construction and maintenance of masonry houses

8/6/2019 Construction and Maintenance of Masonry Houses

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NATURAL HAZARDS


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CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF MASONRY HOUSES


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NATURAL HAZARDS

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE

OF MASONRY HOUSES

For masons and craftsmen

MARCIAL BLONDET

Editor

SENCICO

Technical Consultant: Ing. Carmen Kuroiwa

Technical Consultant: Ing. Gabriela Esparza

AUTHORS

PUCP

Director: Dr. Eng. Marcial BlondetConstruction: Eng. Ivn Bragagnini

Structures: Mag. Eng. Gianfranco Ottazzi

Architecture: Arch. Mariana Bidart

Research Assistant: Eng. Nicola Tarque

Research Assistant: Eng. Miguel MosqueiraDesign and edition: Arch. Mariana Bidart

Art: Mr. Vctor Sanjinez

Translation: Eng. Gladys Villa Garcia


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Second edition: January 2005Version 3.0

CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF MASONRY HOUSESFor masons and craftsmen

Marcial Blondet

Pontificia Universidad Catlica del PerUniversity Avenue, San Miguel, Lima 32, PeruPhone 626-2000E mail: [email protected]

SENCICOCanada Avenue 1568, San Borja, Lima 41, PeruPhone 475-3821E mail: [email protected]

Total or partial reproduction of this publication by any means is permitted al long as the source iscredited.

Printed in Peru

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s

The authors thank the following persons and institutions for their help in the elaboration of thisbooklet:

- To PUCP students Miguel Baca, Joen Bazn, Michael Dueas, Roberto Flores, Sandra Godenzi, JohanLaucata, Jos Puente, Pal Rojo and Carla Valdivieso. They visited various cities of the Peruviancoast to collect information about informal constructions.

- To engineers Julio Arango, Antonio Blanco, Carlos Casabonne, Hctor Gallegos, Gerardo Juregui,Alejandro Muoz, Pablo Orihuela, Julio Rivera and ngel San Bartolom. All of them reviewed apreliminary version of this booklet and contributed with valuable suggestions.

-To Professor Richard Klingner for his contributions to the second version of the booklet and for hisreview of the translation from Spanish to English.

- To the Direccin Acadmica de Investigacin (Academic Direction of Research) of the PUCP and toSENCICO for the economic support given to carry out on-site activities and to develop this booklet.

- To the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) of California, U.S.A. for the funding of thesecond printing of this booklet.

I n a p p r e ci a t i o n

The authors wish to state that they have been inspired and have taken material from the followingexcellent booklets about masonry construction:

- Gallegos, Ros, Cassabonne, Ucelli, Icochea and Arango. 1995. Cons t ruyendo con l ad r i l l o (Building with Brick), CAPECO, Lima, Per.

- Asociacin Colombiana de Ingeniera Ssmica (Colombian Association of EarthquakeEngineering). 2001. M a n u a l d e c o n s t r u c c i n , e v a l u a c i n y r e h a b i l i t a c i n s i s m o r e s i s t e n t e d e v i v i e n d a s d e m a m p o s t e r a (Handbook for construction, evaluation and seismic

rehabilitation of masonry houses). AIS, Colombia.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

For Virgi l io Ghio C.


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6Chap te r 1 : Natural Hazards

Natural hazards in Peru1

Earthquakes2

8Chapt er 2 : The earthquake res istant house

3

1 Adequate locations

Inadequate locations2

The safe house

The earthquake resistant house

4 Configuration of an earthquake-resistant house

The unsafe house5

6

7 Components of the building utilities

Chapt er 3 : Construction of a safe house 18

Confining beams

Drawings and other administrative procedures

Cleaning and leveling the land

Layout

Construction of the foundation

Column rebar assembly

WallsPouring concrete in confining columns

Lightweight slab

Stairs

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

48

Efflorescence

Corrosion of reinforcing steel

Cracked walls

Chapt er 4 : Maintaining your house

Wall moisture

1

2

3

4

53Chapt er 5 : Plans for your house

Why are drawings useful?

The design of your house

Sample house plans

1

2

3

82References

83Appendix

Quantity of walls in an earthquake-resistant house

Schedule of material quantitiesConcrete types

1

23

TABLE OF CONTENTS


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NATURAL HAZARDS

5

Peru is located in aseismic area. Fromtime to timeearthquakes occurwhich affectinadequatelyconstructed houses,causing majordamage and in manycases partial or totalcollapse.

In this booklet wewill show you howto build earthquake-resistant houses.Remember theimportance ofconsulting a CivilEngineer beforepreparing yourdrawings andconstructing yourhouse.

INTRODUCTION


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El Nio phenomenon

Earthquakes

6

1 Natural hazards in Peru

Ravines

CHAPTER

NATURAL HAZARDS1

Many regions of our country arevulnerable to natural hazardssuch as avalanches, floods orearthquakes. It is important to

understand the effects of thesenatural phenomena to decide whereand how to build safe houses.

Avalanches

Major movement of earth, mud and rocksthat occurs when significant rain has

fallen over the mountains.

The El Nio phenomenon isresponsible for warming ofsea water, whichresults insubstantial rainin the coastaland highlandareas of ourcountry.When thisphenomenon occurs,avalanches, floods andlandslides are more

frequent.

Floods

Are produced when ariver overflows its banks.

Strong movementsthat occur inside the earths crust andthat produce strong vibrational movementin the soil which supports houses.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Z 1

ECUADOR

BRAZIL

COLOMBIA

Z 2

Z3

What type of damage can earthquakes produce?

PACIFIC O

CEAN

7

2 Earthquakes

Z2Z3

Z1 Low seismicity

Medium seismicityHigh seismicity

Earthquake risk is not the same in alllocations. That is why the National

Construction Code has divided Peru inthree seismic regions. The region of

greatest seismic risk is the coast.

Earthquakes can produce significant damageto inadequately designed and constructedhouses. For example, parapets can fall,window glass can break or walls can crack.

Houses with severe structural problems cancollapse, causing major material loss, seriousinjury to its occupants and even theregrettable loss of lives.

Seismic regionsaccording to the National

Construction Code:


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1 Adequate locations

8

2 Inadequate locations

Stable ground

In canyons

or steephillsides.

THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSECHAPTER

2

Safe places to build houses are those locatedfar from areas where natural hazardsmay occur. The best location is flat

terrain, with stable and strongground consisting of rock or gravel.

I WILLSHOW THE PLACES

WHERE YOU MUST NOTBUILD YOUR HOUSE

BECAUSE IT ISDANGEROUS


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Over river beds orirrigation ditches.

9

In flood-prone areas(due to rise in river level).

Overnon- compacted

filled soil.

Extraordinary flood level

Phreatic water table

THE EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT HOUSE

In landslideareas.

Oversanitary wastelandfills or construction clearings.

In volcanic areas due tosand boils and steam

venting fromthe soil.

Steam rises


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PlinthTransmits the loads from the walls to the foundation.This element confines and protects the first floor walls.

Recommendations

Walls confined by beams and columns resist earthquakes. If you want your house to be

earthquake-resistant, we recommend that it should have the greatest possible quantity of

confined walls in both directions.

Partition walls, made with lightweight hollow clay tile, are used only to separate rooms inside the

house.

3 The earthquake-resistant house

10

Lightweight slab

Confining beamsand columns

Transmits all the loads from thestructure to the ground.

These arereinforcedconcrete elements

surroundingthe walls.

Transmits all the load itbears (self-weight, partition

walls, furniture, persons, etc.)to the walls. The slab is connected

to the walls, so it permits bothelements to work together during an

earthquake.

These are the mostimportant elements of a

masonry structure. They

are used to transmit allthe vertical load fromthe lightweight slab to

the foundation and toresist seismic forces.

The walls must be builtwith structural brick

and must be confined byconcrete beams and

columns. Only confinedwalls are able to resist

earthquakes.

A confined brick masonry earthquake-resistanthouse is designed and constructed so thatits walls are able to resist earthquakes.Its plan view must be simple andsymmetrical. Its bearing wallsmust be well constructedand must always beconfined by reinforcedconcrete columnsand beams.

Foundation

Walls


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Inadequate plan layout

SymmetricalIrregular

4 Layout of an earthquake-resistant house

Adequate shape

The shape of your househas to be as symmetrical aspossible, both in plan view

as well as elevation.Lightweight slabs must

not have too many openings.

NO

11

If you want your house to resist earthquakes successfully, your design must have agood shape and an adequate distribution of walls.

