BE SUPPLEMENTED WITH ADMIXTURES, KMnO4 IS COMMONLY INCLUDEDCOMMONLY INCLUDED

FREQUENCY OF CHANGES DEPENDS ON LOADINGFREQUENCY OF CHANGES DEPENDS ON LOADING RECHARGEABLE ( GREEN)RECHARGEABLE ( GREEN)

THERMAL/CATALYTIC OXIDATIONTHERMAL/CATALYTIC OXIDATION GOOD WHEN HEAT IS FREEGOOD WHEN HEAT IS FREE COMMON ON CHAIN CHARBROILERSCOMMON ON CHAIN CHARBROILERS

OTHER- MASKING AGENTS/UVCOTHER- MASKING AGENTS/UVC ENZYMATIC SPRAY AGENTS?ENZYMATIC SPRAY AGENTS? EFFLUENT FROM UVC SYSTEMS AT CROSS PURPOSES EFFLUENT FROM UVC SYSTEMS AT CROSS PURPOSES

WITH AQM?WITH AQM?

AIR QUALITY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACHMANAGEMENT APPROACH

WHAT IS AIR QUALITY WHAT IS AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT APPROACH?MANAGEMENT APPROACH?

• CRAFTING OF SCIENTIFIC, MEDICAL AND RISK ASSESSMENTS INTO PUBLIC POLICY THAT ESTABLISHES AIR POLLUTION LEVELS THAT REPRESENT ACCEPTABLE RISK

• INVOLVED EPA, STATES, COURTS (SUPREME), INDUSTRY AND CITIZENS GROUPS

• LATEST REVISIONS (1995) TO NAAQS CONCERN OZONE AND PM- BOTH IMPACTED BY COOKING EMISSIONS

RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT

• IDENTIFY HAZARD

• QUANTIFY HAZARD

• DETERMINE RISK

• IMPLEMENT CONTROL TO ACHIEVE ACCEPTABLE RISK

WHAT IS QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVLEY WHAT IS QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVLEY EMITTED DURING COOKING PROCESS AND EMITTED DURING COOKING PROCESS AND

WHAT RISK DO THEY POSE FOR AIR QUALITY?WHAT RISK DO THEY POSE FOR AIR QUALITY? • PREVIOUSLY

– GREASE, SMOKE AND ODORS

• NOW – PARTICULATES (or AEROSOLS )

• 0.01 TO 10+ um AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER• SOLID OR LIQUID OR BOTH

– VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)– SEMI-VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (SOCs)

• PARTITION BETWEEN THE PARTICLE AND GAS PHASE

PREVIOUS ASHRAE RESEARCHPREVIOUS ASHRAE RESEARCH

RESEARCH-MEAT COOKING METHODSRESEARCH-MEAT COOKING METHODS

FRYING vs CHARBROILING LEAN (10% FAT) vs. REGULAR (21% FAT) BEEF

FRYING CHARBROIL LEAN CHARBROIL REG

ALKANES 6 mg/Kg MEAT 3 FOLD INCREASE 4 FOLD INCREASE

FATTY ACIDS 73 mg/Kg MEAT 5 FOLD INCREASE 23 FOLD INCREASE

CHOLESTEROL 7 mg/Kg MEAT 4 FOLD INCREASE 10 FOLD INCREASE

PAHs 5 FOUND 7 TYPES FOUND 10 TYPES FOUND

CALIFORNIA RESEARCH-PARTICLE SIZECALIFORNIA RESEARCH-PARTICLE SIZE

1. COMPARISON OF FINE PARTICULATE (< 1.8 um) FROM WOODBURNING,MEAT SMOKING AND CIGARETTES

2. COMPARISON OF TWO SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT METHODS

3. GOOD AGREEMENT BETWEEN METHODS1. EXCEPT OPC HAD SIGNIFICANT COARSE FRACTION

4. FOUND MASS DISTRIBUTION MODE FOR WOOD-BURNING AND MEAT SMOKING AT 0.1 - 0.2 um

1. CIGARETTES MODE AT 0.3 - 0.4 um

CALIFORNIA VOCs/SOCs RESEARCHCALIFORNIA VOCs/SOCs RESEARCH

• DEFROSTED HAMBURGERS COOKED ON NATURAL GAS FIRED CHARBROILER FOR FIVE MINUTES

• FINE PARTICLE (<1.8um-SAME AS KLEEMAN STUDY) EMISSION RATES OF 18.8 +/- 2.0 g/Kg OF MEAT – WITH 56.6 +/- 3.3 %ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT

• THE EMISSION RATES WERE APPROXIMATELY HALF THOSE OF HILDEMANN ET ALWHEN COOKING TIME 7-8 MINUTES– FRACTION OF ORGANIC CARBON STATISTICALLY SAME

• VIRTUALLY NO ELEMENTAL (FIXED) CARBON AND VERY LITTLE INORGANIC MATTER

CALIFORNIA RESEARCH -CHEMICAL PROFILECALIFORNIA RESEARCH -CHEMICAL PROFILE

• HIGHEST EMITTED INDIVIDUAL VOCs WERE FORMALDHYDE, ACETALDEHYDE AND ETHYLENE– RELATIVELY SMALL ON MASS BASIS COMPARED TO OTHER

