CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

SUBMITTEDBY:• SAKSHI AGGARWAL• PRASHANT SHISHODIA• VAIBHAV MUDGAL• KAMALKANT TYAGI(IDEAL SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, GHAZIABADB.ARCH III YEAR)

SUBMITTED TO:• AR. S.N. SONI• AR. SANTWANA

TYAGI

INTRODUCTION• Construction equipments refer to tools, machines and

vehicles which are specially designed for execution of construction works.

• The equipment to be used can be either a standard type equipment which can be used for a number of situations or can be a special type which meets the requirements of the particular project.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Increase the rate of output through work progress with the best effective and efficient methods.

• Reduce the overall construction costs especially for large contracts.

• Carry out activities which cannot be done manually or to do them more economically and much faster.

• Eliminate the heavy manual work by human thus reducing fatigue and eliminates various other hazards and health issues.

• Maintain the planned rate of production where there is a shortage of skilled or unskilled labor.

• Maintain the high quality standards often required by present-day design and specifications (technical standards).

• If the machine breaks down, it can cause delay of construction work.

• Electric tools can cause short circuit, which may result in fire.

• Only skilled labors can operate the equipments.

• Special assistance is required to operate them as it may harm people on the site.

• Contractors in small projects create issue over buying or renting of equipments and may charge high charges.

SELECTION OF EQUIPMENTS• For a building project, the selection of equipment depends upon:

▫ The type, size and other particulars of equipment ▫ Whether the equipment is to be purchased, rented or to be procured under hire-

cum-purchase arrangement.

TYPES OF EQUIPMENTS• Electric hand tools• Vibrators• Pumps• Compactors• Rollers• Concrete mixers• Hand pumps for ready-mix concrete• Transportation equipments

ELECTRIC HAND TOOLS• A power tool is a tool that is actuated by an additional power

source and mechanism other than the solely manual labor used with hand tools.

• Types of power tools- Saws Drills Polishers Plate Compactors Concrete Vibrators Electric Drivers Ceramic tile Cutter Jack Hammer

SAW- A saw is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to cut through material, most often wood.

Types of saw:

• Mitre Saw▫ A miter saw lets you make cuts at a variety of

angles. The saw has a blade mounted on a swing arm that pivots left or right to produce angled cuts.

▫ For eg.- crown molding, picture frames, door frames, window casings etc.

• Chain Saw▫ A chain saw is a portable, mechanical saw which

cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain that runs along a guide bar.

▫ It uses a small engine to pull a bladed chain along a slotted guide bar. Now they are powered by an internal combustion engine or by an electric motor.

▫ For eg.- cutting of ice, i.e., ice sculptures etc.

MITRE SAW

CHAIN SAW

PARTS OF SAW

• Reciprocating Saw▫ A reciprocating saw is a type of saw in which the cutting

action is achieved through a push and pull reciprocating motion of the blade.

▫ This type of saw, resembling that of a jigsaw and a handle oriented to allow the saw to be used comfortably on vertical surfaces.

• Circular Saw▫ A circular saw is a power-saw using a toothed or

abrasive disc or blade to cut different materials using a rotary motion spinning around an arbor.

▫ A circular saw is a tool for cutting many materials such as wood, masonry, plastic, or metal and may be hand-held or mounted to a machine.

• Concrete Saw▫ A concrete saw (consaw or road saw) is a power tool used

for cutting concrete , masonry , brick ,asphalt , tile, and other solid materials. It can be a small hand-held cut-off saw, a big walk-behind saw or other styles, and it may be powered by gasoline, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure, or electric motors.

▫ The saw blades used on concrete saws are often diamond saw blades to cut concrete, asphalt, stone, etc.

RECIPROCATING SAW

CIRCULAR SAW

CONCRETE SAW

• POWER WRENCH▫ The purpose of a wrench is to turn a bolt head or nut.

And a power wrench is a type of wrench that is powered by other means than human force. A typical power source is compressed air.

▫ There are two main types of power wrenches - impact wrenches and air ratchet wrenches or pneumatic ratchet wrenches.

• DRILLS▫ A drill is a tool used for boring holes in various

materials or fastening various materials together with the use of fasteners.