HEREI WILL SHOW

YOU EXAMPLES OF HOWNOT TO BUILD

...AND HOWTO BUILD AN

EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANTHOUSE

YES

Look for symmetry inyour house when you build the

walls. You must try to have thesame number of walls

in both directions.



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12

Improperly located walls that do notrest over other walls

Moretha

n3tim

esthe

width

Width

Poorly proportioned plan

Width Lessthan

3time

sthe

width

Well proportioned plan

NO YES

The plan length of yourhouse should not be

greater than 3 times itsplan width.

Build window anddoor openings up

to the level of the

collar beam andlocate them in thesame positionon every floor.

Poor location ofwindow and door openings

Properly located walls

Good location ofwindow and door openings

The adequate locationof second floor walls

is very important.Always build secondfloor walls exactly

over firstfloor walls.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

13

NO YES

Inadequate opening proportions Adequate opening proportions

The same shape of slab onevery floor

Slabs of different shape onevery floor

It is important forslabs to be well

proportioned and tohave the same shape on

every floor.

Many confined walls in bothdirectionsFew confined walls inthe short direction of the house

A

L

Confined walls are the elementsthat resist earthquakes.

Your house must havea similar number of

walls in bothdirections.

Openings

weaken the walls.Do not includeopenings longerthan half the

length of the wall.(The distance A

must be lessthan half thedistance L).

A

L



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Cantilevers.Irregular shapein plan view

Excessively long walls

Manyopeningsin thewalls

Exposedreinforcementbars

Wallswithout tie

columns.

Many openings inroof slab.

Insufficientnumber of

resistant walls inboth directions

UNQUALIFIED MANUAL LABOR

POOR-QUALITY MATERIALS

Columns and beamswith voids in

the concrete

Non-uniformjoints

5 The unsafe house

Footingover loose soil or

sanitary wastelandfillNo vertical continuity of openings

14

THIS DRAWINGSHOWS THE MOSTCOMMON ERRORS IN HOUSES

THAT HAVE NOT BEEN BUILT BYPROFESSIONALS. THESE HOUSES

ARE NOT SAFE DURINGEARTHQUAKES


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NATURAL HAZARDS

GOOD QUALITY OF MATERIALS

Columnsand beamswithoutair pocketsin concrete

Allwalls plumb

Confined walls

Many confinedwalls in bothdirections

Footing over firm soil

Second-floor wallssupported overfirst floor walls

Well-located andwell-proportioned door and

window openings thatreach the roof slab

Uniformthickness ofmortar jointsbetween bricks

MasterCraftsman

Well proportioned housedimensions

Use good-quality materials. Savingexpenses by purchasing doubtful

quality materials, never pays.

QUALIFIED MANUAL LABOR

Civil Engineer or Architectural engineer

6 The safe house

15


THIS DRAWING SHOWSTHE CHARACTERISTICS OF A

WELL-DESIGNED,SAFE HOUSE


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7 Components of the Building Utilities

WATER-SUPPLY SYSTEM

A well conceived house should have functionalelectrical and plumbing utilities. Here are themain components for each installation process.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

Outlet circuit

Electrical circuitOctagonal distribution box

Mainswitchboard

Electric meter

Shut-off valve

Water

meter

From main

powersource

From mainwater

source

16

BE CAREFUL

WHEN INSTALLINGELECTRICAL COMPONENTS INYOUR HOUSE TO PREVENT

ACCIDENTS

BE CAREFULWHEN INSTALLING

THE WATER SYSTEMTO PREVENT LEAKS.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

SANITARY SEWER SYSTEM

To maindrainage

system

Trap Inspectionbox

Ventilation

Ventilation

Trap

Kitchen drainage

Bathroom drainage

17



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1 Drawings and permits (or other administrative procedures)

18

Organic material isbad for construction.

Before starting work, clean the ground well.Remove all trash, construction debris,organic material and loose soil.

2 Cleaning and leveling the land

Once you buy your parcel of land in anadequate location, you must design your

house. If it is possible, get advicefrom an engineer or an architect for

the design of the house and thedrawings. You can approach your

local municipality to obtain helpwith your drawings and tofind out if your house can

also be used for abusiness. Remember that

the construction of your

house must be formalizedby registering it in your

town hall.

CHAPTER

CONSTRUCTION OF A SAFE HOUSE3


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Leveling the land

The construction sitemust be level, andabove the drainpipesfor your area.To level the siteyou must cut andfill the ground, sothat ultimately it iscompletely flat at therequired level.

Run the levelUse 1,5 m highstakes

Use a

diametertransparent hosewith maximumlength of 10 m

Desired finished ground levelFil lCut

Reference level

1 mLess

than 1 mMore

than 1 m

19

Naturalterrain

Natural terrain

CutWhen thedistancesmeasured are lessthan 1 m

FillWhen the distancesmeasured are greaterthan 1 m

Cut and fill

To fill the ground,place layers of soil 30 cm

thick. Wet each layer withwater and compact well with a rammer.

Rammer

Fill and cut the terrain untilthe distance between the

mark and the groundis 1 m

After marking allthe stakes,measure oneach one thedistance betweenthe mark and the

level of thenatural terrain.

Fill the hose with clean waterand verify that there are nobubbles.

Place stakes along the perimeterof your site and verify that they

are plumb.

Using the water level insidethe hose, mark the height of thefirst stake on all the other stakes.

CONSTRUCTION OF A SAFE HOUSE

Use a stake to identify areference point level such as the

level of the street. Mark a height of1m above the reference level on thisfirst stake.


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Place the guidepostsaccording to thedrawing dimensionsso they define theedges of thebuilding footing.

Use 3-4-5 triangles toverify that all walls are

perpendicular (that is, allcorners are right angles).

Use the strings as

guides and mark the width of thefooting on the ground with chalk or lime.

The layout is used to show the positionon the ground where the foundationof your house will be constructed.Construct several guideposts fromwood stakes. Guideposts

Locate the center of eachfooting and extend stringsfrom each end of the

guideposts limiting the widthof each footing.

5

4

3

3 Layout

20

Straight angle(90 degrees)

Lime


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Recommendations

Hard soils such as rock or gravel are the best foundation soils. Gravel is made up of different size

stones and course compact sands. Sometimes it is difficult to excavate these soils with a shovel and

you have to use a large drill.

Find out about the footings of nearby houses. If nearby houses have settled under their weight, then

your foundation should be wider and deeper than that of your neighbors.

21

30cm

minimum

80cm

50cm

minimum

Plinth

Footing

Finished floor

Width

10 cm

50cm

10 cm minimum

50 cm minimum10 cm minimum

50 cm minimum

Construct stepped footings

when the terrain is sloped.

Stepped footing

Continuous footing

In the following drawing you cansee the minimum requiredfooting dimensions.

4 Construction of the Foundation

10 cm

10 cm

Slab on grade

Compactedfilling ground

Naturalterrain

Footing widthFor houses up to twostories with bearing

walls:

- For hard soil like rockand gravel, minimum 40 cm

- For clay soil or claysand, minimum 50 cm

- For sandy soils, minimum70 cm

To determine your soiltype, go to the next page.



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You can do this simple test.

If your soil is not gravel or rock, how can you recognize what type it is?

The inner sidesof the trenchesmust be as

vertical aspossible.

The bottommust be leveled,clean and

without loosesoil.

The trenches mustbe clean and free fromany organic components.

Excavating the foundation trenches

If it is difficult to

level the bottom of

the trench, you can

pour a poorconcrete mix

(1:10) so that the

bottom of the

trench is level.

Dig a holein the

ground 1meter deep

and take out asample of

soil.

If more than half is sand,the soil is SANDY

If more than half is clay, thesoil is CLAY

CLAYSAND

22

Dig out thefoundation

trenches using thechalk marks as

guidelines.

Place a portion ofthe soil

sample in atransparentbottleuntil it isone thirdfull. Addanotherthirdof water and

one spoonfulof salt.

Shakethe bottle

strongly untilthe mix is

uniform.

Let themixture

settlefor24hours.

SILT

Measurethe height

of sand,clay and

silt.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

1 @ 5 cm

res

t@

25cm

1 @ 5 cm

4 @ 10 cm

4 @ 10 cm

2 @ 15 cm

Footing

Before pouring the footing

Placing installations

Always leave some

tolerance in the

footing so that pipes

are not trapped.

Wetting thetrenches

Wet the trenches beforepouring concrete for thefoundation.