URBAN SOURCES

• OTHER REACTIVE VOCS INCLUED PROPENE, BUTENE AND 1,3 BUTADIENE

• HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ALDEHYDES AND CHOLESTEROL WERE EMITTED ANDMAY SERVE AS MARKERS IN FUTURE STUDIES

• n-ALKANOIC, n-ALKENOIC AND CARBONYLS MADE UP SIGNIFICANT FRACTION FO SOC AND PARTICLE PHASE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (OLEIC AND PALMITIC DOMINATED)

• OTHER COMPOUNDS EMITTED OF TOXICOLOGICAL INTEREST – BENZENE, TOLUENE, PHENANTHRENE

EVALUATING HAZARDSEVALUATING HAZARDS

• CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES– REACTIVITY– PARTICLE SIZE- AFFECTS LUNG DEPOSTION– VAPOR PRESSURE– WATER/OCTANOL PARTITIONING – HEAVY METAL TOXICITY - NA– CARCINOGEN,MUTAGEN

• DIRECT ACTING (IRRITANT OR CARCINOGEN) vs. TRANSFORMED AIR POLLUTANT (SMOG OXIDANTS)

• MECHANISM OF TOXICITY• HUMAN EXPOSURE CLINICAL STUDIES• ANIMAL STUDIES

– FINDING THAT OLDER RATS SUSCEPTIBLE TO PM

O3 NAAQSO3 NAAQS• REACTIVE SPECIES THAT ENTER THE

PHOTOCHEMICAL CYCLES TO PRODUCE SMOG (O3 NAAQS)– LOCALIZED PHENOMENON– PARALLELS SUN RADIATION, NOx FROM

VEHICLES, METEOROLGY

• OZONE (OXIDANTS)– CONTROLLED HUMAN STUDIES– NAAQS BASED ON REDUCED MEASURABLE

LUNG FUNCTION– REVISED DOWNWARDS IN 1995

PARTICULATE MATTER NAAQSPARTICULATE MATTER NAAQS

• PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5NAAQS)– FINE PARTICULATE DEEP INTO LUNGS – ASSOCIATED TOXIC SOCs – BASED ON EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES– CONSIDERABLE SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTIES IN HEALTH

EFFECTS• MAINLY DUE TO COMPLEXITY OF HAZARD• SEE EXCELLENT PAPER BY PHALEN ON THE PARTICULATE AIR

POLLUTION CONTROVERSY– REVISED DOWNWARD IN 1995 – CREATION OF PM 2.5

• SOME AIR TOXICS– 1,3 BUTIDIENE, PAH– NY PASSED CALIFORNIA IN 2007

LATEST REGULATION IN CALATEST REGULATION IN CA

• BAAQMD REGULATION 6 RULE 2– PASSED DECEMBER 5, 2007

• Phased in application over next five years

– STIPULATES THAT ALL CHAIN DRIVEN CHARBROILERS WITH 400 LBS OF BEEF HAVE PARTICULATE CONTROL

– STIPULATES THAT FOOD OPERATIONS COOKING 800 LBS OF BEEF PER WEEK ON => 10 sq feet OF UNDERFIRED CHARBROILER SHALL HAVE PARTICULATE CONTROL

FUTURE RESEARCHFUTURE RESEARCH• ORGANIC CARBON EMISSIONS FROM MEAT

SMOKING AND INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ARE SIMILAR– RESEARCH WILL BE ENACTED TO TRY AND

TEASE OUT THE CONTRIBUTIONS– AS ENGINE EMISSIONS GET MORE

RESTRICTIVE, COOKING EMISSIONS WILL APPEAR ABOVE BASELINE

• SEARCH FOR CHEMICAL MARKER– TO DATE CHOLESTEROL/ HIGH MW ALDEHYDE

• ADVANCED AIR POLLUTION MODELLING

FUTURE REGULATIONSFUTURE REGULATIONS

• OZONE NON ATTAINMENT AREAS (SPECIFICALLY NORTHEAST) LIKELY TO FOLLOW EXAMPLE

• GREEN COMPETITION AMONGST CITIES LIKELY TO FOLLOW

• IF YOU DO ENGINEER DESIGN IN NAAQS NON- ATTAINMENT AREA LIKELY TO FOLLOW

REITERATE TAKE HOME REITERATE TAKE HOME MESSAGEMESSAGE

1) COMMERCIAL COOKING EMISSIONS ARE 1) COMMERCIAL COOKING EMISSIONS ARE LIKELY TO BE REGULATED AS AIR LIKELY TO BE REGULATED AS AIR POLLUTION IN THE FUTUREPOLLUTION IN THE FUTURE

2) CURRENT, HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, BUT 2) CURRENT, HIGHLY EFFECTIVE, BUT COSTLY TECHNOLOGIES EXIST TO COSTLY TECHNOLOGIES EXIST TO CONTROL THESE EMISSIONSCONTROL THESE EMISSIONS

3) PROPER SIZING, INSTALLATION AND 3) PROPER SIZING, INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THIS EQUIPMENT ARE MAINTENANCE OF THIS EQUIPMENT ARE CRITICAL TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULTCRITICAL TO ACHIEVE DESIRED RESULT