engineering fundamentals of construction equipments
TRANSCRIPT
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ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
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WELCOME
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Introduction
• Construction is the ultimate objective of design
• The transformation of a design by construction into useful structure is accomplished by men and machines.
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ENGINEERING FUNDAMETALS
● Being competitive● Safety● The contracting environment● Planning equipment utilisation
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1. Being Competitive● Fundementals of planning,selection and utilisation of
construction equipment are important for being competitive.● The construction contractors equipments should be
competitive-● Economically● Mechanically● Technologically
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3.The contracting environment All work in the equipment –intensive fields of
construction is awarded on bid basis. Design –build contracts :contractotrs has control of the
project design. Design –build project:contractors must state a guranteed
price before design is completed.
Contract volume=total dollar value of awarded contracts that affirm on its book at any given time.
Contract turnover=the dollar value of a work that a firm completes during a specific time interval.
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4.Planning equipment utilisation
• Task of project planner-match right machine or combination of machines to the job at hand.
• Quality of performance is measured by matching equipment's spread’s production against cost• To estimate the equipment component of project cost it
is necessary to first determine machine productivity• Productivity is governed by engineering fundamentals
and management ability.
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• The planner develops an initial plan employment of the scrapers and then calculates their production rate and the subsequent cost.• The type of equipment having the lowest estimated
cost is selected for the job.
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FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF EQUIPMENT ECONOMICS
• A correct and complete understanding of the cost that results from equipment ownership and operation provide companies a market advantage that leads to greater profits.
ELEMENTS OF OWNERSHIP COST• Ownership cost is the cumulative result of those cash flows an
owner experiences whether or not the machine is productively employed on a job.
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The most significant cash flows affecting ownership cost are: 1. purchase expense 2. salvage value 3. major repair and overhuals 4. property taxes 5. insurance 6. storage and miscellaneous
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ELEMENTS OF OPERATING COST
• Operating cost is the sum of those expenses an owner experiences by working a machine on a project.
Typical expenses include 1. Fuel 2. Lubricants ,filters and grease 3. Repairs 4. Tires 5. Replacement of high wear items
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1. FUEL• Fuel expense is the best determined by
measurement on the job.•Accurate service records tell the owner
how many gallons of fuel a machine consumes over what period of time and under what job conditions.•Hourly fuel consumption can then be
calculated directly.
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2. LUBRICANTS, LUBE OILS, FILTERS AND GREASE• The cost of lube oils, filters and grease will
depend on the maintenances practises of the company and the conditions of the work location.
3. REPAIRS• Repairs means the normal maintenance type
repairs.• Repair expenses increase with machine age.
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4.TIRES• Tires for wheel-type equipment are a major
operating cost because they have a short life in relation to the iron of a machine.• Tires cost includes repair and replacement
charges.5.REPLACEMENT OF HIGH WEAR ITEMS• The cost of replacing those items that have
very short service lives in relation to machine service life can be critical operating cost.• These items will differ depending on the type
of machine.
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TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 16: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving
equipment
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TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 18: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 19: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 20: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 21: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 22: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 23: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 24: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 25: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 26: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 27: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 28: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 29: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 30: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 31: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 32: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 33: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 34: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 35: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 36: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 37: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 38: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 39: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 40: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 41: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 42: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 43: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 44: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 45: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 46: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 47: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 48: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 49: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 50: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 51: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 52: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 53: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 54: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 55: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 56: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 57: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 58: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 59: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 60: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 61: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 62: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 63: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 64: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 65: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 66: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 67: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 68: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 69: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 70: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 71: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 72: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 73: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 74: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 75: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 76: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 77: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 78: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 79: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 80: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 81: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 82: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 83: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 84: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 85: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 86: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 87: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 88: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 89: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 90: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 91: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 92: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 93: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 94: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 95: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 96: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 97: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 98: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 99: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 100: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 101: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 102: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 103: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 104: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 105: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 106: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 107: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 108: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 109: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 110: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 111: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 112: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 113: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 114: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 115: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 116: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 117: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 118: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 119: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 120: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 121: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 122: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 123: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 124: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 125: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 126: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 127: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 128: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 129: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 130: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 131: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 132: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 133: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 134: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 135: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 136: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 137: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 138: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 139: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 140: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 141: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 142: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 143: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 144: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 145: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 146: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 147: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 148: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 149: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 150: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 151: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 152: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 153: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 154: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 155: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 156: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 157: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 158: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 159: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 160: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
TRACTORS AND RELATED EQUIPMENTS
![Page 161: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
The earth moving equipment can be broadly divided into two groups
• Excavating equipment• Excavating and earth moving equipment
![Page 162: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING
ASSIGNMENT
![Page 163: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.