Recommendations

You can leave holes in the foundation for the pipes, using larger-diameter pipes. Before pouring

concrete for the foundation, fill the pipes with sand and seal them temporarily.

Never leave sand bags in the foundation to provide holes for crossing pipes.

23

Standing column reinforcing bars

Assemble thereinforcing bars foreach column. Then

stand the assembly inplace where the column

will be. On page 26you will find details.

To assure thatthe steelassemblies arealways vertical,fasten them with# 8 wire.

Plinth

Concrete spacer 25 cm

The steel bars ofthe columns reston the bottom of

the foundation andmust be bent withan anchorage

length of 25 cm

15 cm minimum

15 cm maximum

10 cm minimum

Have the utilities and plumbing for yourhouse ready before laying the foundations.

The pipes must never pass through anyreinforced concrete element such as

columns, beams or roof joists.

Pipes crossing continuous

footings must have a diameter

less than 15 cm (6 in.)

Tolerance

15 cm minimum

If it is necessari for pipes to

pass over the footing, try to

make sure that all of them

cross at the plinth..


Assembly stirrups


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Steel reinforcementin the plinth

Remember that the concretemust not remain rotating in the

mixer for more than3 minutes.

10 cm

It is better if you rent a small-capacity mixer toprepare concrete. This will help control qualityand save materials. Pre-assing the peoplewho will help you mixi and pour the concrete.

Pouring concrete for the foundation

Pour concrete for the foundationwith wheelbarows. Aspouring continues,drop big stonesin thefoundationtrenches.

Be carefulto ensure that eachstone is completelycovered by concrete.

24

1 1/2 buckets ofwater

1 bucket of cement

Concrete for the foundation

10 buckets ofaggregate

30% in volume of bigstones (maximum size10 in.)

Foundations are made of simpleconcrete.

M inimum30 cm

10 cm

Slab ongrade

If your soilis sandy orclayish, itis betterto place steelreinforcementin the plinth.

Do not place big stonesnear the columns.

Leave approximately 30cm on each side of the

column free ofbig stones.

80 cm

Plinth beam

in.stirrups every

20 cm

Minimumreinforcement4 3/8 in.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Concrete for the plinth

Constructionjoints

When you finish pouring concrete on the plinth,scratch the upper surface with a nail so that

the mortar of the first layer sticks well.

You can hand mix the concrete for the plinth. Clean a flat area where the mix will beprepared. A concrete floor is desirable. Mix the dry materials and then add water. If themix is not workable, you can add a little more water. Wet the forms with water beforepouring. To pour the concrete you can use buckets or wheelbarrows. Remember not toplace big stones in areas near columns.

The plinth

25

1 1/4 buckets of

water

The plinth does not requiresteel reinforcement.

Concrete for plinth infirm soil

8 buckets of aggregate

25% in volume ofmedium size stones(maximum size 4 in.)

2 buckets of aggregate

1 bucket of water

Concrete for plinth in loosesoil (sand or clay)

Build a reinforced plinth toprevent cracking of the walls

due to settlement of the

ground soil.

1 bucket of cement

4 volumes of crushedstone (maximum size3/4 in.)

If you need to stop pouringconcrete on the foundation or

the plinth, leave adiagonal joint with

exposed stones.


1 bucket of cement


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Reinforcement

It is very important that the hooks stay

in the interior of the column, so thatthey work adequately.

Stirrup bending

Correct Incorrect

Plan view

26

7.5cm

Max

imum

free

he

ight:

2.4

0m

Maximum

dist

ance

betw

eenc

olumn

s:4.50

m

Footing

Column

Collarbeam

Wall

5 Column rebar assembly

Dimensions

Levelof

slabo

ngrad

e

The minimum cross section ofconcrete columns has to be

25 cm x the wall width.

The minimumcoveringfor steel

reinforcementis 2.5 cm

measured tothe stirrup.

Stretcher wall(long direction

of brick parallelto the plane of

the wall)

Header wall (longdirection of brickperpendicular to theplane of the wall)

Minimum reinforcementfor columns is 4 j 3/8 in.steel bars. Columnstirrups are in. andhave to be placed withthe following spacing:1@ 5 cm + 4 @ 10 cm

+ the rest @ 25 cm oneach end. The distancesbetween stirrups aremeasured startingfrom the plinth upwardsand from the collarbeam downwards.

Try to alternate theposition of thestirrups hook, so thatit is not located in the

same corner of thecolumn.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

100 % splices inone cross section

Connect the steel barswithin the central third of

the free height of thecolumn.

H/3

Protect theprotruding rebarsplice length withweak concrete 1:10

5 cm

Rebar splices in columns

Recommendation

Never weld steel reinforcing bars.

Never lap splice 4 barsin the same-crosssection along thecolumn because thisweakens the column.

NO YES

If you build only the first floor,leave protruding rebar for futureconstruction of the second floor.

He

ight(H

)

H/3

Steel Splicelength

3/8 in. 40 cm

1/2 in. 50 cm

Sp

lice

leng

th

27

50% splices inone cross section

The minimumconcretecovering forthe stirrupis 2.5 cm

T

iew

ith#16w

ire


Splice halfthe bars at

one height ofthe column

and the restat a different

height.

Sp

lice

leng

th

Splicelength

H/3


30/92


28

Recommendation

Always use fresh mortar. Do not use mortar that is starting to harden.

The mortar

6 Walls

Preparing the bricks

The day before building the walls,clean the bricks and water themfor 20 minutes. Then,let them rest.

Wetthe upper

part of the

plinth with acement paste.

Placestraightedgesto control thewidth ofhorizontal

joints.

Place guide bricks atthe ends of the walls

and connect themtemporarily with astring. This willhelp with thealignment ofthe bricksin everylayer.

The upperpart of each layer has

to be level.

First course

Straightedge

Woodenstraightedge

To preparemortar use one

bucket ofcement with 5

buckets ofclean coarse

river sand.

Then add water asyou continue with

the constructionof the walls.

Before setting the first layer, place thebricks without mortar to determinethe brick setting pattern.

First,dry mix

the cementand the sand.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Constructing the wall

Use theplumb-bob

at every layerto make sure

the wallis vertical.

Levelcontrol

Placing the bricks

Placing the mortar

Hand

level

Plumb-bob

For the construction of the first course, place mix uniformlyover the plinth using a bricklayers trowel. Set thebricks over the mix and verify that their edges touchthe strings that connects the guide bricks.To set successive layers, place the mix over theimmediately below and fill the vertical joints completely.

Horizontal and verticaljoints

To better set the brick

hit it lightly withthe handle ofthetrowel.

29

1 to 1.5 cm

1 to 1.5 cm

Do not leave jointsmore than 1.5 cm thick.Joints that are too thickwill weaken the wall.

Trowel


Use a small woodenboard to prevent the

escape of mortarat the joints.


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VVVVV

Daily progress

Do not raise the wall more than 1.20 m high each working day. If you raise a greaterwall height, it might fall because the mortar mix will still be fresh.

Column-wall connection

If you decide not to leave a toothed walledge, place 2 # 8 wires every two layers

anchored 50 cm inside the wall.

Leave toothed edges at the sidesof the wall next to every column toprovide adequate confinement forthe wall.

50 cm

30

50 cm

In the foundation and the

plinth do not place big stonesnear columns.

25 cm 25 cm

1.2

0m

5cm

2.5

cm

Detail of thetoothed wall

edge


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NATURAL HAZARDS

Electrical installations in the walls

#16 Wire

25cm

#8 Wire

Drain and ventilation pipes

Fill the falsecolumns with1:6 fluid concrete.

Outlet

Embed electrical conduit inside false columnsthat are formed between toothed walls,without steel and filled with 1:6 concrete.

Electrical switchPipe

Embed the drain and ventilationpipes inside false columns that areformed between the toothed walls.Place #8 wire every three layersand wrap the pipes with #16 wire.

NEVERWEAKEN THE

WALL BREAKING IT TOPLACE ELECTRICAL

CONDUIT ORACCESSORIES


31


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7 Pouring concrete in confining columns

After the walls are built, attach formwork to the walls for the confining columns. It isbetter if you use a portable concrete mixer to prepare concrete for columns. Use bucketsto carry the concrete mix from the mixer to the upper part of the formwork.Carefully pour the concrete inside the forms.

Formwork and pouring

To prevent theappearance of airpocket in columns use aconcrete mix with lessstone in the first

batches.

Vibrate concretewith a long rod

to preventair pockets.