▫ The attachment is gripped by a chuck at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.

▫ Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction etc.

▫ Types of drills: Pistol-grip (corded) drill; Hammer drill; Rotary hammer drill; Cordless drills.

POWER WRENCH

DRILL

CROSS SECTIONG SHOWING INSIDE OF WRENCH

PARTS OF DRILL

WRENCH

• JACK HAMMER▫ A jackhammer is a pneumatic or electro-

mechanical tool that combines a hammer directly with a chisel. Hand-held jackhammers are generally powered by compressed air, but some are also powered by electric motors. Larger jackhammers, such as rig mounted hammers used on construction machinery, are usually hydraulically powered.

▫ They are used to break up rock, pavement, and concrete.

• NAIL GUN ▫ These devices shoots out nails, propelling them

into wood and other materials. They work much more quickly than the traditional hammering method.

JACK HAMMERNAIL GUNPARTS OF NAIL GUN

They are commonly used as a way of compacting concrete on site. In case of vibration, compacting gets effected by reduction in internal friction between various particles of concrete due to oscillation of particles which results in a dense and compact mass of concrete.▫ The frequencies of vibration used are

from between 2800 to 15000 rpm.▫ Types of Vibrators- Immersion or Needle

Vibrators; External or Shutter Vibrators; Surface Vibrators; Vibrating Table.

• Immersion or Needle Vibrators▫ These needle vibrators come in a variety

of sizes from 40 to 100 mm in diameter. The period of vibration necessary can be from 30 seconds to 2 minutes and the concrete should be placed in layers no more than 600mm high. NEEDLE VIBRATORS

PARTS OF NEEDLE VIBRATORS

VIBRATORS

• External or Shutter Vibrators• The external vibrators are more often used for pre-

casting of thin in-situ sections of such shape and thickness as can not be compacted by internal vibrators.

• Surface vibrators• Surface vibrators are placed on the concrete mass

and are best used for the compaction of shallow elements. These should not be used when the depth of the concrete is more than 250mm

• Vibrating table• The vibrating table consists of a rigidly built steel

platform mounted on flexible springs and is driven by an electric motor.

• The vibrating tables are very efficient in compacting stiff and harsh concrete mixes required for manufacture of precast elements in the factories and test specimens in laboratories.

SHUTTER VIBRATOR

SURFACE VIBRATOR

VIBRATING TABLE

A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by mechanical action.

1.Concrete Pump• A concrete pump is a machine used for

transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck, other type is piston.

• Usually, piston pumps are used, because they can produce hundreds of atmospheres of pressure. ▫ READYMIX CONCRETE PUMP: They are used for

horizontal and vertical transportation of large volumes of concrete in short duration.

2. Water Pump• The water pump is a simple

centrifugal pump driven by a belt connected to the crankshaft of the engine. The water pump uses centrifugal force to send fluid to the outside while it spins, causing fluid to be drawn from the center continuously.

CONCRETE PUMP

CENTRIFUGAL WATER PUMP

PUMPS

CONCRETE MIXERS• A concrete mixer  is a device that

homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form  concrete.

• A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components.

• More over the rotating speed of this mixer is 19 RPM in 180 seconds exactly

• There are two types of concrete mixers-▫ PORTABLE▫ STATIONARY

• Concrete transit mixers: They are mainly used for transporting concrete from batching point.

• Capacity:-▫ 3cum-9cum

PORTABLE CONCRETE MIXER

STATIONARY CONCRETE MIXER

Compactor• A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the

size of material such as waste material or bio mass through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by a home or business to reduce the volume of trash.

• Compactors are characterized in three categories- ▫ Light soil compacting equipments▫ Heavy soil compacting equipments

Light Soil Compacting EquipmentsThese equipments are used for soil compacting of small areas only and where the compacting effort needed is less. 1.Rammers:• Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing

impact load to the soil. 2. Vibrating Plate Compactors:• Vibrating plate compactors are used for compaction of

coarse soils with 4 to 8% fines. These equipments are used for small areas.