• These are multi purpose machines used mainly for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads.
• They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 164: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they
are usable.
![Page 165: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 166: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORSCrawler Tractors:
Usually rated by size or weight and power.
The weight is important on many projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of
a wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 167: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 168: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers• Bull Dozers
![Page 169: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
![Page 170: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor pushes the materials
from one place to another.
![Page 171: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction of
movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with the direction
of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
![Page 172: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Applications• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and rocky
terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from one
place to another.
![Page 173: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
Tractor:
• Tractor is an engineering vehicle specially designed to deliver a high tractive effort or torque at slow speeds for the purpose of hauling a trailer or machinery used in construction.• These are multi purpose machines used mainly
for pulling and pushing the other equipments or heavy loads. • They are also used for agricultural purposes.
![Page 174: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
Tractor Uses:
• Primary purpose is to pull or push loads,• Also used as mounts for many types of
accessories• There are types and sizes to fit almost any
job for which they are usable.
![Page 175: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
FACTORS FOR SELECTION• 1. The size required for a given job• 2. The kind of job for which it will be used• 3. The type of footing over which it will operate• 4. The firmness of the haul road• 5. The smoothness of the haul road• 6. The slope of the haul road• 7. The length of the haul road• 8. Finally, the type of work it will do after this job is
completed.
![Page 176: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
TYPES OF TRACTORS
Crawler Tractors: Usually rated by size or weight
and power. The weight is important on many
projects because the maximum tractive effort that a unit can provide is limited to the product of weight times the coefficient of traction for the unit and the particular road surface, regardless of the power supplied by the engine.
Most manufacturers make crawler tractors with some or all models.
Wheel Tractors: Either two-wheel or four-wheel. One of the primary advantages of a
wheel tractor compared with a crawler tractor is the higher speed that may exceed (50 km/hr).
In order to attain a higher speed a wheel tractor must sacrifice pulling effort.
Because of lower coefficient of traction between rubber tires and soil surfaces, the wheel tractor may slip its wheels before developing its rated pulling effort.
![Page 177: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER TRACTOR AND WHEELED TRACTOR
Crawler type• Slow speed• More compact and powerful
and can handle heavier jobs• Costly• Cost of operation and
maintenance is high• Stick control for steering• Moves on rough roads only• Used for short distances• Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Wheeled type• Greater speed• Can handle only lighter jobs• Cheaper• Operation and maintenance cost
is less• Wheel steering controlled• Moves on rough as well as good
roads• Used for longer distance• Lesser skills required for
operation, maintenance and repairs
![Page 178: Engineering fundamentals of construction equipments](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022102917/587dff7a1a28abe11a8b4607/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
RELATED EQUIPMENTS
The other related equipments are
• Scrapers•Bull Dozers
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Scrapers
• scrapers have an important position in the earth moving field.• It is a unique machine for digging and long distance hauling.• It is a self-operating machine.• The wheels of the machine cause some compaction. The
ability of these machines to deposit the loads in uniformly thick layers facilitates the succeeding spreading operations.
• They are classified as Crawler -tractor- pulled and wheel- tractor- pulled, depending on the type of tractor used to pull them.
• The basic parts of scrapers are bowl, apron and tail gate and ejector.
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Bull Dozer
• Commonly used in construction projects. • It is a heavy steel blade mounded on the
front of the tractor. • The tractor can be of Crawler or Wheeled
type.• The heavy blade attached to the tractor
pushes the materials from one place to another.
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CLASSIFICATIONS
BASED ON POSITION OF BLADES• Bull dozers with blades perpendicular to the direction
of movement• Angle dozers in which the blade is set an angle with
the direction of movement.BASED ON MOUNTINGS• Wheel mounted• Crawler mounted
BASED ON THE CONTROL• Cable controlled• Hydraulically controlled
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Applications
• For spreading the earth fill• For opening up pilot road through mountainous and
rocky terrains• Clearing construction sites• Maintaining hawl roads• Clearing land from trees and stems• Backfilling trenches at constructions sites by earth from
one place to another.