Lightly hitthe form

externallywith arubber

hammer.

Use aplumb-bobto verify that the

formwork is vertical.

Use bracesto hold

the forms.

32

Concrete for columns

2 buckets of coarsesand

4 buckets of crushedstone(maximum size in.)

1 bucket of water

1 bucket of cement


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34

Deep beams

8 Confining beams

The confining beams of your house areimportant because they help confine thewalls.Collar beams are the beams on topof the walls.

Minimum reinforcement of all beams is: 4steel bars 3/8 in. with 1/2 in. stirrupsspaced 1@ 5 cm, 4 @ 10 cm and the rest

@ 25 cm from each end.

Minimum reinforcement

Wallwidth

Roofthickness

Second floorhollow clay

tile partitionwall

Lightweight slab

Deep beams are used to resistthe weight of partition walls orof the roof. They transmit the

load to columns and walls. Thedepth of this beams is greaterthan the thickness of the slabs.

Minimum concrete covering is 3 cm

Deep beam

The minimumdepth of this

beams is the freespan divided by 14.

Deep beams usuallydo not have a

wall underneath.


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NATURAL HAZARDS

3 1/2 in.

20cm

3 3/8 in.

Stirrups are measured from the inner face of the wall.

Minimum concrete covering for deep beams is 3 cm measured from the stirrup and for flat beams is2.5 cm

Recommendations

Flat beams

Be careful when you splicereinforcement bars inbeams. Upperreinforcement bars must bespliced at the center of thebeam span. Lowerreinforcement bars mustbe spliced near the endsof the beam.

Rebar splices in beams

Flat beams are inside theslabs and help totransmit the weigh ofpartition walls to thecolumns and bearingwalls. It is better not tohave flat beams longerthan 4 m.

Second-floor

partition wall ofhollow clay tile

Lightweight slab

Second floor partition wallof hollow clay tile

Stirrups are 1/4 in. spaced 1@ 5 cm, 4@ 10cm and the rest @ 25 cm

Reinforcement of flat beams

35

Flat beam

Reinforcement for beamspans up to 3 m

30 cm

Reinforcement for beamspans up to 4 m

Minimum beam cross section

50 cm

L\3 L\3 L\3

Free span

Upper rebar splice: at the

center of the free span

Lower rebar splice: at the first or third part

of the free span.


Minimum beam cross section

2 1/2 in.

20cm

2 1/2 in.


38/92


Spacers for beams

Beam-column connection

Detail of plan view

15cm

15cm

>

Aditional reinforcement for lintel beams

Door and window openings should go up to collar-beam level. Here are three ways ofmaking lintels over these openings.

If the opening spanis up to 1.5 m, add

one additional 1/2 in.rebar to the lower

reinforcement of thecollar beam.

2 3/8 in.

2 1/2 in.

Reinforcement

0.80 m to 1.50 m

1.50 m to 2 m

Opening span

Confining column

Collar beam

Opening span

Reinforcement

1/4 stirrups @ 15 cm

< >

Beam with greater depth and confinement columns.

Beam with greater depth without confinement columns.

Collar beam

Opening that goes up to the bottom ofthe collar beam.

Alternative 3

If the openingspan is less

than 1 m, you donot need to

place additionalreinforcement tothe collar beam.

Supplementalcollar beam

reinforcement

20 cm minimum

37

Openi

ng

span

Collar

beam

Standardcollar-beam

reinforcement

Minimum 25 cm

1 additional 1/2 in.


Minimum 25 cm

1/4 in. stirrups @ 15 cm

1/4 in.stirrups

@ 15 cm

1/4 in. stirrups @ 15 cm


40/92


41/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Steel rebarfor temperature

NO! Temperature steel reinforcement must not bein contact with the ceiling bricks.

Slab components

Lightweight slabs are formed with parallelreinforced concrete joists spaced at 40 cm.

Hollow bricks 30 cm wide and 15 cmhigh are placed betweenthe joists. On top of this,

a concrete slab 5 cmthick is poured.

Use lightweight slabs20 cm thick for roofsup to 4.5 m long.The joists are placedparallel to the shortestspan to be covered bythe roof.

Component dimensions

The hollow ceiling bricks must be perfectlyaligned and the slab has to be level.

Temperature steelreinforcement

To prevent cracking of the upperslab due to temperature effects, youhave to place 1/4 in. steel barsevery 25 cm, perpendicular to the

joists.

Prepare mortar cubes(2.5 cm per side) and use

them as supports forjoist reinforcement

bars.

Temperature steelreinforcement is placedat mid height of the upperslab.

Collarbeams

Lower steel rebar

Upper slab

Joists do nothave stirrups.

9 Lightweight slab

39

15cm

5cm

Mortar cubes (2.5 cm per side)

Hollow ceiling brick

JoistUpper steel rebar

Lower steel rebar

Upper slab

30 cm10 cm30 cm 10 cm

5cm

20cm

15cm

Minimumconcretecovering = 2 cm


Hollow ceilingbricks

Upper steel rebar

Steel rebar fortemperature


42/92


Slab formwork

Never support lightweightslab formwork overnon-compacted soil.

The slab on grade should beconstructed before placing slab

formwork. If there is no slab ongrade, then the ground soil must be

well compacted and leveled.

Recommendation

Never use inadequate materials such as cement bags, bricks or cardboard as formwork.

If you do, concrete elements will be distorted.

NO YES

Prepare slab formwork with wooden boards at least 1in. thick for each joist bed. Support the boards over2 in. x 4 in. wooden beams which rest upon

vertical wooden 2 in. x 3 in. posts.

75cm

Slab on grade

Verticalwooden2 in. x 3 in.posts

Bricks or wedges

Minimumdimensionof board

1 in.x 6 in.2 in. x 4 in.woodenbeams

90 cm

40


43/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Connection between confining beam and joist rebar

Splices of joist rebars

If you have to splice the lower reinforcement bars in

a joist, do it in the extreme thirds of the free span.

Tie joist upper reinforcement bar to confinement beam reinforcement with #16 wire.

10cm

41

Joists steelreinforcement bars

Steel Splicelength

3/8 in. 40 cm

1/2 in. 50 cm

Splice lowerreinforcing bar at

extreme thirds of span.

YES

Splicelength

Never splice lowerreinforcing bar at

the center ofthe joist.

NO


Span/3 Span/3 Span/3

Span


44/92


18 mm

0.60 m 0.60 m0.60 m 0.60 m

13/8 in.

1 8 mm 13/8 in.

< >

13/8 in.

< >

Span = 3 m Span = 3 m

0.30 m 0.30 m

1 8 mm

Recommendations

If you have to build lightweight with long spans, consult an engineer. Lightweight slabs of great

spans must be adequately designed to ensure their strength and safety.

Steel reinforcement necessary for each single

span joist in a 20 cm lightw eight slab system

Steel reinforcement necessary for each two span joist in a 20-cmlightweight slab system

42

1 8 mm

Span = 3 m

13/8 in.

1 8 mm

0.60 m0.60 m

< >

13/8 in.

13/8 in.

0.80 m 0.80 m

18 mm18mm

13/8 in.

0.80 m 0.80 m

< >Span = 4 m

< >Span = 4 m

11/2 in.

0.20 m 0.30 m

1 8 mm0.70 m0.70 m 0.70 m 0.70 m

1 8 mm

< >

0.90 m

18 mm 18 mm11/2 in.

13/8 in.

0.90 m

Span = 4 to 4.50 m

0.80 m 0.80 m

13/8 in.

0.70 m 0.70 m0.70 m

0.80 m

13/8 in.

1 8 mm1 8 mm 13/8 in.

13/8 in.

< >Span = 3 m or 3.5 m

< >Span = 4 m

0.30 m 0.30 m

1 8 mm

0.70 m 0.70 m


45/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Pipes in lightweight slab

Recomendation

Find out in your area which entities provide public water and drainage service as well as electric

service and ask about the procedures you must follow so that your house can have connection to the

public water and drainage system and access to an electrical connection.

Water and drainage pipes must not cross lightweight slab joists. Pipe paths should beparallel to roof bricks alignment.

43

Pipes must not cutroof joists.

NOIncorrect piping location

Pipe

Roof bricksJoist

Do not place lightcenters in the

joists.

Place lightcenters in the roofbricks.

Correct piping location

YES

Joist

20cmDouble

joist

If you cannotprevent pipes from

crossing joists, place adouble joist in the

crossing area.