3.Vibro Tampers:• This machine is suitable for compaction of all types of

soil by vibrations set up in a base plate through a spring activated by an engine driven reciprocating mechanism.

RAMMER

VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTOR

VIBRO TAMPERS

Heavy Soil Compaction Equipments or Rollers-

These compacting machines are used for large areas for use on different types of soils. The heavy compaction equipments are selected based on moisture content of soil and types of soil.

Smooth Wheeled Rollers:▫ The most suitable soils for these

roller type are well graded sand, gravel, crushed rock, asphalt etc. where crushing is required.

▫ These are used on soils which does not require great pressure for compaction. These rollers are generally used for finishing the upper surface of the soil.

SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLER

1.Backhoe• Backhoe comprises a bucket on the end of an

articulated boom, set on a pneumatic tyred or crawler tractor unit.

• The boom, bucket arm and bucket are controlled by hydraulic rams.

• The maximum depth of excavation is related to the length of the boom and machines with depth capacities between 2.6 and 6m are in common use. Long reach machines up to 18 and 14m respectively.

2. FORWARD LOADER • Forward loader consists of a pneumatic tyred or

crawler tractor at the front of which is mounted a wide bucket that can be moved in a vertical plane.

• Excavation is carried out by driving the machine towards and the bucket into the material; the bucket is then turned and lifted upwards, thus catching and excavating the material

• Loaders are generally used to excavate the materials at and for a distance above ground level and can be use d to push or haul material in the bucket over short distances.

BACKHOE

TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENTS

FRONT LOADER

5.Dragline• Dragline equipment is operated from

cranes or similar plant with a long boom.

• Excavation is done by pulling a bucket suspended on a cable towards the machine by a second cable.

• They are especially suited for the excavation of soft and loose materials from a distance at a level beneath or slightly above their tracks and may be used to excavate under water.

PARTS OF DRAGLINE

6.Grab• Grab consists of a cable or

hydraulically controlled bottom-opening bucket suspended from a crane or a lifting arm

• Grabs are typically used for the excavation of pits or trenches and loading to and from stockpiles.

7. Road Lorries• Road lorries are available in sizes up to

38 ton gross vehicle weight and generally have steel or steel/ aluminum sheeted bodies.

• Such vehicles require to be loaded by other plant but are generally unloaded by side or rear tipping

ROAD LORRIES

GRAB

7.Dumpers• Dump trucks or dumpers generally vary

in size from 1 to about 80 tonne capacity.• They are generally used in mines,

quarries or open cast sites• They have become popular as they are

versatile and are especially suitable for hauling on softer sub grades.

• The speed of tipping is increased over a road lorry by the absence of a tailgate.

• Small dumper units are available for work on small sites and mounted dump trucks are also available with load capacities up to about 20 tonne.

8.CONVEYERS: • Conveyers are built up with a number of

units of endless flat belt conveyers placed in series and major changes in direction can be made at transfer points where material from one belt falls and is channeled on to next.

• Conveyers are generally used in quarries and pits in areas of very steep or poor access.

DUMPERS

CONVEYER BELT

9.DOZERS: • Bulldozer is a tractor equipped with

affront pusher blade, which can be raised and lowered by hydraulic rams.

• An angle dozer has a blade that is capable of being set at an angle to push material sideways whist the tractor moves forward. The tractor unit is usually mounted on crawler tracks thus allowing it to travel over and push off a wide variety of ground conditions although wheel mounted units is available.

• Dozers have a wide variety of roles including excavating soils and weak rocks, ripping moving excavated material over short distances spreading materials, trimming earthworks and acting as a pusher to boost the effective power of scrapers and other plants.

• Wide ranges of crawler units are available ranging from 45 to 575 kW

DOZER

CONCLUSION• With the invent of compacting equipments and construction

machinery, a lot of work can be done in a short span of time with economy.

• Working man hours and quantum of work are increased. • Good quality of work can be maintained. • Saving in project completion time and cost of project.• Easy transportation of material from distant locations. • Better ride quality of embankment can be achieved. • Different materials can be blended/mixed to find a suitable

material for earthwork. • Typical tasks can be performed which are tough for manual labor.

THANKYOU