Pipe

Roof bricks


46/92


Before pouring the slab

To start pouring slabs, firstwet the bricks and the

beams formwork.

Once again verifythat the forms are level,and verify that the vertical postshave not moved or lost stability.

44

Drainage post

Verifyconnections

Lid

Lid

Temporarily block the pipeswith a lid and leave open only one end.

Fill the pipe with water and after 4 hoursverify that all pipe connections are dry and that

there has not been any water leakage. In waterpipelines, it is advantageous to make this leakage test

under pressure.

Before you pour the concrete slabs, verify that all water and drainage pipes do not leak.

Place a wooden board towalk over. Do notstep directlyover thebricks.


47/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

You must be very careful if you use a

vibrator. The vibrator must be insidethe concrete in a vertical positionfor a minimum of 3 secondswithout touching thesteel bars.

While pouringbeams, lightlyhit the form

laterally witha rubber hammer to prevent

the formation of air pocketsin the concrete.

Fill the lightweight slab and beams simultaneously because it is important that they worktogether. Start pouring collar beams, then joists and finally the upper slab. It is betteryou rent a mixer. This will help reduce the pouring time for your slab and save materials.

Pouring slabs and beams

It is desirable to use avibrator during pouring of

slabs and beams. In case it isnot possible, carefully use a

rod to manuallyvibrate the

concrete.

Use buckets to carry concretefrom the mixer to the beams or slabs.

Recomendation

Once the concrete slab is finished, the formwork must remain in place to support the slab for

at least 14 days.

45

Pour theconcretecarefully

and try notto step over

water orelectric pipes.

Woodenboard


Concrete for beams andslabs

2 buckets of coarse

sand

4 buckets of crushedstone(maximum size 3/4 in.)

1 bucket of water

1 bucket of cement


48/92


49/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Recomendation

When you pour stairs be careful to see that all reinforcing bars have adequate concrete cover.

For installation of thestair handrail, leave 2 electrical

conduits 1/2 in. diameter and 5 cmlong in the formwork of each step.

5 cm long pipes

Second span50 cm

3/8 in. @30 cm

70cm

60cm

3/8 in. @20 cm

60cm

3/8@20 cmMinimum

25 cm

Wall

Slab on grade

30 cm

Maximum18.5 cm

13 cm

Typical detail of two-span stairs

First span

3/8 in. @20 cm60cm

60cm

3/8 in. @30 cm

3/8 in. @20 cm30 cm

Wall

13 cm

10 Stairs Variable withminimum 1 m

Thickness = 13 cm

Variable withminimum 1 m

Thickness = 13 cm

47

Beam orsupporting

wall

Minimum concrete covering = 2cm


Concrete for stairs

2 buckets of coarsesand

4 buckets of 3/4 in.crushed stone

1 bucket of water

1 bucket of cement


50/92


This chapter contains recommendationsfor the maintenance and solution of someproblems typical brick houses. If theproblems or defects of your house aremore serious, such as foundationsettlement or severe cracking of walls or

concrete elements, we suggest that youconsult an engineer to solve them.

Cracks or fissures in walls may haveseveral causes, such as use ofpoor-quality materials, inadequateconstructive practices, deficient structurewith too few confined walls in bothdirections or inadequate foundation oversoft or loose soils. If your house hasbeen poorly constructed and has some ofthese defects, it is possible that manyof its elements will fail when anearthquake occurs.

Frequent cracks types in brickhouse walls

Flexuralcracks

Diagonal cracks

Cornercracks

Recommendation

If the walls of your house are severely cracked or have significant vertical cracks at the corners, it is

possible that your house is in danger. Get professional assistance as soon as possible to solve the

problem.

Repair of wall cracks

If any wall of your house has diagonalcracks not more than 1.5 mm thick andthe concrete of beams and columns is notseverely damaged, you can repair the

wall in the following way:

Cleancracked jointsthoroughlywithpressurized water.Let waterdrain during 15 minutes.

Refill the jointwith new 1:4(cement:sand) mortar.Apply and compactthe mortar until youcompletely fill the joint.

1 Cracked walls

48

CAPITULO

CHAPTER

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE4

Removemortar fromcracked jointsand eliminateall loosematerial. Trynot to hit nearby bricks.


51/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

If any wall has broken or deteriorated bricks, youcan replace them in the following way:

Replacement of deteriorated bricks

Recommendations

If you need to replace more than one deteriorated brick, start with the lowest brick.

You can cut the new bricks so that they fit better in the openings left by the damaged bricks.

Thoroughly we the bricks in thewall adjacent to the new brick and

place new 1:4 (cement:sand) mortaralong the edges of the hole.Carefully place the new brick.

To finish, fill any remaining spacesaround the new brick with mortar.

Carefully removethe damaged brick.Clean up themortar thatremains inthe hole.

Deteriorated brick

Get a newgood qualitybrick toreplace theremoved brick.

The new brickmust be the same

size as thedamaged brick.

49

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE


52/92


2 Corrosion of reinforcing steel

Completely fill the hole left bythe removed concrete

with 1:4(cement:sand)

mortar.Carefully alignthe surface

of the newconcrete

with the existingsurface. Cure the newconcrete for 7 days

watering it every 8 hours.

Thoroughly clean therusted bar with a steel

brush. To eliminateresidues softly

sandpaper

the steel.

Carefully break alldeteriorated concrete

until you get a rughundamaged surface.

Exposed steel

Air pockets

50

If beam and column steel reinforcement inyour house is not too corroded, you canrepair the problem the following way:

Apply cement paste toold concrete so thatnew concrete will easily adhere.

When concrete covering is too thin or hasair pockets and fissures through whichmoisture penetrates, corrosion of thesteel reinforcement is produced. You canprevent this problem if you carefullyconstruct the beams and columnsof your house.


53/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Recomendation

Try to prevent moisture penetration into the walls of your house so that efflorescence will not

appear again.

3 Efflorescence

Wall efflorescence

Efflorescence is a white or yellowishdeposit that appears in brick or concretewalls. Efflorescence appears whenconstruction materials or foundation soilscontains salts that are dissolved in water.Water raises through the wall until itreaches the surface and then evaporates,leaving salts crystals at the wall surface asstains.

To clean walls with moderate

efflorescence you can do the following:

Moderate efflorescence does not affectwall strength.

Rinse the wall surface with abundant

water.

Clean the affectedarea with abundantwater and a strong brush.

Prepare a cleaning solution with onevolume of hydrochloric acid and 20

volumes of water. Apply the solutionto the wall with a paintbrush

and let it stand for15 minutes.

51

Never putmore hydrochloricacid because it is

extremelycorrosive.

If your ground soil or your wall are damp orare subject to moisture intrusion, it is possiblethat efflorescence will reappear.

MAINTAINING YOUR HOUSE


54/92


4 Wall moisture

Damp walls are almost always causedby leaking water pipes.To repair water leakages and thusprevent moisture accumulation in yourwalls, you can do the following:

Patch the wall with mortar(cement:sand) 1:5.

Thoroughly cleanthe pipe and locate the

place where it is leaking.A broken pipe or a

defective connectionbetween pipes or

accessories can causeleaking.

Replace the damaged elementswith new ones. Let the newconnections dry completely.

Wait a couple of days toverify that there

are no moreleakages.

52

Break thewettest surfaceof the wall until

you find theleaking pipe.

Shut off the main water valve to your houseso that water does not pass through

the damaged pipe.Remove the damaged

element(accessory)or damaged

portionof pipe.


55/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

1 Why are drawings useful?

WHO CANHELP MEDESIGN

MY HOUSE?

THE BEST IS TOCONSULT AN ARCHITECT OR

AN ENGINEER. IF YOU DO NOTHAVE A PROFESSIONAL HANDY,

YOU CAN CONSULT THE NEARESTMUNICIPALITY.

They help you determineif your house will satisfy yourpresent and future familyrequirements.

They permit you evaluateprecisely the cost of materialsnecessary for construction.

They enable you toprogram construction stages ofthe house according to youreconomic resources.

They enable you toprogram accurately theconstruction of each stage,eliminating improvisation. Thisway later you will not regret apoor design that will causedemolition or alteration of

walls or require changing theposition of doors.

Drawings areuseful because:

YOU NEED TO HAVETHE FOLLOWING DRAWINGS:1)ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

(PLAN VIEW AND MAIN ELEVATION)2) STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS(FOUNDATION AND ROOFS)

3) MECHANICAL,ELECTRICAL ANDPLUMBING DRAWINGS

WHICHDRAWINGSDO I NEED?

Before you start construction you musthave drawings which show theappearance of your house to be and howyou will build it. Architectural draw ingsare scaled representations of how yourhouse will look, how many rooms it hasand how they are located. Structuraldrawings indicate the locations anddimensions of the bearing walls, slabsroof reinforcement and dimensionsand steel reinforcement of beams andcolumns. Finally, mechanical , electricaland plumbing drawings show theroute of water and sewage pipesand of electric conduits.

53

5CAPITULO 5CAPITULO

CHAPTER

PLANS FOR YOUR HOUSE


56/92


A well-designed house has the followingcharacteristics:

It is earthquake-resistant. To achieve

this it must have a sufficient quantity ofconfined walls in both directions (SeeChapter 2 and Appendix).

It responds to your familys present

and future needs.

It is easily constructed in stages.

All rooms have natural illumination and

ventilation.

Bedrooms are well located, far from

the noisiest areas, such as kitchen, diningand living rooms.

It has a patio or laundry.

It has a garden where you and your

family can grow flowers, trees orvegetables.

Houses with gardens.

54

Kitchens and bathroomswith natural illumination

and ventilation.

2 The design of your house


57/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Bathroom

Dining room

Bedroom

Living room

Patio

Closet

Bathroom

Kitchen

8.00

3.85

8.00

3.90

2.20

2.10

2.00

BedroomBedroom

1.95

55

3 Sample house plans

Sample Plan 1: Corner house

First floor

Second floor

Here is a two-story house plan for a 8m x 8m ground corner property.

Architectural drawingsScale 1:100



58/92


Living-dining room Multiple use

Bathroom

Closet

Laundry

Kitchen-dining room

Terrace

Multiple use

Garden

3.79

8.00

3.79

3.64

3.63

2.00

4.0020.00

5.00

0.80

2.10

56

Architectural drawing

First floorScale 1:100

Sample plan 2: House between party walls

This is a two-storyhouse plan for a8m x 20 m groundproperty betweenparty walls. In thishouse it is possibleto use one of thefirst-floor rooms asworkshop or store(if your area zoningallows for it).


59/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Bedroom

Bathroom

Bedroom

Bedroom Bedroom


Second floorScale 1:100

57



60/92


Sample plan 3: House between party walls

Here is a two story house plan where a different family canlive on each floor. This house has all the drawingsnecessary to build it over hard soil (rock or gravel).Remember it has been designed to have onlytwo floors.

58


61/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

0.15

2.40

0.25

2.40

0.25

5.45

0.15

2.40

0.25

0.90

1.50

0.25

5.45

5.45

2.40

0.25

2.40

0.25

0.15

0.90

59

Section

ElevationsScale 1:100

Rear elevation

Main elevation

Section A-A


Opening schedule

D-1 1.00 2.20 0

Width Height Sill height

D-2 0.80 2.40 0D-3 0.70 2.40 0D-4 1.00 2.40 0D-5 1.00 2.40 0W-1 2.00 1.30 0.90W-2 1.20 1.30 0.90W-3 0.60 0.60 1.00


62/92


3.45

D2

D2

8.00

A

0.00-+

W2

Bedroom

Ventilation duct

D3

W3 Bathroom

Bedroom

Terrace

W2

3.500.15+

+0.15

W1D1

A'

0.00+

2.55

4.25

Kitchen-dining room

D5

Living room

Dining room

+ 0.15

-

W2D4

Laundry2.15

4.00

Garden

5.50

2.5520.00

60




63/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

5.50

20.00

W2

2.80+

Balcony

W1D1

3.50

2..55

D3

W3

D5

D2

D2

W2 D4 W2

4.25

2.55

2.15

4.00

8.00

3.45

Terrace Laundry

Bedroom Kitchen-dining room

Dining room

Living room

Bathroom

Bedroom

61





64/92


5.45+

62


Roof floorScale 1:100


65/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Balcony

Bathroom Dining room

Living roomBedroom

Bedroom Kitchen

LaundryTerrace

Bedroom

Bathroom

Living room

Bedroom

Dining room

Kitchen

Laundry

Garden

Terrace

Garden

63

Constructionby stages

Architectural drawingScale 1:200

You can build this house inseveral stages. For example,you could build the house in5 stages according to thissequence:

First stage Second stage

Third stage

Fourth stage Fifth stage



66/92


3 3

3.50

C-6

A

1

2.40

C-6 12cm joint

C-1

C-63

3

2

3

3

1 C-1

3

32.55

3 34.25

2.55

C-4

C-44

5

1

1

2

1

1

2

2.15

1

C-1

3

C-67

6

3

2

2

3

C-6

1 C-1

2cm joint

C-68

3

3

33 2.60

3 3Stairfoundation

3.50

4.26B

C-6 3

3

C-6

C

4C-3 1.00 1

41.37

C-1

11

1 1

C-2 1

C-5

2.40

1.12

C-6

C-6

3 3

C-1

33 2.55

SOG + 0.104.25

SOG + 0.10

4

4

C-1

1,49

4

4C-1

2

C-6

4

4

C-4

1

1

2

C-6

3 3

C-4

2.55

4 4 1

4 4

4

C-5

C-3 4 1C-2

C-6

C-1

11

4.00

3.74

Foundation

1.26

3.74

1.04

C-4

C-4

2.60

20.00

1

2cm jointC-62

1

3 3

2C-6

C-1

2.15

3 3

4.26

C-6

3

3C-6

widening

64

Foundation drawingScale 1:100


67/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

65

Foundation detail drawingScale 1:25


0.15

0.80

0.100.10

0.500.40

SECTION 3-3 SECTION 4-4

-+Grade 0.00

0.15

0.80

0.100.10

SECTION 1-1

0.50

0.14

0.50

SECTION 2-2

0.80

0.100.10

0.15 0.15Grade + 0.10 m

0.80

0.100.10

0.24 0.14

Grade + 0.10 m

Grade + 0.10 m Grade + 0.10 m


68/92


66

1/4 in. [email protected] + [email protected] + [email protected]

0.24 x 0.25

Typical stirrups

0.24 x 0.25

4 3/8 in.

C-5

0.24 x 0.24

4 1/2 in.4 1/2 in.

C-4

4 3/8 in.

C-6

0.14 x 0.25

COLUMN SCHEDULE

C-2

6 1/2 in.

0.24 x 0.40

C-1

4 3/8 in.

C-3

0.24 x 0.24

Typical stirrups Typical stirrups

Typical stirrups Typical stirrups Typical stirrups

Typical stirrups

Cement, aggregate 1:10 + 30% clean large stones, maximum size 10 in.

Structural, good quality

Confining columns

CONCRETE COVER REQUIREMENTS:

Confining beamsFlat beams and lightweight slabs

0.40 m columns

Deep beams

2.5 cm

3.0 cm2.5 cm

3.0 cm2.5 cm

BRICK TYPE:

Cement : coarse sand 1:5

Joint thickness 1.00 cm

REINFORCED CONCRETE:

PLAIN CONCRETE:

Columns,beams, slabs

Cement, aggregate 1:8 + 25% clean medium size stone, maximum size 4 in.

Concrete:

Steel

MORTAR:

LIVE LOAD:

First-floor roof

Second-floor roof

FOUNDATION:

PLINTH:

fy = 4200 kg/cm

2f'c = 175 kg/cm

200 kg/m

100 kg/m

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

2

2

2


69/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

Plinth

Continuous footing

First-floor slab

Second-floor slab

Rest @ 0.25

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Assembly [email protected]

Rest @ 0.25

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

0.80

0.25 0.25

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

0.20

2,30

2.40

0.20

0.250.25

67

Column detailScale 1:25



70/92


13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in.13/8in.

1

8mm

13/8in.

13/8in.13/8in. 13/8in.

13/8in.13/8in.13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in.

1

3/8in

.

1

3/8in

.

13/8in.13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

CB-

2

CB-2

B1(.24x.40)

RisesPa

RisesPa

RisesPa

RisesPa

RisesPa

B4(.24x.40)

8

7

6

2.15

2.55

4

5

2.55

3

2

2.40

2.60

1

3.50

20.00

4.25

See parapetconnectiondetail

1

8mm

1

8mm

13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.

13/8in.

See stairs

776 6

2 2

0.80

0,70

0.300.70

0.70

0.700.300.70

881

11

1

CB-1

TB1

CB-1

5

54

43

3

3

3

4

4

3

3

0.50

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

1

11

1

B3(.24x.40)

TB1

1

1

4

4

TB1

CB-

2

CB-1

Solid slab

0.20 0.400.70 0.30

0.300.700.30 0.700.70

B2 B2(.24x.40)

B1(.24x.40)

D

C

A

B

A

0.50

1.00

Duct,onlyjoists pass

0.50

0.50

0.700.70

0.60 0.80

0.70 0.70

0.80

8.00

CBA 4.263.74

68

Slab formwork draw ingFirst floor - Scale 1:100


71/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

13/8in.13/8in.13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in. 13/8in.

B4(.24x.40)

8

7

6

2.15

2.55

4

5

2.55

3

2

2.40

2.60

1

3.50

20.00

4.25

Duct, onlyjoists pass

CB-2

13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.

13/8in.

13/8in.13/8in.

13/8in. 13/8in.

13/8in.

2

2

1

1

CB-2

3

3

0.70

0.80A

CB-1

4

4

1

1

2

2

1

1

4

4

0.30 0.70

0.70

0.70 0.30

66

0.80

0.70

5

5

CB-2

CB-2

TB1

0.80

0.70

A

0.700.30 0.70 0.30

0.300.700.400.20

TB1

4

4

CB-1

CB-1

22

BCB-2

C

B2(.24x.40)

B

B21

1 1

1

4.26

0.700.70 0.50

1

1

CB-2

0.70

0.60

0.70

CB-2

CB-2

CB-2

7 7

A

1

1

3.74

8.00

3

3

3

3

69

Slab formwork draw ingSecond floor - Scale 1:100



72/92


rest @ 0.15

43/8in.1/4in.:[email protected],

41/2in.

43/8in.1/4in.:[email protected],

[email protected], rest @ 0.25

70

Beam detailsScale 1:25


73/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

B1-(

0.2

4x

0.4

0)

1/4in

.:1@

.10

,4@

.15

,res

t@

.25

21/2in

.

21/2in

.

1/4in.:1@

.10

,4@

.15

,res

t@

.25

21/2in

.

21/2in

.

1/4

in.:

1@

.10

,res

t@

.15

B2-(

0.2

4x

0.4

0)

See

Sec

tion

1-1

1/4in

.:1@

.10

,res

[email protected]

5

1/4in

.:1@

.10

,4@

.15

,res

t@

.25

21/2in

.

2

1/2in

.

typ

typ = typical

typ

typ

typ

typ

71

Beam detailsScale 1:25 and 1:50



74/92


21/2in

.

1'

23/8in

.

1'

B4-(

0.2

4x

0.4

0)

1/4in

.:1@

.10

,4@

.15

,res

t@

.25

B3-(

0.24x

0.4

0)

Con

tinues

CB-1

1/4in

.:1@

.10

,4@

.15

,res

t@

.25

21/2"

21/2in

.

Con

tinues

CB-1

1'

1'

typ = typical

typ

typ

typ

typ

72

Beam detailsScale 1:25 and 1:50


75/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

0.80

0.50

0.50

0.26

0.70

Slab on grade

0.60

filled step

SECOND SPAN

FIRST SPAN

Grade +0.10

3/[email protected]

63/[email protected]

63/8in.



SlabHook

3/[email protected]

33/8in.

63/8in.@ 0.20

3/[email protected]

63/8in.

FFL=+2.75

B3

Filled step

Stretcher wall

typical 0.30

0.72

1.00

1.00

0.13

0.60

0,13

0.176

typical 0.30

0.30

0.20 0.60

0,14

0.13

0.13

73

Stair detailScale 1:25



76/92


3/4in.

3/4in.

3/4in. pipe goes up

3/4in.

1/2in.

1/2in.

1/2in.

1/2in.

1/2in.

74

Plumbing - water supply drawingsFirst floor - Scale 1:100

From main water system From main water system


77/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

75

Plumbing - water supply drawingsSecond floor - Scale 1:100


1/2in.

3/4in. pipe arrives

1/2in.

1/2in.

1/2in.

1/2in.


78/92


R.B. 10in. x 20in.

To public sewer system

L.L.= 0.00

B.L.= - 0.60

N.P.C. 6in.

Slope=1.0%

PVC SAP 4in.

pipe enters4in. drainage

PVCSA

P2in.

B.L.= - 0.40

L.L.= 0.00

R.B. 10in. x 20in.

4in.

2in. 4in. 4in.

2in.

PVCSA

P2in.

Slop

e=1.0%

PVCSA

P2in.PVC SAP 2in.

PVC SAP 2in.

2in. ventilationpipe goes up


2in. drainagepipe enters


2in. drainagepipe enters

Slop

e=1.0%

Slop

e=1.0%

76

Plumbing-sanitary sewer drawingsFirst floor - Scale 1:100


79/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

77

Plumbing-sanitary sewer drawingsSecond floor - Scale 1:100


4in.

2in.

2in. pipe comes down

2in. drainage


2in. drainagepipe comes down



pipe comes down2in. drainage

2in.

2in.

2in.


80/92


d

2Sc,d

Doorbell goes up 20 mm PVC-SAP

32Sa, b

S

TV

20 mm PVC-SAP

Phone line enters

20 mm PVC-SAP

TV antenna enters

TV

S b3

b

T-1

S S

S

S

c

Network feeder goes up

Wh

a

First floor meter

FROM ELECTRIC NET SYSTEM

20 mm PVC-SAP

Second floor meterWh

b

78

Electrical drawings



81/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

3S b

b

T-2

S

SS

c

2Sc,d

d

20 mm PVC-SAP

b

32Sa, b

Arrives doorbellS

TV

Network feeder enters

20 mm PVC-SAPa

20 mm PVC-SAP

TV antenna enters

20 mm PVC-SAP

Phone line enters

TV

79

Electrical drawings




82/92


UNIFILAR DIAGRAM T-1 Y T-2.

To ground pit

Wh

From public power gridSee detail

30A2 - 1 x 10mm2 THW

20 mm PVC-SAP

2 x 15 AC-2

15mm PVC-L

15mm PVC-L

2-1 x 2.5mm2 TW + 1 x 2.5mm2/T

2 x 15 AC-3OUTLET

RESERVE

2-1 x 2.5mm2 TW 15mm PVC-L

2 x 15 A

C-1LIGHTING

CONCENTRIC REDUCER

CHECK VALVE

SPRINKLING VALVE

GLOBE VALVE

RIGHT ANGLE BEND

RIGHT ANGLE BEND GOES UP

45 ELBOW

COLD WATER PIPE

UNIVERSAL JOINT

STRAIGHT T WITH RISE

T

SIMPLE SANITARY "Y"

DOUBLE SANITARY "Y"

"P" TRAP

VENTILLATION PIPE

45 ELBOW

FLOOR BRONZE THREADEDREGISTER

REGISTER BOX 12" x 24"

FLOOR DRAIN

SYMBOL

WATER SUPPLY LEGEND

WATER METER

SYMBOL

M

DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION

DRAINAGE PIPE

DRAINAGE LEGEND

80

Plumbing component legend

Electrical component legend


83/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

.80

3.00

.40

.10

Resistance < 0.25 ohm

SO Mg SANKGELMagnesium sulfate - topsoil

Cooper rod min 15 mm L=3.00 m

4

Frame with 0.05 x 0.05 x 0.08 m

PVC - SAP tube

Concrete parapet

Concrete lid 0.40 x 0.40 x 0.05 m

throughout the ground rod

Ground conducter bare Cu

Cooper connector contact lenght

81

Ground pit detail


TV TV ANTENNA OUTLET and/or CABLE, G.I. 100 x 55 x 28 BOX, h = .30

GROUND PIT

WALL OCTOGONAL PULL BOX OF GALVANIZED IRON (G.I.)

BIPOLAR DOUBLE OUTLET WITH UNIVERSAL TYPE CLOVIS G.I. BOX

DOORBELL IN G.I. OCTOGONAL 100 x 55 x 28 BOX, h = 1.20 OVER FINISHED

EXTERNAL TELEPHONE WALL OUTLET IN 100 x 53 x 28 BOX, h = 1.20

ONE-POLE SIMPLE, DOUBLE, TRIPLE SWITCH IN G.I. BOX 100 x 53 x 28 h = 1.20

COMMUTATION SWITCH IN 100 x 43 x 28 BOX, h = 1.20

ELECTRIC DISTRIBUTION SWITCHBOARD, UPPER EDGE h=1.80

DOORBELL PUSH BUTTON IN 100 x 53 x 28 BOX, h = 1.20.

X

P

Wh

3S2SS

S3

FLOOR LEVEL WITH 220v 60 Hz 20mm PVC-SEL TRANSFORMER

WALL OR ROOF EMBEDDED PIPING, INDICATED IN UNIFILAR DIAGRAM

SQUARE PULL BOX (G.I.) 100 x 30

FOR INSTALLATION OF KHW METER

FG 100 x 30 h=2.20 OVER FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

OVER FINISHED FLOOR LEVEL

SYMBOL

WALL LIGHTING OUTLET

L E G E N D

DESCRIPTION

ROOF LIGHTING OUTLET IN OCTOGONAL BOX 100 x 30

100 x.55 x 28 h= .30/1.10 OVER FINISEHED FLOOR LEVEL RESPECTIVELY





FLOOR EMBEDDED PIPING, INDICATED IN UNIFILAR DIAGRAM

FLOOR EMBEDDED PIPING, 15 mm TELEPHONE

FLOOR EMBEDDED PIPING, 15 mm TV

FLOOR EMBEDDED PIPING, 15 mm DOORBELL



84/92


82

- Arnold C. y Reitherman R. 1987. Conf ig urac in y d i seo s smi co de ed i f ic ios (Configuration and seismic design of buildings). Editorial Limusa. Mxico.

- Lesur L. 2001. Manua l de alba i le r a y au tocons t ru ccin I y I I (Handbook ofmasonry and self construction I and II). Editorial Trillas. Mxico.

- San Bartolom A. 1994. Cons t rucc iones de a lba i le r a Com por t amien t o s sm ico y d i seo es t ruc tu ra l (Masonry constructions Seismic behaviour and structural design).Fondo Editorial de la PUCP. Lima, Per.

- Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje. 2003. Const rucc in de casas s ismor res is tentes de

uno y dos p i sos (Construction of seismic resistant houses of one and two floors).Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Colombia.

REFERENCES


85/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

1 Quantity of walls in an earthquake-resistant house

Your house has to have an

adequate number of confinedwalls in both directions in orderto resist earthquakes.

Few confined walls in the directionparallel to the street.

Vulnerable house

HOWCAN I CALCULATE

HOW MANY CONFINEDWALLS I MUSTHAVE IN EACHDIRECTION?

Resistant house

Adequate quantity of confinedwalls in both directions

83

Earthquake

THE REQUIREDNUMBER OF WALLS

DEPENDS ON THE TYPEOF SOIL WHERE

YOU WILL BUILDYOUR HOUSE

APPENDIX

Earthquake

Earthquake

Earthquake


86/92


84

To calculate the number of walls needed for a house with amaximum of two stories, follow the indicated steps:

Wall calculations

Calculate the required horizontal area of confined walls for each floor.

Calculate the roof area covering each floor in square meters.

Determine the minimum wall density needed ineach direction, according to your soil type. Use the

following table:

Classify the soil of the place where you will buildyour house. On page 22 you can learn how to

determine the soil type.

Blando

Typeof soil

DescriptionMinimum

wall densityrequired

(%)

1.4%

HardGravel

Intemediate

Rock

Hard clayishsand

Loose sandSoft clay

1.0%

1.2%

Soft orloose

REQUIREDHORIZONTAL AREAOF CONFINED WALLSIN 1st FLOOR

MINIMUMWALL DENSITY

100

ROOF COVERED AREA 1st FLOOR+

ROOF COVERED AREA 2nd FLOOR

= x

REQUIREDHORIZONTAL AREAOF CONFINED WALLSIN 2nd FLOOR 100

= xMINIMUM

WALL DENSITYROOF COVERED AREA 2nd FLOOR


87/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

85

APPENDIX

To calculate the horizontal wall areaneeded in the first floor, consider theroof covering areas of the first andsecond floors. That is, the wall arearequired by the first floor will be:

Suppose that your house will beconstructed over a compact gravel-coarse sand soil and that it will have 70m of roof covering area in the firstfloor and 50 m in the second floor.Wall density required for hard soil is1%.

Example

14 cm = 0,14 m

Length

Total horizontal wall area (m) > Required horizontal area (m)

Horizontal wall area3 m x 0,14 m = 0,42 m2

Then verify that the horizontalarea of confined walls in everyfloor of your house and for eachdirection is greater than therequired area that you calculatedin the previous step.

Required horizontal area Floor 2

(1/100) x (50 m2) = 0,5 m2

Required horizontal area Floor 1

(1/100) x (70 + 50 m2) = (1/100) x 120 m2 = 1,20m2

To calculate the horizontal wall area necessary in thesecond floor, you only have to consider the roof areacovering the second floor. That is, the wall arearequired for the second floor will be:

Verify that the total horizontal area of confined walls in your house in eachdirection is greater than the required area. In the evaluation only include walls

made of structural brick whose length is greater than 1 meter and that are confined byreinforced concrete beams and columns. Do not include walls less than 1 meter inlength. Also do not include unconfined walls or partition walls because these elementsare not capable of resisting earthquakes. For each direction of your houseevaluate the area of each confined wall and then add up the areas of all

the walls. To calculate the horizontal area of each wall in m multiplyits length in meters by its thickness in meters.

Thichness

Example


88/92


86

3.142.82

1.50

2.82

W3

W2

0.24

0.24

W10.24

W4

0.24

1.50

0.14

1.50

1.50

W5 W6

0.24

W7

Example of w all calculation in the direction parallel to the street

As an example, we will analyze the house proposed in Chapter 5. This house is locatedover hard soil and has 115.7 m of roof area covering in the first floor and 98.7 mcovering the second floor, which gives a total roof covering area of 214.4 m.

We will calculate the areas ofour confined walls:

W1= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 mW2= 2.82 X 0.24 = 0.68 mW3= 2.82 X 0.24 = 0.68 mW4= 3.14 X 0.24 = 0.75 mW5= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 mW6= 1.50 X 0.24 = 0.36 mW7= 1.50 X 0.14 = 0.24 m

The total confined wall area is3,43 m which is greater than

2.14 m, so we have satisfiedminimum wall density.

Remember that these wallshave to be confined in all

four sides.

For this soil type, the requiredwall density in each direction is1%. Therefore, the quantity of

walls for our first floor has to be:

Recommendation

It is desirable to have several walls

longer than 2.70 m

How many of the required wallsmust be long depends on the type of

soil where your house is located:

Hard soilAt least three walls must be

longer than 2.70 m.

At least four walls must be longer

than 2.70 m.

Intermediate or soft soil

1 x 214.4 m = 2.14 m

100


89/92

NATURAL HAZARDS

87

APPENDIX

2 Concrete Types

Recommendation

Moisten all aggregates the previous day.

Plain concrete for plinth

8 buckets ofaggregate

25% medium sizestones (maximumsize 4in.)

Primary plasteringScratch coat

Secondary plasteringFinish coat

Reinforced concrete elements:

columns, beams, slabs, stairs

1 bucket ofwater

4 buckets ofin. crushed stone


5 buckets ofcoarse sand

Add wateruntil the mixis workable

Slab on grade


9 buckets of mixedgravel/coarse sand

Mortar to laybricks



Plain concrete forfoundation

30% large stones(maximum size 10in.)


1 bucket of cement

1 bucket of cement



1 bucket of cement


1 bucket of cement

1 bucket of cement

1 bucket of cement

1 bucket of cement

10 buckets of mixedgravel/coarse sand


90/92


88

3 Schedule of

material quantities

The quantities of materialsshown includes 3% loss.

WITH THIS TABLE

YOU CAN CALCULATE THEQUANTITY OF MATERIALSNECESSARY FORCONSTRUCTION

Required

material

Quantity of

materialfor 1 m

Cement

Bigstone (10in.)

Mixed gravel/coarse sand

Medium sizestone (4in.)

Water

Cement

2.8 bags

0.90 m

0.32 m

116 liters

3.7 bags

1.00 m

124 liters

0.26 m

m

in myhouse

Quantity ofmaterial

needed for

my house

Cement

Cement

Coarse sand

Crushedstone(3/4in.)

7.2 bags

0.44 m

0.9 m

175 liters

7,2 bags

0.44 m

0.9 m

175 liters

=

X =

X =

=X

X

X =

Columns,confining

beams andslab

Reinforcedplinth

Mixed gravel/coarse sand

Water

Water

Coarse sand

Water

Continuousfooting

Simple

plinth

Crushedstone(3/4in.)


91/92


92/92


construction and maintenance of masonry houses

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